Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Effectiveness of the Group Psychological Counseling Program Applied to Mothers of Moderate-Severe Mentally and Physically Handicapped Children / Orta-Ağır Zihinsel ve Bedensel Engelli Çocukların Annelerine Uygulanan Grup Psikolojik Danışmanlık Programının Etkililiği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 6, 65 - 85, 30.12.2022

Fatıma Firdevs Adam Karduz Adnan Özbey

https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1185879

Öz

Abstract

The main purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of the Group Counseling Program applied to mothers of children with moderate-severe mental and physical disabilities on psychological well-being, experiential avoidance, depression, anxiety, and stress. Groups were formed with the participation of 28 people in total, 14 people in the experimental group, and 14 people in the control group. For this reason, the study was designed according to the pretest-posttest matched control group design, and random sampling method was used to determine the study group. The study group was formed considering that it is easily accessible and applicable. The study design can be classified as a randomized controlled experimental test in terms of its function. Sessions includes different themes [An orientation/doing design for group counseling, the personal values and Powers, the mind and behavior, a creative despair, the concept of gratitude (appreciation), forgiveness, self/conscious awareness, the meaning of life and hope, evaluation]. Personal Information Form, Acceptance and Action Form-II (KEF-II), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale Short Form (DASS-21), Five-Dimensional Well-Being Scale (PERMA) forms were used to collect data. A group counseling program that was based on Contextual Positive Psychology Approach was applied to the experimental group, and no interventions were applied to the control group. A pretest was applied At the beginning of the sessions, and after the end (final session), the same set of measuring instruments was applied to the experimental and control group as a posttest. As a result of the study, a significant decrease in favor of the experimental group was detected in terms of depression, stress, anxiety, and experiential avoidance levels, and a significant increase was detected in the level of well-being.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anxiety Depression Group counseling Psychological well-being Stress Experiential avoidance Anksiyete Depresyon Grupla psikolojik danışma Psikolojik iyi oluş Stres Yaşantısal kaçınma

