Araştırma Makalesi
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Algılanan Ebeveyn Kabul-Reddinin Sosyal Görünüş Kaygısına Etkisinde Cinsiyetin Düzenleyici Rolü / Moderating Role of Gender in the Effect of Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection on Social Appearance Anxiety

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 592 - 606, 22.10.2023

Yasin Pınar Hatice Epli

https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1305036

Öz

Sosyal görünüş kaygısı, kişinin sosyal hayattaki ilişkilerini olumsuz etkileyen bir durumdur. Özellikle aile içindeki olumsuz erken sosyalleşme deneyimlerinin, sosyal görünüş kaygısı yaşama riskini artırdığı varsayılmaktadır. Toplumsal roller ve toplumsal cinsiyet beklentileri nedeniyle kadın ve erkek görünümlerine yönelik toplumsal baskılar olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle, sosyal görünüş kaygısının gelişimini anlamak için kadın ve erkek bakış açılarını anlamak ve karşılaştırmak önemlidir. Bu nedenlerle, algılanan ebeveyn kabul-reddinin sosyal görünüş kaygısı üzerindeki etkisinde cinsiyetin düzenleyici rolü bu araştırmanın temel problemini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu 112 (%36) erkek ve 198 (%64) kadın olmak üzere 310 katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. İlgili literatür taranarak araştırmaya konu olan değişkenleri içeren iki kuramsal model oluşturulmuş ve araştırma bu değişkenler üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Bu yapı kapsamında ilgili değişkenler arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkiler test edilmiştir. Oluşturulan teorik modelleri test etmek için yapısal eşitlik modellemesi (YEM) kullanılmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ile test edilen teorik modellerin kabul edilebilir uyum indekslerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Analizler sırasında bulgular SPSS ve AMOS paket programları kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgularda; algılanan anne ve baba kabul-red düzeyinin sosyal görünüş kaygısını pozitif yönde yordadığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca erkeklerin algıladıkları anne ve baba reddi arttıkça kadınlara kıyasla daha çok sosyal görünüş kaygısı hissettiği belirlenmiştir. Ancak algılanan anne kabul-reddin sosyal görünüş kaygısı üzerindeki etkisinde cinsiyetin düzenleyici rolü olduğu görülmüşken, algılanan baba kabul-reddin sosyal görünüş kaygısı üzerindeki etkisinde cinsiyetin düzenleyici rolü olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. İncelediğimiz kadarıyla bu değişkenler üzerine yapılan ilk çalışmadır. Bu durum mevcut araştırmayı değerli kılacaktır. Ayrıca sosyal görünüş kaygısı ile ilgili araştırmaların çoğu ergenlik dönemindeki kişilerle icra edildiği dikkate alındığında bu araştırmanın yetişkinlerle yapılıyor olmasının literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ebeveyn Kabulü Sosyal görünüş kaygısı Cinsiyet Düzenleyici rol

