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The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility between Self Forgiveness and Psychological Well-Being / Kendini Affetme ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişkide Bilişsel Esnekliğin Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 6, 40 - 53, 29.12.2023

Yasemin Kaygas Erdal Kılınç

https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1292712

Öz

In this study, self-forgiveness and psychological well-being the role of cognitive and psychological well-being in the relationship was examined. The research was carried out with 215 female and 176 male participants. The ages of the participants vary between the ages of 23-61 and the average age is 37.19. In the research, 'Heartland Forgiveness Scale', 'Cognitive Flexibility Inventory' and The 'Psychological Well-Being Scale' and 'Personal Information Form' were used to determine the demografic information of the participants as data collection tools. This research was designed according to the correlational design, one of the quantitative research models. The easily accessible case sampling method, one of the sampling methods, was used. Research data were collected online. SPSS in the analysis of data obtained with data collection tools 25.0 program and Hayes' PROCESS 4.0 macro used. Before the analysis of the data, the normality test was performed to determine whether the scores obtained from the scales showed a normal distribution. Relationships between variables were revealed by Pearson correlation analysis, and then mediation analyzes were started. It was determined that there were positive significant relationships. Self Forgiveness predicts cognitive flexibility, cognitive flexibility predicts psychological well-being and that self-forgiveness predicts psychological well-being was found to predict well-being. Also, self-forgiveness and the mediating role of cognitive flexibility between psychological well-being has been determined. These findings are in conjunction with similar studies discussed and made recommendations to researchers and practitioners has been found. All this information expands the literature on positive psychology and brings new findings to the literature. Considering the variables of self-forgiveness and cognitive flexibility instead of focusing on only one variable in studies focusing on psychological well-being, approaching them from a holistic perspective will contribute to mental health professionals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Self-forgiveness Cognitive flexibility Psychological well-being Forgiveness

Kaynakça

  • Akhtar, S., Dolan, A., & Barlow, J. (2017). Understanding the relationship between state forgiveness and psychological wellbeing: a qualitative study. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(2), 450–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0188-9
  • Barber, L., Maltby, J., & Macaskill, A. (2005). Angry memories and thoughts of revenge: The relationship between forgiveness and anger rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(2), 253-262.
  • Bono, G., & McCullough, M. E. (2006). Positive responses to benefit and harm: bringing forgiveness and gratitude ınto cognitive psychotherapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1891/jcop.20.2.147
  • Braun, E. (2023). The Relationship Between Parental Self-Efficacy and Unconditional Self-Acceptance, Cognitive Flexibility, and Self-Forgiveness Across Different Parental Stages. Hofstra University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  • Brewster, M. E., Moradi, B., DeBlaere, C., & Velez, B. L. (2013). Navigating the borderlands: The roles of minority stressors, bicultural self-efficacy, and cognitive flexibility in the mental health of bisexual individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 543–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033224
  • Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring ındividual differences in the tendency to forgive: construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 759-771. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006008
  • Bugay, A. & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of heartland forgiveness scale. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927–1931. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390
  • Bugay, A. & Demir, A. (2011). The features of transgression as predictors of forgiveness of others. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(35), 8-15. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/21455/229724
  • Burton, N. W., Pakenham, K. I., & Brown, W. J. (2010). Feasibility and effectiveness of psychosocial resilience training: a pilot study of the READY program. Psychology, health & medicine, 15(3), 266–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548501003758710
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, K. E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi
  • Canas, J. J., Fajardo, I., & Salmeron, L. (2006). Cognitive flexibility. International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors, 1(3), 297-301.
  • Canas J.J., Quesada F.J., Antoli A., & Fajardo I. (2003) Conitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics, 46:482-501.
  • Cardom, R. D. (2017). The mediating role of cognitive flexibility on the relationship between cross-race interactions and psychological well-being (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky).
  • Carpenter, T. P., Carlisle, R. D., & Tsang, J. A. (2014). Tipping the scales: Conciliatory behavior and the morality of self-forgiveness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(5), 389-401.
  • Cheng, C., Lau, H.-P. B., & Chan, M.-P. S. (2014). Coping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1582–1607. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037913
  • Chung M. S. (2016). Relation between lack of forgiveness and depression: the moderating effect of self-compassion. Psychological reports, 119(3), 573–585.
  • Çakmak Tolan, Ö. & Kara, B. C., (2023). The Mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between social anxiety and general self-efficacy, E-International Journal of Educational Research, 14(1), 229-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1195955
  • Dajani, D. R., & Uddin, L. Q. (2015). Demystifying cognitive flexibility: Implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience. Trends in neurosciences, 38(9), 571–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2015.07.003
  • Davis, R. N., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). Cognitive inflexibility among ruminators and nonruminators. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 699–711. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005591412406
  • Demirtaş, A. S. (2020). Cognitive flexibility and mental well-being in Turkish adolescents: The mediating role of academic, social and emotional self-efficacy. Anales de Psicología, 36(1), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.336681
  • Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility ınventory: ınstrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 241-253.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
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Kendini Affetme ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişkide Bilişsel Esnekliğin Aracı Rolü / The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility between Self Forgiveness and Psychological Well-Being