Kaynakça

  • Abbeduto, L., Seltzer, M. M., Shattuck, P., Krauss, M. W., Orsmond, G., & Murphy, M. M. (2004). Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, down syndrome, orfragile X syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109(3), 237-254.
  • Aksakal Kuc, H., Keleşoğlu F., & Atasayar, M. (2019). A qualitative study on the experiences of families with special needs children between the ages of 3 and 6. Turkish Journal of Applied Social Work, 2(2), 120-134.
  • Al-Kuwari, M. G., (2007). Psychological health of mothers caring for mentally disabled children in Qatar. Neuro Sci., 12(4): 312- 317.
  • Al-Qaisy, L. M. (2012). Mothers' stress in families of children with mental handicap. Asian Social Science, 8(2), 80.
  • Altınay, D. (2012). Çalışan ve çalışmayan annelerin başa çıkma tutumları ve çocuk yetiştirme tutumları arasındaki farklılıkların incelenmesi (Master's thesis, Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü). American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA,.
  • Bagner, D., Petit J., Lewinsohn P. & Seeley J. (2010). Effect of maternal depression on child behavior. a sensitive period? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 49(7):699–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac. 2010.03.012 PMID: 20610139
  • Baker, B.L., Landen, S.J., & Kashima, K.J. (1991). Effects of parent training on families of children with mental retardation: Increased burden or generalized benefit? American Journal on Mental Retardation, 96, 127–136.
  • Barker, ET., Hartley SL., Seltzer MM., Floyd FJ., Greenberg JS., & Orsmond GI. (2011). Trajectories of emotional well-being in mothers of adolescents and adults with autism. Dev Psychol.; 47(2):551–561. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021268 PMID: 21171753.
  • Bayram, N., Gürsakal, N., & Bilgel, N. (2009). Counterproductive work behavior among white‐collar employees: A study from Turkey. International journal of selection and assessment, 17(2), 180-188.
  • Beckman, PJ. (1983). Influence of selected child characteristics on stress in families of handicapped infants. Am J; Ment Defic 88: 150–156.
  • Bitsika, V., & Sharpley, C. (2004). Stress, anxiety and depression among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 14(2), 151-161.
  • Blacher, J. (1984). Sequential changes of parental adjustment to the birth of a child with handicaps: fact or artifact? Mental retardation, 22, 55-68.
  • Bodla, G. M., & Saima, W. (2018). Social support and psychological wellbeing among parents of intellectually challenged children. International Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences (IJRS), 1(02), 29-35.
  • Bolton, PF., Pickles A., Murphy M.,& Rutter M. (1998). Autism, affective and other psychiatric disorders: patterns of familial aggregation. Psychol Med; 28:385-95.
  • Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., ... & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior therapy, 42(4), 676-688.
  • Boromand, N., Narimani, M., & Mosazadeh, T. (2014). Comparing the psychological well being factors among the parents of the mentally retarded children with those of the normal children. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences (ILSHS), 10, 1-8.
  • Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Oxford, England: Aldine. Breslau, N., & Davis, G. C. (1986). Chronic stress and major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43(4), 309-314.
  • Bristol, M.M. & Schopler, E. (1984). A developmental perspective on stress and coping in families of autistic children. In M.C.Wang, M.C.Reynolds, and H.J.Walberg, (ed.). (1989). Handbook of special educationresearch and practice, 3. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Bristol, M., Gallagher, J. & Holt, K. (1993). Maternal depressive symptoms in autism: Response to psychoeducational intervention. Rehabilitation Psychology, 38(1), 3-10.
  • Bumin, G., Günal, A., & Tükel, Ş. (2008). Anxiety, depression and quality of life in mothers of disabled children. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 6-11.
  • Burstein, M., Ginsburg G., & Tein J. (2010). Parental anxiety and child symptomatology: an examination of additive and ınteractive effects of parent psychopathology. J Abnorm Child Psychol.;38(7):897–909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9415-0 PMID: 20432062.
  • Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3).
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri.
  • Büyüköztürk, S. (2013). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (18. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Byrne, EA., &Cunningham CC. (1985). The effects of mentally handicapped children of families – a conceptual review. J Child Psychol Psyhiatry;26:847–864.
  • Cameron, S. J. & Armstrong, S., M. (1991). Stress, Coping, and Resources in Mothers of Adults with Developmental Disabilities. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 4(4), 301-310.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Araştırma deseni (Çev. S. B. Demir).Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  • Crowe, TK., VanLeit B., & Berghmans KK. (2000). others’ perceptions of child care assistance: the impact of a child’s disability. Am J Occup Ther;54:52–58.
  • Chan, JB., & Sigafoos J. (2001). Does respite care reduce parental stress in families with developmentally disabled children? Child Youth Care Forum;30:253–263.
  • Chawla, N., & Ostafin, B. (2007). Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 871–890.
  • Çin, A. (2001). Grup rehberliğinin özürlü çocuğu olan anne babaların kaygı düzeylerinin azaltılmasındaki etkisi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) İnönü Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Malatya.
  • Clubb, RL. (1991). Chronic sorrow: adaptation patterns of parents who have chronically ill children. Pediatr Nurs;17:461–465.
  • Cowan, D & Brunero S. (1997). Group therapy for anxiety disorders using rational emotive behaviour therapy. Aust N Z J Ment Health Nurs. 6(4):164-8.
  • Crnic, K., Friedrich, WN. & Greenberg, M. (1983). Adaptation of families with mentally retarded children: a model of stress, coping, and family ecology. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88, 345-351.
  • Dabrowska, A., & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(3), 266-280.
  • Damiani, BV. (1999). Responsibility and adjustment in siblings of children with disabilities: update and review. Fam Soc J Contemp Hum Serv;1:34–40.
  • Demir, G., Özcan, A., & Kızılırmak, A. (2010). Zihinsel engelli çocuğa sahip annelerin depresyon düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(4), 53-58.
  • Demirci, İ., Ekşi, H., Dinçer, D., & Kardaş, S. (2017). Beş boyutlu iyi oluş modeli: PERMA Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 5(1), 60-77.
  • Dereli, F., & Okur, S. (2008). Engelli çocuğa sahip olan ailelerin depresyon durumunun belirlenmesi.
  • Dyson, LL. (1991). Families of young children with handicaps: parental stress and family functioning. Am J Ment Retard; 95: 623–629.