Kaynakça

  • Abacı, D. F. (2018). The role of emotion regulation and interpersonal problems in the relationship between parental acceptance-rejection and psychological symptoms. Unpublished Master Thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara.
  • Abakay, U. , Alıncak, F. & Ay, S. (2017). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Beden Algısı ve Atılganlık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi ,2017 (9), 12-18. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/goputeb/issue/34356/379543
  • Akkese, M. N. (2019). Mediator role of positive and negative emotion regulation strategies between parental acceptance-rejection and social anxiety symptoms. Unpublished Master Thesis, Hacettepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
  • Akün, E. (2014). Algılanan ebeveyn kabul-reddinin çeşitli psikopatolojilerle ilişkisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Alabay, E. (2017). Examination of parenting attitudes of parents with preschool children. Journal of Early Childhood Studies, 1(2), 156-174. Doı:10.24130/eccd-jecs.196720171234
  • Amianto, F., Martini, M., Spalatro, A., Abbate, D. G., & Fassino, S. (2017). Body image development within the family: Attachment dynamics and parental 76 attitudes in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Acta Psychopathologica, 3(4), 1-6.
  • Amil, O., Bozgeyikli, H. (2015). Investigating the relationship between social appearance anxiety and loneliness of turkish university youth. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences ISSN 2201-4624 Volume 11, Number 1, 68-96.
  • Aslan, D. (2004). Nutritional problems that can be caused by problems with body image. STED (Standard Medical Education Journal), 13(9), 326-329.
  • Ayhan, E. (2016). A qualitative study on the evaluation of the effect of gender perception on breastfeeding among women working in the office and cleaning business of Eskişehir Osmangazi University. Unpublished Master Thesis, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir.
  • Aynur, M. S. (2020). Social appearance anxiety in emerging adulthood: perceived parental attitude and predictive power of perfectionism. Unpublished Master Thesis, Maltepe University, Istanbul.
  • Bögels, S. M., Van Oosten, A., Muris, P. & Smulders, D. (2001). Familial correlates of social anxiety in children and adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(3), 273-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00005-X
  • Bruch, M. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1994). Differences in perceptions of parental and personal characteristics between generalized and nongeneralized social phobics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8(2), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(94)90013-2
  • Cash, T. F., Theriault, J., & Annis, N. M. (2004). Body image in an interpersonal context: adult attachment, fear of intimacy and social anxiety. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 23(1), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.1.89.26987
  • Crespo, C., Kielpikowski, M., Jose, P. E., & Pryor, J. (2010). Relationships between family connectedness and body satisfaction: A longitudinal study of adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(12), 1392-1401.
  • Cusumano, D.L., & Thompson, J.K. (1997). Body Image and body shape ıdeals in magazines: exposure, awareness, and ınternalization. SexRoles, 37: 701–721.
  • Çınar, H., & Keskin, N., (2015). The effect of students' social appearance anxiety on their learning place preferences. Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 14, 458-469.
  • Davis, C., Strachan, S., & Berkson, M., (2004). Sensitivity to reward: Implications for overeating and overweight. Appetite, 42(2), 131-138.
  • Dedeler, M., Akün, E. & Batıgün, A. D. (2017). Yetişkin ebeveyn kabul-red ölçeği-kısa form’un uyarlama çalışması. Dusunen Adam, 30(3), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2017300302
  • Densham, K., Webb, H. J., Gembeck, M. J., Nesdale, D., & Downey, G. (2017). Early adolescents’ body dysmorphic symptoms as compensatory responses to parental appearance messages and appearance-based rejection sensitivity. Body Image, 23, 162-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.09.005
  • Ding, L., Velicer, W. F., & Harlow, L. L. (1995). Effects of estimation methods, number of indicators per factor, and improper solutions on structural equation modeling fit indices. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(2), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519509540000
  • Doğan T, (2009), Examination of cognitive and self-evaluation processes in terms of social anxiety. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Sakarya University.
  • Dogan, T. (2010). Turkish version of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale: validity and reliability study. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 39: 151-1.
  • Dursun, Y., & Kocagöz, E., 2010, Structural Equation Model and Regression: A Comparative Analysis, Journal of Erciyes University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 35, p.2.
  • Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. Guilford press.
  • Field, A. E., Camargo, C. A., Taylor, C. B., Berkey, C. S., Roberts, S. B. & Colditz, G. A. (2001). Peer, parent and media influences on the development of weight concerns and frequent dieting among preadolescent and adolescent girls and boys. Pediatrics, 107(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.1.54.
  • Gander, M., & Gardiner, H. (2010). Child and adolescent development (7th edition) (Trans. Ali Dönmez, Bekir Onur and Nermin Çelen). Ankara: Imge Bookstore.
  • Golan, M., & Crow, S. (2004). Parents are key players in the prevention and treatment of weight-related problems. Nutrition reviews, 62(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00005.x
  • Gümüş, A.E. (2000). Investigation of the relationship between university students' loneliness and body image satisfaction and social anxiety levels. Journal of Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences 33 (1): 99-108.
  • Hart, T. A., Flora, D. B., Palyo, S. A., Fresco, D. M., Holle, C. & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). Development and examination of the social appearance anxiety scale. Assessment, 15(1), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107306
  • Kelleci, Z. (2022). Investigation of the effects of parental acceptance-rejection perception, shame and eating attitudes on body satisfaction of individuals with obesity. Unpublished Master Thesis, Marmara University, Istanbul.
  • Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R.P. (2002), Perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment: a meta-analysis of cross-cultural and ıntracultural studies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64: 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00054.x
  • Kılıç, M. (2015). Examining the relationship between university students' social appearance anxiety, self-esteem and loneliness levels. Unpublished Master Thesis, Selçuk University Institute of Health Sciences, Konya.
  • Mülazımoğlu Ballı, Ö., Erturan Ülker, G., & Arslan, Y. (2014). Achievement goals in turkish high school PE setting: The predicting role of social physique anxiety. International Journal of Educational Research, 67, 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2014.04.004
  • Neumark-Sztainer, D., Bauer, K. W., Friend, S., Hannan, P. J., Story, M., & Berge, J. M. (2010). Family weight talk and dieting: How much do they matter for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls? Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(3), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.02.001.
  • Ökten, Ü. G. (2019). The mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between social appearance anxiety and shyness in high school students. Unpublished Master Thesis, Üsküdar University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
  • Özteke Kozan, H. İ. & Hamarta, E. (2017). Beliren yetişkinlikte beden imgesi: bağlanma ve sosyal görünüş kaygısının rolü . Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal , 7 (48) , 63-81 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/41239/498104.
  • Pekin, Z. (2017). Examining the predictive roles of university students’ attachment styles, subjective well-being and locus of control levels on their social appearance anxiety levels. Unpublished Master Thesis, Yeditepe University, İstanbul.
  • Rodgers, R., & Chabrol, H. (2009). Parental attitudes, body image disturbance and disordered eating amongst adolescents and young adults: A review. Europen Eating Disorders Review, 17(2), 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.907
  • Rohner, R.P. (1986). The Warmth dimension: Foundations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Rohner, R. P. (1998). Father love and child development: History and current evidence. Current directions in psychological science, 7(5), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep108368
  • Rohner R. P. (2005) Parental acceptance-rejection questionnaire (PARQ): Test manual. In Rohner RP, Khaleque A (editors). Handbook for The Study of Parental Acceptance and Rejection. Storrs, CT: Rohner Research Publications.
  • Rohner, R.P. (2015). Glossary of significant concepts in interpersonal acceptance rejection theory (IPARTheory). Retrieved from https://csiar.uconn.edu/glossary/
  • Rohner, R. P., Khaleque, A., & Cournoyer, D. E. (2003). Cross-national perspectives on Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory, Marriage & Family Review, 35 (3-4), 85-105.
  • Rohner, R. P., Khaleque, A., & Cournoyer, D. E. (2005). Parental acceptance-rejection: Theory, methods, cross‐cultural evidence, andimplications. Ethos, 33(3), 299-334. http://doi.org/10.1525/eth.2005.33.3.299.
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Moderating Role of Gender in the Effect of Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection on Social Appearance Anxiety / Algılanan Ebeveyn Kabul-Reddinin Sosyal Görünüş Kaygısına Etkisinde Cinsiyetin Düzenleyici Rolü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 592 - 606, 22.10.2023