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 6, 40 - 53, 29.12.2023

Yasemin Kaygas Erdal Kılınç

https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1292712

Öz

Bu çalışmada, kendini affetme ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkisinde bilişsel esnekliğin aracı rolü incelenmiştir. Araştırma 215 kadın ve 176 erkek katılımcı olmak üzere toplamda 391 kişi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların yaşları 23-61 arasında değişmekte olup, yaş ortalaması 37,19'dur. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, 'Heartland Affetme Ölçeği', 'Bilişsel Esneklik Envanteri' ve 'Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği' kullanılmış ayrıca katılımcıların demografik bilgilerini belirlemek amacıyla 'Kişisel Bilgi Formu' kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırma, nicel araştırma modellerinden biri olan ilişkisel desene göre tasarlanmıştır. Katılımcılar belirlenirken örnekleme yöntemlerinden kolay ulaşılabilir durum örneklemesi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama araçları ile elde edilen verilerin analizinde SPSS 25.0 programı ve Hayes'in PROCESS 4.0 makrosu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizine geçmeden önce ölçeklerden elde edilen puanların normal dağılım gösterip göstermediğini belirlemek için normallik testi yapılmıştır. Pearson korelasyon analizi ile değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler ortaya çıkarılmış ve ardından aracılık analizlerine geçilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, kendini affetme ile bilişsel esneklik arasında, bilişsel esneklik ile psikolojik iyi oluş arasında ve kendini affetme ile psikolojik iyi oluş arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kendini affetmenin bilişsel esnekliği yordadığı, bilişsel esnekliğin psikolojik iyi oluşu yordadığı ve kendini affetmenin psikolojik iyi oluşu yordadığı bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kendini affetme ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasında bilişsel esnekliğin aracı rolü olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular benzer çalışmalarla birlikte tartışılmış, araştırmacılara ve uygulayıcılara önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Tüm bu bulgular pozitif psikolojiyle ilgili literatürü genişletmekte ve literatüre yeni bulgular kazandırmaktadır. Psikolojik iyi oluşa odaklanan çalışmalarda araştırmacıların sadece bir değişkene odaklanmak yerine kendini affetme ve bilişsel esneklik değişkenlerini de dikkate alarak bütünsel bir bakış açısıyla yaklaşmaları ruh sağlığı uzmanlarına katkı sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kendini affetme Bilişsel esneklik Psikolojik iyi oluş Affetme