  • Dyson, LL. (1997). Fathers and mothers of school-age children with developmental disabilities: parental stress, family functioning and social support. Am J Ment Retard;102:267–279.
  • Egbochuku, E.O., Obodo, B., & Obadan, N.O. (2008). Efficacy of rational-emotive behaviour therapy on the reduction of test anxiety among adolescents in secondary schools. European Journal of Social Sciences. 6 (4).
  • Ekici, G., & Cavlak U.( 2007). An analysis of psycho-social problems and level hopelessness of mothers who have had disabled children. OZ-VERI; 4:998–1008 [in Turkish].
  • Ekşi, H., Kaya, Ç. & Kuşcu, B. (2018). Multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire-30: adaptation and psychometric properties of the turkish version [çok boyutlu yaşantısal kaçınma ölçeği-30’un türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özellikleri]. paper given at 8th ınternational conference on research in education- ıcre, may, 9-11, manisa, turkey (pp. 483-487). Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmacıları Derneği. http://ulead2018.ulead.org.tr/files/14/editor/files/ulead_2018_tam_metin_kitab_(4).pdf
  • Ellis, JB., &Hirsch JK. (2000). Reasons for living in parents of developmentally delayed children. Res Dev Disabil.; 21: 323-7.
  • Emerson, E., Hatton C., Llewellyn G., Blacker J., & Graham H. (2006). Socio-economic position, household composition, health status and indicators of the well-being of mothers of children with and without with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res.; 50(Pt 12):862–873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788. 2006.00900.x PMID: 17100947
  • England, MJ., Sim LJ., & Council NR. (2009). Associations between depression in parents and parenting, child health and child psychological functioning. In: Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children: Opportunities to Improve Identification, Treatment, and Prevention. Washington, DC: National Academies Press ( US);. p. 4.
  • Ergene, T. (2008) Effective interventions on test anxiety reduction: A meta-analysis. School Psychology International. 24:323.
  • Ergun, S., & Ertem, G. (2012). Difficulties of mothers living with mentally disabled children. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association,62(8), 776-780.
  • Faerstein, L. (1981). Stress and coping in families of learning disabled children: a literature review. J Learn Disabil;14:420–423.
  • Fırat, S., Diler, R. S., Avci, A., & Gulsah, G. (2002). Comparison of psychopathology in the mothers of autistic and mentally retarded children. Journal of Korean medical science, 17(5), 679-685.
  • Flanagan, R., Allen, K &Henry, D.J. (2010). The ımpact of anger management treatment and rational emotive behaviour therapy in a public school setting on social skills, anger management, and depression. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy. 28(2), 87-99.
  • Floyd, F. J., & Zmich, D. E. (1991). Marriage and the parenting partnership: Perceptions and interactions of parents who have mentally retarded and typically developing children. Child Development, 62(6), 1434-1448.
  • Floyd, F. J., & Gallagher, E. M. (1997). Parental stress, care demands, and use of support services for school-age children with disabilities and behavior problems. Family Relations, 46, 359-371.
  • Freeman, N. L., Perry, A., & Factor, D. C. (1991). Child behaviours as stressors: Replicating and extending the use of the CARS as a measure of stress: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 32(6), 1025-1030.
  • Gammon, E.A., & Rose, S.D. (1991). The coping skills training program for parents of children with developmental disabilities: an experimental evaluation. Research on Social Work Practice, 1, 244–256.
  • Ganong, L., Doty ME., & Gayer D. (2003). Mothers in postdivorce families caring for a child with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr. Nurs.18: 332-43
  • Gilbert, M., Cicolini, T., & Mander, A., (2005). Cost-effective use of rational emotive behavior therapy in a public mental health service. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. 23(1), 71-77.
  • Gray, D. E., & Holden, W. J. (1992). Psycho-social well-being among the parents of children with autism. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 18(2), 83-93.
  • Gray D. (2003). Gender and coping: the parents of children with high functioning autism. Soc Sci Med;56: 631–642.
  • Greenberg, J. S., Seltzer, M. M., Krauss, M. W., & Kim, H. (1997). The differential effects of social support on the psychological well-being of aging mothers of adults with mental illness or mental retardation. Family Relations, 46(4), 383-394.
  • Hanneman, R, & Blacher J. (1998). Predicting placement in families who have children with severe handicaps: a longitudinal analysis. Am J Ment Retard;102: 392–408.
  • Hassall, R., Rose J., & McDonald J. (2005). Parenting stress in mothers of children with an intellectual disability: the effects of parental cognitions in relation to child characteristics and family support. J Intellect Disabil Res; 49: 405–418.
  • Hastings, R. P. (2002). Parental stress and behaviour problems of children with developmental disability. Journal of Intellectual Developmental Disability, 27(3), 149-160.
  • Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Wilson K. G. (2012) Contextual behavioral science: creating a science more adequate to the challenge of the human condition. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science 1, 1–16.
  • Hayes, L. L., & Ciarrochi, J. V. (2015). The thriving adolescent: Using acceptance and commitment therapy and positive psychology to help teens manage emotions, achieve goals, and build connection. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Hayes, S. C., Wılson, K. G., Gıfford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. D. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152-1168.
  • Heller, T., & Factor, A. (1993). Aging family caregivers: Support resources and changes in burden and placement desire. American Journal on Mental Retardation
  • Hendriks, C., DeMoor, H., Oud, L. & Savelberg, W. (2000). Perceived changes in well-being of parents who have a child in a therapeutic toddler class. Research in developmental disabilities, 21,455-468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-4222(00)00058-5
  • Hodes, M., Garralda ME., Rose G., & Schwartz R. (1999). Maternal expressed emotion and adjustment in children with epilepsy. J Child Psychol Psychiatr.; 40: 1083-93.
  • Hung, J. & Yeh, H. (2004). Comparing stress levels of parents of children with cancer and parents of children with physical disabilities. Psycho-Oncology, 13 (12), 898-903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.868
  • Içöz, A. (2001). A study on anxiety levels of family members with mentally retarded children. MSc thesis. Ankara, Turkey: Ankara University;. p 120 [in Turkish].
  • Işık, E. (1996). Nevrozlar. Kent Matbaası, Ankara; ss 31–45