Yasin Pınar Hatice Epli

https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1305036

Öz

Social appearance anxiety is a condition that negatively affects a person's relationships in social life. It is assumed that particularly negative early socialization experiences within the family increase the risk of experiencing social appearance anxiety. It is known that there are societal pressures towards male and female appearances due to societal roles and gender expectations. Therefore, it is important to understand and compare the female and male perspectives to comprehend the development of social appearance anxiet. For these reasons, The main problem of this research is the moderator role of gender in the effect of perceived parental acceptance-rejection on social appearance anxiety. The study group of the research consists of 310 participants, 112 (36%) men and 198 (64%) women. The relevant literature was searched, and two theoretical models were formed, which included the variables that were the subject of the research, and the research was built on these variables. Within the scope of this construct, the predictive relationships between the related variables were tested. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the theoretical models created. It was determined that the theoretical models tested with Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) had acceptable fit indices. During the analysis, the findings were evaluated by using SPSS and AMOS package programs. In the findings; It was seen that perceived mother and father acceptance-rejection level had a positive effect on social appearance anxiety. In addition, it was determined that as men's perceived maternal and paternal rejection increased, they felt more social appearance anxiety compared to women. However, it was determined that while gender had a moderator role in the effect of perceived maternal acceptance-rejection on social appearance anxiety, gender did not have a moderator role in the effect of perceived father acceptance-rejection on social appearance anxiety. As far as we have examined, this is the first study on these variables. This makes the current study valuable. Furthermore, considering that most studies on social appearance anxiety focus on individuals in adolescence, it is thought that this study will contribute to the literature as it is conducted with adult.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Parental acceptance Social appearance anxiety Gender Moderator role