Kaynakça

  • Akhtar, S., Dolan, A., & Barlow, J. (2017). Understanding the relationship between state forgiveness and psychological wellbeing: a qualitative study. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(2), 450–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0188-9
  • Barber, L., Maltby, J., & Macaskill, A. (2005). Angry memories and thoughts of revenge: The relationship between forgiveness and anger rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(2), 253-262.
  • Bono, G., & McCullough, M. E. (2006). Positive responses to benefit and harm: bringing forgiveness and gratitude ınto cognitive psychotherapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1891/jcop.20.2.147
  • Braun, E. (2023). The Relationship Between Parental Self-Efficacy and Unconditional Self-Acceptance, Cognitive Flexibility, and Self-Forgiveness Across Different Parental Stages. Hofstra University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  • Brewster, M. E., Moradi, B., DeBlaere, C., & Velez, B. L. (2013). Navigating the borderlands: The roles of minority stressors, bicultural self-efficacy, and cognitive flexibility in the mental health of bisexual individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 543–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033224
  • Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring ındividual differences in the tendency to forgive: construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 759-771. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006008
  • Bugay, A. & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of heartland forgiveness scale. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927–1931. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390
  • Bugay, A. & Demir, A. (2011). The features of transgression as predictors of forgiveness of others. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(35), 8-15. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/21455/229724
  • Burton, N. W., Pakenham, K. I., & Brown, W. J. (2010). Feasibility and effectiveness of psychosocial resilience training: a pilot study of the READY program. Psychology, health & medicine, 15(3), 266–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548501003758710
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, K. E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi
  • Canas, J. J., Fajardo, I., & Salmeron, L. (2006). Cognitive flexibility. International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors, 1(3), 297-301.
  • Canas J.J., Quesada F.J., Antoli A., & Fajardo I. (2003) Conitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics, 46:482-501.
  • Cardom, R. D. (2017). The mediating role of cognitive flexibility on the relationship between cross-race interactions and psychological well-being (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky).
  • Carpenter, T. P., Carlisle, R. D., & Tsang, J. A. (2014). Tipping the scales: Conciliatory behavior and the morality of self-forgiveness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(5), 389-401.
  • Cheng, C., Lau, H.-P. B., & Chan, M.-P. S. (2014). Coping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1582–1607. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037913
  • Chung M. S. (2016). Relation between lack of forgiveness and depression: the moderating effect of self-compassion. Psychological reports, 119(3), 573–585.
  • Çakmak Tolan, Ö. & Kara, B. C., (2023). The Mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between social anxiety and general self-efficacy, E-International Journal of Educational Research, 14(1), 229-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1195955
  • Dajani, D. R., & Uddin, L. Q. (2015). Demystifying cognitive flexibility: Implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience. Trends in neurosciences, 38(9), 571–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2015.07.003
  • Davis, R. N., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). Cognitive inflexibility among ruminators and nonruminators. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 699–711. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005591412406
  • Demirtaş, A. S. (2020). Cognitive flexibility and mental well-being in Turkish adolescents: The mediating role of academic, social and emotional self-efficacy. Anales de Psicología, 36(1), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.336681
  • Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility ınventory: ınstrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 241-253.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D.-w., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
  • Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10381-000
  • Enright, R. D., & Human Development Study Group. (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving, forgiveness, and self-forgiveness. Counseling and Values, 40(2), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.1996.tb00844.x
  • Esterhuyse, K., Nortjé, N., Pienaar, A. & Beukes, R. (2013) Sense of humour and adolescents' cognitive flexibility, South African Family Practice, 55:1, 90-95, DOI: 10.1080/20786204.2013.10874309
  • Flora, J., & Segrin, C. (2000). Relationship Development in Dating Couples: Implications for Relational Satisfaction and Loneliness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 811-825. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407500176006
  • Fu, F., & Chow, A. (2017). Traumatic exposure and psychological well-being: The moderating role of cognitive flexibility. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 22(1), 24-35.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). Using SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference (4th ed.). London: Pearson Education.
  • Halisdemir, D. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik iyi oluşları, kendini affetme düzeyleri ve geçmişe yönelik anne kabul red algıları arasındaki ilişkiler, Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621–637. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.621
  • Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2008). The temporal course of self-forgiveness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(2), 174–202. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.2.174
  • Hanna, W. E. (2012). Benefits of self-forgiveness on well-being and self-forgiveness facilitating factors. University of Windsor (Canada).
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
  • Hill, A. (2008). Predictors of relationship satisfaction: The link between cognitive flexibility, compassionate love and level of differentiation (Unpublished doctoral dissertations). California School of Professional Psychology, Alliant International University, San Diego.
  • Jen, C.H., Chen, W.W., & Wu, C.W. (2019). Flexible mindset in the family: Filial piety, cognitive flexibility, and general mental health. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(6), 1715–1730. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518770912
  • Johnson, B.T. (2016). The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility, Coping, and Symptomatology in Psychotherapy. Master's Theses (2009). 354. https://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/354
  • Kaleta, K., & Mróz, J. (2020). The relationship between basic hope and depression: Forgiveness as a mediator. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(3), 877–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09759-w