  • Kaya, Ç. (2019). Bağlamsal Pozitif Psikoloji Yaklaşımına Dayalı Grupla Psikolojik Danışmanın Psikolojik Işlevsellik Göstergeleri Üzerindeki Etkisi (Doctoral dissertation, Marmara Universitesi (Turkey).
  • Kayahan- Yüksel, D. & Emmioğlu- Sarıkaya, E. (2021). Mother’s participation in literacy education of children with special learning disability: a draft training program. E-International Journal of Educational Research, 12(5), 36-64. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.999351.
  • Kazak, A. (1987). Families with disabled children: stress and social network in three samples. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 25,137-146.
  • Keleşoğlu, F. & Aksakal Kuç, H. (2020). A qualıtatıve research on the anxiety and stress conditions of families with special needs children. Turkish Journal of Applied Social Work, 3(1), 67-87.
  • Kerenhappachu, M. S., &Sridevi, G. (2014). Care giver’s burden and perceived social support in mothers of children with mental retardation’. International Journal of Scientific And Research Publications, 4(4), 1-6.
  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D. & Ryff, C. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007-1022.
  • King, G., King S., Rosenbaum P., & Goffin R. (1999). Family-centered caregiving and well-being of parents of children with disabilities: linking process with outcome. J Pediatr Psychol;24:41–53.
  • Kirkham, M.A. (1993). Two year follow-up of mothers of children with disabilities. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97 (5), 50.
  • Krause, N., & Liang, J. (1993). Stress, social support, and psychological distress among the Chinese elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 48(6), P282-P291.
  • Kupferberg, A., Bicks L., & Hasler G. (2016). Social functioning in major depressive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.; 69(1):313–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.002 PMID: 27395342.
  • Kumar, I., & Akhtar, S. (2001). Rate of anxiety in mothers of mentally retarded children. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(2), 27.
  • Kumari, S.,& Kiran, M.,(2020). Parentıng stress, psychologıcal wellbeıng and socıal support ın mothers of chıldren wıth mental retardatıon. Internatıonal Journal Of Scıentıfıc Research,9 (1),57-60. DOI: 10.36106/ijsr Lessenberry, B. & Rehfeldt, R. (2004). Evaluating stress levels of parents of children with disabilities. Council for exceptional children, 70 (2), 231-244.
  • Machado, SB., Celestino M., Serra J., Caron J., & Ponde M. (2016). Risk and protective factors for symptoms of anxiety and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Dev Neurorehabil.; 19 (3):146–153. https://doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2014.925519 PMID: 24950424
  • Majumdar, M., Da Silva, P. Y., & Fernandes, J. (2005). Stress and anxiety in parents of mentally retarded children. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 47(3), 144-147.
  • Manuel, J., Naughton MJ., Balkrishnan R., Smith BP., & Koman LA. (2003). Stress and adaptation in mothers of children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Psychol.;28: 197-201.
  • Miller, AC., Gordon RM., Daniele RJ., & Diller L. (1992). Stress, appraisal and coping in mothers of disabled and nondisabled children. J Pediatr Psychol;17:587–605.
  • Mumford, D. B., Saeed, K., Ahmad, I., Latif, S., & Mubbashar, M. H. (1997). Stress and psychiatric disorder in rural Punjab. A community survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 473-478.
  • Navabifar (2008). The effect and comparison of rational-emotive, behavioral group therapy on women depression. The Journal of Science and Research in Psychology. 37, 41-64.
  • Ngo H., Shin J., Nhan N., &Yang L. (2012). Stigma and restriction on the social life of families of children with intellectual disabilities in Vietnam. Singapore Med J.; 53(7):451–457. PMID: 22815013.
  • Olsson, MB & Hwang CP. (2001). Depression in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res.; 45(pt 6):535–543. PMID: 11737541
  • Ong, LC., Afifah I., Sofiah A., & Lye MS. (1998). Parenting stress among mothers of Malaysian children with cerebral palsy: predictors of child-and parent-related stress. Ann Trop Paediatr.;18: 301-7.
  • Osborn, DPJ. (2001). The poor physical health of people with mental illness. West J Med.; 175(5):329–332. PMID: 11694483.
  • Özel Eğitim Hizmetleri Yönetmeliği (2018, 7 Temmuz). Resmî Gazete (Sayı: 30471).
  • Park, C. L. (1998). Stress-related growth and thriving through coping: The roles of personality and cognitive processes. Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), 267–277.
  • Parish, SL., Rose RA., Weiss-Grinstein M., Richman EL., & Andrews ME. (2008). Material hardship in US families raising children with disabilities. Exceptional Children.; 75(1):71–92.
  • Peer, J.& Hillman S. (2014). Stress and resilience for parents of children with ıntellectual and developmental disabilities: a review of key factors and recommendations for practitioners. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil.; 11(2):92–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12072
  • Pelchat, D., Ricard N., Bouchard JM., Perreault M., Saucier J-F., Berthiaume M., & Bisson J. (1999). Adaptation of parents in relation to their 6-month-old infant’s type of disability. Child Care Health Dev;25:377–397.
  • Peshawaria, R., Menon, D. K., Ganguly, R., Roy, S., Rajam Pillay, P. R. S., & Gupta, S. (1998). A study of facilitators and inhibitors that affect coping in parents of children with mental retardation in India. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal, 9(1), 118-126.
  • Pivik, J., Mc Comas J., & Laflamme M. (2002). Barries and facilitators to inclusive education. Except Child;69:97–107.
  • Ralpmund, V., & Moore C. (2000). Women’s stories of depression: a constructivist approach. S Afr J Psychol;30:20–31.
  • Köroğlu, E. (2004). Depresyon: nedir, nasıl bas¸ edilir. I. Baski. Ankara: Hekimler Yayin Birligi Yayini.
  • Krauss, M. W. (1993). Child-related and parenting stress: Similarities and differences between mothers and fathers of children with disabilities. American journal on mental retardation.
  • Roach, MA., Orsmond GI., & Barrat SM. (1999). Mothers and fathers of children with Down syndrome. Am J Ment Retard;104:422–436.
  • Rodriguez, CM., & Murphy LE. (1997). Parenting stress and abuse potential in mothers of children with developmental disabilities. Child Maltreat; 3: 245–252.
  • Ryde-Brandt, B. (1990). Anxiety and depression in mothers of children with psychotic disorders and mental retardation. Br J Psychiatry., 156: 118-21.
  • Rudolph, M., Rosanowski F., Eysholdt U., & Kummer P. (2003). Anxiety and depression in mothers of speech impaired children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.;67: 1337-41.
  • Russell, G. (1986). Primary caretaking and role-sharing fathers. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The father’s role: Applied perspectives (pp. 29-57). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Sahdra, B. K., Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P., & Scrucca, L. (2016). Using genetic algorithms in a large nationally representative American sample to abbreviate the multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 189.