Kaynakça

  • Abacı, D. F. (2018). The role of emotion regulation and interpersonal problems in the relationship between parental acceptance-rejection and psychological symptoms. Unpublished Master Thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara.
  • Abakay, U. , Alıncak, F. & Ay, S. (2017). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Beden Algısı ve Atılganlık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi ,2017 (9), 12-18. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/goputeb/issue/34356/379543
  • Akkese, M. N. (2019). Mediator role of positive and negative emotion regulation strategies between parental acceptance-rejection and social anxiety symptoms. Unpublished Master Thesis, Hacettepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
  • Akün, E. (2014). Algılanan ebeveyn kabul-reddinin çeşitli psikopatolojilerle ilişkisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Alabay, E. (2017). Examination of parenting attitudes of parents with preschool children. Journal of Early Childhood Studies, 1(2), 156-174. Doı:10.24130/eccd-jecs.196720171234
  • Amianto, F., Martini, M., Spalatro, A., Abbate, D. G., & Fassino, S. (2017). Body image development within the family: Attachment dynamics and parental 76 attitudes in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Acta Psychopathologica, 3(4), 1-6.
  • Amil, O., Bozgeyikli, H. (2015). Investigating the relationship between social appearance anxiety and loneliness of turkish university youth. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences ISSN 2201-4624 Volume 11, Number 1, 68-96.
  • Aslan, D. (2004). Nutritional problems that can be caused by problems with body image. STED (Standard Medical Education Journal), 13(9), 326-329.
  • Ayhan, E. (2016). A qualitative study on the evaluation of the effect of gender perception on breastfeeding among women working in the office and cleaning business of Eskişehir Osmangazi University. Unpublished Master Thesis, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir.
  • Aynur, M. S. (2020). Social appearance anxiety in emerging adulthood: perceived parental attitude and predictive power of perfectionism. Unpublished Master Thesis, Maltepe University, Istanbul.
  • Bögels, S. M., Van Oosten, A., Muris, P. & Smulders, D. (2001). Familial correlates of social anxiety in children and adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(3), 273-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00005-X
  • Bruch, M. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1994). Differences in perceptions of parental and personal characteristics between generalized and nongeneralized social phobics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8(2), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(94)90013-2
  • Cash, T. F., Theriault, J., & Annis, N. M. (2004). Body image in an interpersonal context: adult attachment, fear of intimacy and social anxiety. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 23(1), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.1.89.26987
  • Crespo, C., Kielpikowski, M., Jose, P. E., & Pryor, J. (2010). Relationships between family connectedness and body satisfaction: A longitudinal study of adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(12), 1392-1401.
  • Cusumano, D.L., & Thompson, J.K. (1997). Body Image and body shape ıdeals in magazines: exposure, awareness, and ınternalization. SexRoles, 37: 701–721.
  • Çınar, H., & Keskin, N., (2015). The effect of students' social appearance anxiety on their learning place preferences. Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 14, 458-469.
  • Davis, C., Strachan, S., & Berkson, M., (2004). Sensitivity to reward: Implications for overeating and overweight. Appetite, 42(2), 131-138.
  • Dedeler, M., Akün, E. & Batıgün, A. D. (2017). Yetişkin ebeveyn kabul-red ölçeği-kısa form’un uyarlama çalışması. Dusunen Adam, 30(3), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2017300302
  • Densham, K., Webb, H. J., Gembeck, M. J., Nesdale, D., & Downey, G. (2017). Early adolescents’ body dysmorphic symptoms as compensatory responses to parental appearance messages and appearance-based rejection sensitivity. Body Image, 23, 162-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.09.005
  • Ding, L., Velicer, W. F., & Harlow, L. L. (1995). Effects of estimation methods, number of indicators per factor, and improper solutions on structural equation modeling fit indices. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(2), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519509540000
  • Doğan T, (2009), Examination of cognitive and self-evaluation processes in terms of social anxiety. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Sakarya University.
  • Dogan, T. (2010). Turkish version of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale: validity and reliability study. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 39: 151-1.
  • Dursun, Y., & Kocagöz, E., 2010, Structural Equation Model and Regression: A Comparative Analysis, Journal of Erciyes University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 35, p.2.
  • Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. Guilford press.
  • Field, A. E., Camargo, C. A., Taylor, C. B., Berkey, C. S., Roberts, S. B. & Colditz, G. A. (2001). Peer, parent and media influences on the development of weight concerns and frequent dieting among preadolescent and adolescent girls and boys. Pediatrics, 107(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.1.54.
  • Gander, M., & Gardiner, H. (2010). Child and adolescent development (7th edition) (Trans. Ali Dönmez, Bekir Onur and Nermin Çelen). Ankara: Imge Bookstore.
  • Golan, M., & Crow, S. (2004). Parents are key players in the prevention and treatment of weight-related problems. Nutrition reviews, 62(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00005.x
  • Gümüş, A.E. (2000). Investigation of the relationship between university students' loneliness and body image satisfaction and social anxiety levels. Journal of Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences 33 (1): 99-108.