  • Kara, N.Ş. (2020). Spor Yapan Ve Yapmayan Bireylerde Yaşamın Anlamı, Affetme Esnekliği Bilişsel Esneklik ile Psikolojik Belirtilerin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi, Doktora Tezi. Sakarya.
  • Katovsich, R. B. (2007). Empathy and cognitive flexibility as correlates of forgiveness. Master Thesis, Andrews University, Michigan.
  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022.
  • Koesten J, Schrodt P, Ford DJ. Cognitive flexibility as a mediator of family communication environments and young adults' well-being. Health Commun. 2009 Jan;24(1):82-94. doi: 10.1080/10410230802607024. PMID: 19204861.
  • Krause, N., & Ellison, C. G. (2003). Forgiveness by God, forgiveness of others, and psychological well-being in late life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.00162
  • Küçüker, D. (2016). Affetme, affetmeme, bilişsel esneklik, duygu düzenleme ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli.
  • Lawler-Row, K. A., & Piferi, R. L. (2006). The forgiving personality: Describing a life well lived? Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1009–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.007
  • Maltby, J., Day, L., & Barber, L. (2004). Forgiveness and Mental Health Variables: Interpreting the Relationship Using an Adaptational-Continuum Model of Personality and Coping. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1629-1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.017
  • Maltby, J., Day, L., & Barber, L. (2005). Forgiveness and happiness, the differing contexts of forgiveness using the distinction between hedonic and eudaimonic happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 6(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-004-0924-9
  • Maltby, J., McCutcheon, L. E., Ashe, D. D., & Houran, J. (2001). The self-reported psychological well-being of celebrity worshippers. North American Journal of Psychology, 3(3), 441–452
  • Marcinechová, D., Záhorcová, L., & Lohazerová, K. (2023). Self-forgiveness, Guilt, Shame, and Parental Stress among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Current Psychology, 1-16.
  • McCullough, M. E., Bono, G., & Root, L. M. (2007). Rumination, emotion, and forgiveness: Three longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 490–505. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.490
  • McLernon, F., Cairns, E., Hewstone, M., & Smith, R. (2004). The Development of Intergroup Forgiveness in Northern Ireland. Journal of Social Issues, 60(3), 587–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00373.x
  • Ross, S. R., Kendall, A. C., Matters, K. G., Wrobel, T. A., & Rye, M. S. (2004). A personological examination of self and other-forgiveness in the Five factor model. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82(2), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8202_8
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
  • Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 9(1), 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
  • Parvizi, G. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik iyi oluş ve yaşam doyumlarının yordayıcıları olarak bilişsel esnekliğin rolü. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Pelucchi, S., Regalia, C., Paleari, F. G., & Fincham, F. D. (2017). Self-forgiveness within couple transgressions. In L. Woodyat, E. L. Worthington, Jr., M. Wenzel, & B. J. Griffin (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness (pp. 115–130). Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 319-60573-9_9
  • Sapmaz, F. & Doğan, T. (2013). Assessment of cognitive flexibility: Reliability and validity studies of Turkish version of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES) , 46 (1) , 143-162 . DOI: 10.1501/Egifak_0000001278
  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.
  • Stevens, A. D. (2009). Social problem-solving and cognitive flexibility: Relations to social skills and problem behavior of at-risk young children. Seattle Pacific University.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (Sixth edition). United States: Pearson Education.
  • Telef, B. B. (2013). Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 374-384.
  • Thode, H. C. (2002). Testing for normality. United States: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
  • Thompson, L. Y. & Shahen, P. E. (2001). Forgiveness in the workplace, Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance, New York: Routledge.
  • Thompson, L. Y., & Snyder, C. R. (2003). Measuring Forgiveness. In S. J. Lopez, & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive Psychological Assessment: A Handbook of Models and Measures (pp. 301-312). Washington DC: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10612-019
  • Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, H. S., Roberts, J. C., & Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of personality, 73(2), 313–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
  • Toussaint, L. L., Webb, J. R., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). Self-forgiveness and health: A stress-and-coping model. In L. Woodyat, E. L. Worthington, Jr., M. Wenzel, & B. J. Griffin (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness (pp. 87–99). Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60573-9_7
  • Toussaint, L. L., Worthington Jr, E. L., Williams, D. R., & Webb, J. R. (2020). Forgiveness and physical health. Handbook of forgiveness, 178-187.
  • Walwanis, M.M., & Ponto, S. (2019). Clarifying Cognitive Flexibility from a Self-regulatory Perspective. HCI.
  • Webb, J. R. (2021). Understanding forgiveness and addiction: Theory, research, and clinical application. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200274
  • Webb, J. R., Bumgarner, D. J., Conway-Williams, E., Dangel, T., & Hall, B. B. (2017). A consensus definition of self-forgiveness: Implications for assessment and treatment. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 4(3), 216–227. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000138
  • Whitmer, A. J., & Banich, M. T. (2007). Inhibition versus switching deficits in different forms of rumination. Psychological science, 18(6), 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01936.x
  • Wohl, M. J., & McLaughlin, K. J. (2014). Self‐forgiveness: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(8), 422-435.
  • Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Langberg, D. (2012). Religious considerations and self-forgiveness in treating complex trauma and moral injury in present and former soldiers. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 40(4), 274–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711204000403
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Sayı Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Yasemin Kaygas 0000-0002-9264-2486

Erdal Kılınç 0000-0001-9665-4241

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023Cilt: 14 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaygas, Y., & Kılınç, E. (2023). The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility between Self Forgiveness and Psychological Well-Being / Kendini Affetme ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişkide Bilişsel Esnekliğin Aracı Rolü. E-Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(6), 40-53. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1292712
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