  • Sanders, JL., & Morgan SB. (1997). Family stress and adjustment as perceived by parents of children with autism or Down syndrome: Implications for intervention. Child & Family Behavior Therapy.;19: 15-32.
  • Sarisoy, M. (2000). Marital adjustment of autistic and mentally etarted children parents. MSc thesis. Izmir, Turkey: Ege University;. p 83
  • Schafer, W. (2000). Stress management for wellness. (3rd ed.). New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston.
  • Schalock, R., Luckasson, R., & Shogren, K. (2007). The renaming of mental retardation: Understanding the change to the term intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 45(2), 116-124.
  • Scherer, N., Verhey, I., & Kuper, H. (2019). Depression and anxiety in parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 14(7), e0219888.
  • Seltzer, MM., Greenberg JS., Floyd FJ., Pettee Y., & Hpng J. (2001). Life course impacts of parenting a child with a disability. Am J Ment Retard;106:265–286.
  • Shapiro, J. (1983). Family reactions and coping strategies in response to the physically ill or handicapped child: a review. Soc Sci Med;17:913–931.
  • Shin, JY. (2002). Social support for families of children with mental retardation: comparison between Korea and the United States. Ment Retard;40:103–118.
  • Singer, G. (2006). Meta-Analysis of comparative studies of depression in mothers of children with and without developmental disabilities. Am J Ment Retard.; 111(3):155–169. PMID: 16597183
  • Slentz, K. L., & Bricker, D. (1992). Family-guided assessment for IFSP development: Jumping off the family assessment bandwagon. Journal of Early Intervention, 16(1), 11–19.
  • Sloper, T., & Beresford B. (2006).Families with disabled children. BMJ;333:929–930.
  • Smith, T. B., Innocenti MS., Boyce GC., & Smith CS. (1993). Depressive symptomatology and interaction behaviors of mothers having a child with disabilities. Psyhol Rep.;73: 1184-6.
  • Smith, T. B., Oliver, M. N. I., & Innocenti, M. S. (2001). Parenting stress in families of children with disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(2), 257–261.
  • Stoneman, Z., &Crapps, J. M. (1988). Correlates of stress, perceived competence, and depression among family care providers. American Journal on Mental Retardation.
  • Summers, J. A., Dell'Oliver, C., Turnbull, A. P., Benson, H. A., Santelli, E., Campbell, M., & Siegel-Causey, E. (1990). Examining the individualized family service plan process: What are family and practitioner preferences?. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 10(1), 78-99.
  • Siegel-Causey, E. (1990). Examining the individualized family service plan process: What are family and practitioner preferences? Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 10(1), 78–99.
  • Tavakolizadeh, J., Dashti, S., & Panahi, M. (2012). The effect of rational-emotional training on mothers’ mental health condition of children with mental retardation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 649-658.
  • Tazaki, M & Landlaw, K. (2006). Behavioural mechanisms and cognitive-behavioural interventions of somatoform disorders. International Review of Psychiatry, 18 (1), 67-73.
  • Toprakçı, E. & Altunay, E. (2014). The relationship of psychological counseling and guidance staff and their administrators (a qualitative analysis in the stories) Elementary Education Online, 13(2), 526‐545, 2014. [Online]: http://ilkogretim‐online.org.tr
  • Trute, B., & Hiebert-Murphy, D. (2002). Family adjustment to childhood developmental disability: A measure of parent appraisal of family impacts. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(3), 271–280.
  • Trute, B., & Hiebert-Murphy, D. (2005). Predicting family adjustment and parenting stress in childhood: Disability services using brief assessment tools. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 30(4), 217–225.
  • Trute, B., Hiebert-Murphy, D., & Levine, K. (2007). Parental appraisal of the family impact of childhood developmental disability: Times of sadness and times of joy. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 32(1), 1–9.
  • Uğuz, Ş., Toros, F., İnanç, B. Y., & Çolakkadıoğlu, O. (2004). Zihinsel ve/veya bedensel engelli çocukların annelerinin anksiyete, depresyon ve stres düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 7(1), 42-7.
  • Uncu, Y., Bayram N., & Bilgel N. (2007) Job related affective wellbeing among primary health care physicians. Eur J Public Health 17(5):514–519
  • Vernon, H.G. & David, J. (2001). Coping and ıllness cognitions: chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychological studies, 21(2), 161-178.
  • Warren, R, Deffenbacher, JL. & Brading, P. (1976). Rational-emotive therapy and the reduction of test anxiety in elementary school students. Rational Living, 11(2), 26-29.
  • Wilton, K., & Renaut, J. (1986). Stress levels in families with intellectually handicapped preschool children and families with non-handicapped preschool children. Journal of Mental Defciency Research.
  • Woodman, A., Mawdsley H., &Hauser-Cram P. (2015). Parenting stress and child behavior problems within families of children with developmental disabilities: transactional relations across 15 years. Res Dev Disabil.; 36(1):264–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.011 PMID: 25462487.
  • XU, Wenwei. (2006). Wuxi Mental Health Center,;Therapeutic effect of Ellis rational emotive behavior therapy on depression; Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; -04.
  • Yavuz, F., Iskin, M., Ulusoy, S., Esen, F. B., & Burhan, H. S. (2014). Turkish Version of AAQ-II: Preliminary analysis of reliability and validity. In ACBS Annual World Conference (Vol. 12, pp. 17-22).
  • Yılmaz, Ö., Boz, H., & Arslan, A. (2017). Depresyon anksiyete stres ölçeğinin (DASS 21) Türkçe kısa formunun geçerlilik-güvenilirlik çalışması. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 78-91.
  • Yüksel, A. & Uyanık, Y. (2021). Engelli çocuk sahibi kadınların yaşadıkları güçlüklerin incelenmesi. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 805-830. https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.997669
  • Yüksel, M. Y. & Eren, B. S. (2007). Otistik çocuğa sahip ailelerle yapilan grupla psikolojik danışma çalişmasının ailelerin depresyon ve problem çözme becerileri üzerine etkisi. Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(25), 197-210.
  • Zare, M. & Shafiabadi, A. (2007). The comparison of effectuality of rational-emotive, behavioral group counseling and psychodram counseling on improving mental health and emotional expressing in women clients. Scientific and Research Journal Of Women Studies 2(1).
  • Zigler, E. & Hodapp, R.M. (1986). Unresponsiveness in children with severe disabilities: potential effects on parent-child ınteractions. The Exceptional Child, 34(1), 32-36.