  • Hart, T. A., Flora, D. B., Palyo, S. A., Fresco, D. M., Holle, C. & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). Development and examination of the social appearance anxiety scale. Assessment, 15(1), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107306
  • Kelleci, Z. (2022). Investigation of the effects of parental acceptance-rejection perception, shame and eating attitudes on body satisfaction of individuals with obesity. Unpublished Master Thesis, Marmara University, Istanbul.
  • Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R.P. (2002), Perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment: a meta-analysis of cross-cultural and ıntracultural studies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64: 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00054.x
  • Kılıç, M. (2015). Examining the relationship between university students' social appearance anxiety, self-esteem and loneliness levels. Unpublished Master Thesis, Selçuk University Institute of Health Sciences, Konya.
  • Mülazımoğlu Ballı, Ö., Erturan Ülker, G., & Arslan, Y. (2014). Achievement goals in turkish high school PE setting: The predicting role of social physique anxiety. International Journal of Educational Research, 67, 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2014.04.004
  • Neumark-Sztainer, D., Bauer, K. W., Friend, S., Hannan, P. J., Story, M., & Berge, J. M. (2010). Family weight talk and dieting: How much do they matter for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls? Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(3), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.02.001.
  • Ökten, Ü. G. (2019). The mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between social appearance anxiety and shyness in high school students. Unpublished Master Thesis, Üsküdar University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
  • Özteke Kozan, H. İ. & Hamarta, E. (2017). Beliren yetişkinlikte beden imgesi: bağlanma ve sosyal görünüş kaygısının rolü . Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal , 7 (48) , 63-81 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/41239/498104.
  • Pekin, Z. (2017). Examining the predictive roles of university students’ attachment styles, subjective well-being and locus of control levels on their social appearance anxiety levels. Unpublished Master Thesis, Yeditepe University, İstanbul.
  • Rodgers, R., & Chabrol, H. (2009). Parental attitudes, body image disturbance and disordered eating amongst adolescents and young adults: A review. Europen Eating Disorders Review, 17(2), 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.907
  • Rohner, R.P. (1986). The Warmth dimension: Foundations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Rohner, R. P. (1998). Father love and child development: History and current evidence. Current directions in psychological science, 7(5), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep108368
  • Rohner R. P. (2005) Parental acceptance-rejection questionnaire (PARQ): Test manual. In Rohner RP, Khaleque A (editors). Handbook for The Study of Parental Acceptance and Rejection. Storrs, CT: Rohner Research Publications.
  • Rohner, R.P. (2015). Glossary of significant concepts in interpersonal acceptance rejection theory (IPARTheory). Retrieved from https://csiar.uconn.edu/glossary/
  • Rohner, R. P., Khaleque, A., & Cournoyer, D. E. (2003). Cross-national perspectives on Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory, Marriage & Family Review, 35 (3-4), 85-105.
  • Rohner, R. P., Khaleque, A., & Cournoyer, D. E. (2005). Parental acceptance-rejection: Theory, methods, cross‐cultural evidence, andimplications. Ethos, 33(3), 299-334. http://doi.org/10.1525/eth.2005.33.3.299.
  • Sandoval, E.L. (2008). Secure attachment, self-esteem, and optımısm as predıctors of posıtıve body ımage ın women. PhD Thesis, Texas: Texas A&M Counseling Psychology.
  • Schumacher, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
  • Schermelleh, E. K., & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods Of Psychological Research Online, 8 (2): 23-74. Retrieved from: https://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~snijders/mpr_Schermelleh.pdf
  • Spokas, M., Luterek, J. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2009). Social anxiety and emotional suppression: The mediating role of beliefs. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 40(2), 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.12.004
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Use of multivariate statistics. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Ltd. St
  • Tezcan, G. (2015). Perception of parental acceptance-rejection in the development of social anxiety in childhood: The mediator role of automatic thoughts. Unpublished Master Thesis, Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
  • Temel, M.E. (2018). The role of attachment styles in the relationship between social media use and social appearance anxiety: Üsküdar University example. Unpublished Master Thesis, Üsküdar University, İstanbul.
  • Wittchen, H. U., & Jacobi, F. (2005). Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe—a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. European neuropsychopharmacology, 15(4), 357-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.012
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Sayı Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Yasin Pınar 0000-0003-4889-4245

Hatice Epli 0000-0001-9122-1922

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Pınar, Y., & Epli, H. (2023). Moderating Role of Gender in the Effect of Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection on Social Appearance Anxiety / Algılanan Ebeveyn Kabul-Reddinin Sosyal Görünüş Kaygısına Etkisinde Cinsiyetin Düzenleyici Rolü. E-Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(5), 592-606. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1305036
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