Orta-Ağır Zihinsel ve Bedensel Engelli Çocukların Annelerine Uygulanan Grup Psikolojik Danışmanlık Programının Etkililiği / Effectiveness of the Group Psychological Counseling Program Applied to Mothers of Moderate-Severe Mentally and Physically Handicapped Children

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 6, 65 - 85, 30.12.2022

Fatıma Firdevs Adam Karduz Adnan Özbey

https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1185879

Öz

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı orta-ağır düzey zihinsel ve bedensel engelli çocuğa sahip annelere uygulanan grupla psikolojik danışma programının psikolojik iyi oluş, yaşantısal kaçınma, depresyon, anksiyete ve stres üzerindeki etkililiğinin incelenmesidir. Bu araştırma deseni işlevi açısından seçkisiz kontrollü deneysel sınama olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Bu amacla çalışma deneysel desenlerden öntest sontest eşleştirilmiş kontrol gruplu desene göre desenlemiş, çalışma grubunun belirlenmesinde seçkisiz örnekleme yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Kolay ulaşılabilir ve uygulama yapılabilir olması göz önünde bulundurularak araştırmanın çalışma grubu oluşturulmuştur. Deney grubunda 14 kişi ve Kontrol grubunda 14 kişi olmak üzere toplamda 28 kişinin katılımı ile gruplar oluşmuştur. Veri toplamak için Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Kabul ve Eylem Formu-II (KEF-II), Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeği Kısa Formu (DASS-21), Beş Boyutlu İyi Oluş Ölçeği (PERMA) formalarından faydalanılmıştır. Deney grubuna 9 oturumluk Bağlamsal Pozitif Psikoloji Yaklaşımına Dayalı Grupla Psikolojik Danışma Programı uygulanmış olup kontrol grubu ile ilgili herhangi bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Oturumlar, grupla psikolojik danışmaya oryantasyon/yapılandırma, kişisel değerler ve güçler, zihin ve davranışlar, yaratıcı umutsuzluk, minnettarlık (değerbilirlik) olgusunu merkeze alma, affedicilik üzerine odaklanma, kendindelik/bilinçli farkındalık üzerine odaklanma, yaşam anlamı ve umut odaklı temaları içermektedir. Oturumların başlangıcında ön-test, bitişinden (son oturumdan) sonra deney ve kontrol gruplarına aynı ölçme aracı seti son-test olarak uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın neticesinde; uygulanan eğitim programının deney grubunun kabul-eylem becerilerini geliştirme noktasında etkili olmuştur, depresyon, stres, anksiyete ve yaşantısal kaçınma düzeyleri açısından; deney grubun lehine anlamlı düzeyde bir azalma, iyi oluş düzeyin de ise anlamlı düzeyde bir yükselme gözlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anksiyete Depresyon Grupla psikolojik danışma Psikolojik iyi oluş Stres Yaşantısal kaçınma

Kaynakça

  • Abbeduto, L., Seltzer, M. M., Shattuck, P., Krauss, M. W., Orsmond, G., & Murphy, M. M. (2004). Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, down syndrome, orfragile X syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109(3), 237-254.
  • Aksakal Kuc, H., Keleşoğlu F., & Atasayar, M. (2019). A qualitative study on the experiences of families with special needs children between the ages of 3 and 6. Turkish Journal of Applied Social Work, 2(2), 120-134.
  • Al-Kuwari, M. G., (2007). Psychological health of mothers caring for mentally disabled children in Qatar. Neuro Sci., 12(4): 312- 317.
  • Al-Qaisy, L. M. (2012). Mothers' stress in families of children with mental handicap. Asian Social Science, 8(2), 80.
  • Altınay, D. (2012). Çalışan ve çalışmayan annelerin başa çıkma tutumları ve çocuk yetiştirme tutumları arasındaki farklılıkların incelenmesi (Master's thesis, Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü). American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA,.
  • Bagner, D., Petit J., Lewinsohn P. & Seeley J. (2010). Effect of maternal depression on child behavior. a sensitive period? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 49(7):699–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac. 2010.03.012 PMID: 20610139
  • Baker, B.L., Landen, S.J., & Kashima, K.J. (1991). Effects of parent training on families of children with mental retardation: Increased burden or generalized benefit? American Journal on Mental Retardation, 96, 127–136.
  • Barker, ET., Hartley SL., Seltzer MM., Floyd FJ., Greenberg JS., & Orsmond GI. (2011). Trajectories of emotional well-being in mothers of adolescents and adults with autism. Dev Psychol.; 47(2):551–561. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021268 PMID: 21171753.
  • Bayram, N., Gürsakal, N., & Bilgel, N. (2009). Counterproductive work behavior among white‐collar employees: A study from Turkey. International journal of selection and assessment, 17(2), 180-188.
  • Beckman, PJ. (1983). Influence of selected child characteristics on stress in families of handicapped infants. Am J; Ment Defic 88: 150–156.
  • Bitsika, V., & Sharpley, C. (2004). Stress, anxiety and depression among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 14(2), 151-161.
  • Blacher, J. (1984). Sequential changes of parental adjustment to the birth of a child with handicaps: fact or artifact? Mental retardation, 22, 55-68.
  • Bodla, G. M., & Saima, W. (2018). Social support and psychological wellbeing among parents of intellectually challenged children. International Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences (IJRS), 1(02), 29-35.
  • Bolton, PF., Pickles A., Murphy M.,& Rutter M. (1998). Autism, affective and other psychiatric disorders: patterns of familial aggregation. Psychol Med; 28:385-95.
  • Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., ... & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior therapy, 42(4), 676-688.
  • Boromand, N., Narimani, M., & Mosazadeh, T. (2014). Comparing the psychological well being factors among the parents of the mentally retarded children with those of the normal children. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences (ILSHS), 10, 1-8.
  • Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Oxford, England: Aldine. Breslau, N., & Davis, G. C. (1986). Chronic stress and major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43(4), 309-314.
  • Bristol, M.M. & Schopler, E. (1984). A developmental perspective on stress and coping in families of autistic children. In M.C.Wang, M.C.Reynolds, and H.J.Walberg, (ed.). (1989). Handbook of special educationresearch and practice, 3. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Bristol, M., Gallagher, J. & Holt, K. (1993). Maternal depressive symptoms in autism: Response to psychoeducational intervention. Rehabilitation Psychology, 38(1), 3-10.
  • Bumin, G., Günal, A., & Tükel, Ş. (2008). Anxiety, depression and quality of life in mothers of disabled children. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 6-11.
  • Burstein, M., Ginsburg G., & Tein J. (2010). Parental anxiety and child symptomatology: an examination of additive and ınteractive effects of parent psychopathology. J Abnorm Child Psychol.;38(7):897–909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9415-0 PMID: 20432062.
  • Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3).
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri.
  • Büyüköztürk, S. (2013). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (18. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Byrne, EA., &Cunningham CC. (1985). The effects of mentally handicapped children of families – a conceptual review. J Child Psychol Psyhiatry;26:847–864.
  • Cameron, S. J. & Armstrong, S., M. (1991). Stress, Coping, and Resources in Mothers of Adults with Developmental Disabilities. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 4(4), 301-310.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Araştırma deseni (Çev. S. B. Demir).Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  • Crowe, TK., VanLeit B., & Berghmans KK. (2000). others’ perceptions of child care assistance: the impact of a child’s disability. Am J Occup Ther;54:52–58.
  • Chan, JB., & Sigafoos J. (2001). Does respite care reduce parental stress in families with developmentally disabled children? Child Youth Care Forum;30:253–263.
  • Chawla, N., & Ostafin, B. (2007). Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 871–890.
  • Çin, A. (2001). Grup rehberliğinin özürlü çocuğu olan anne babaların kaygı düzeylerinin azaltılmasındaki etkisi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) İnönü Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Malatya.
  • Clubb, RL. (1991). Chronic sorrow: adaptation patterns of parents who have chronically ill children. Pediatr Nurs;17:461–465.
  • Cowan, D & Brunero S. (1997). Group therapy for anxiety disorders using rational emotive behaviour therapy. Aust N Z J Ment Health Nurs. 6(4):164-8.
  • Crnic, K., Friedrich, WN. & Greenberg, M. (1983). Adaptation of families with mentally retarded children: a model of stress, coping, and family ecology. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88, 345-351.
  • Dabrowska, A., & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(3), 266-280.
  • Damiani, BV. (1999). Responsibility and adjustment in siblings of children with disabilities: update and review. Fam Soc J Contemp Hum Serv;1:34–40.
  • Demir, G., Özcan, A., & Kızılırmak, A. (2010). Zihinsel engelli çocuğa sahip annelerin depresyon düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(4), 53-58.
  • Demirci, İ., Ekşi, H., Dinçer, D., & Kardaş, S. (2017). Beş boyutlu iyi oluş modeli: PERMA Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 5(1), 60-77.
  • Dereli, F., & Okur, S. (2008). Engelli çocuğa sahip olan ailelerin depresyon durumunun belirlenmesi.
  • Dyson, LL. (1991). Families of young children with handicaps: parental stress and family functioning. Am J Ment Retard; 95: 623–629.
  • Dyson, LL. (1997). Fathers and mothers of school-age children with developmental disabilities: parental stress, family functioning and social support. Am J Ment Retard;102:267–279.
  • Egbochuku, E.O., Obodo, B., & Obadan, N.O. (2008). Efficacy of rational-emotive behaviour therapy on the reduction of test anxiety among adolescents in secondary schools. European Journal of Social Sciences. 6 (4).
  • Ekici, G., & Cavlak U.( 2007). An analysis of psycho-social problems and level hopelessness of mothers who have had disabled children. OZ-VERI; 4:998–1008 [in Turkish].
  • Ekşi, H., Kaya, Ç. & Kuşcu, B. (2018). Multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire-30: adaptation and psychometric properties of the turkish version [çok boyutlu yaşantısal kaçınma ölçeği-30’un türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özellikleri]. paper given at 8th ınternational conference on research in education- ıcre, may, 9-11, manisa, turkey (pp. 483-487). Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmacıları Derneği. http://ulead2018.ulead.org.tr/files/14/editor/files/ulead_2018_tam_metin_kitab_(4).pdf
  • Ellis, JB., &Hirsch JK. (2000). Reasons for living in parents of developmentally delayed children. Res Dev Disabil.; 21: 323-7.
  • Emerson, E., Hatton C., Llewellyn G., Blacker J., & Graham H. (2006). Socio-economic position, household composition, health status and indicators of the well-being of mothers of children with and without with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res.; 50(Pt 12):862–873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788. 2006.00900.x PMID: 17100947
  • England, MJ., Sim LJ., & Council NR. (2009). Associations between depression in parents and parenting, child health and child psychological functioning. In: Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children: Opportunities to Improve Identification, Treatment, and Prevention. Washington, DC: National Academies Press ( US);. p. 4.
  • Ergene, T. (2008) Effective interventions on test anxiety reduction: A meta-analysis. School Psychology International. 24:323.
  • Ergun, S., & Ertem, G. (2012). Difficulties of mothers living with mentally disabled children. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association,62(8), 776-780.
  • Faerstein, L. (1981). Stress and coping in families of learning disabled children: a literature review. J Learn Disabil;14:420–423.
  • Fırat, S., Diler, R. S., Avci, A., & Gulsah, G. (2002). Comparison of psychopathology in the mothers of autistic and mentally retarded children. Journal of Korean medical science, 17(5), 679-685.
  • Flanagan, R., Allen, K &Henry, D.J. (2010). The ımpact of anger management treatment and rational emotive behaviour therapy in a public school setting on social skills, anger management, and depression. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy. 28(2), 87-99.
  • Floyd, F. J., & Zmich, D. E. (1991). Marriage and the parenting partnership: Perceptions and interactions of parents who have mentally retarded and typically developing children. Child Development, 62(6), 1434-1448.
  • Floyd, F. J., & Gallagher, E. M. (1997). Parental stress, care demands, and use of support services for school-age children with disabilities and behavior problems. Family Relations, 46, 359-371.
  • Freeman, N. L., Perry, A., & Factor, D. C. (1991). Child behaviours as stressors: Replicating and extending the use of the CARS as a measure of stress: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 32(6), 1025-1030.
  • Gammon, E.A., & Rose, S.D. (1991). The coping skills training program for parents of children with developmental disabilities: an experimental evaluation. Research on Social Work Practice, 1, 244–256.
  • Ganong, L., Doty ME., & Gayer D. (2003). Mothers in postdivorce families caring for a child with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr. Nurs.18: 332-43
  • Gilbert, M., Cicolini, T., & Mander, A., (2005). Cost-effective use of rational emotive behavior therapy in a public mental health service. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. 23(1), 71-77.
  • Gray, D. E., & Holden, W. J. (1992). Psycho-social well-being among the parents of children with autism. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 18(2), 83-93.
  • Gray D. (2003). Gender and coping: the parents of children with high functioning autism. Soc Sci Med;56: 631–642.
  • Greenberg, J. S., Seltzer, M. M., Krauss, M. W., & Kim, H. (1997). The differential effects of social support on the psychological well-being of aging mothers of adults with mental illness or mental retardation. Family Relations, 46(4), 383-394.
  • Hanneman, R, & Blacher J. (1998). Predicting placement in families who have children with severe handicaps: a longitudinal analysis. Am J Ment Retard;102: 392–408.
  • Hassall, R., Rose J., & McDonald J. (2005). Parenting stress in mothers of children with an intellectual disability: the effects of parental cognitions in relation to child characteristics and family support. J Intellect Disabil Res; 49: 405–418.
  • Hastings, R. P. (2002). Parental stress and behaviour problems of children with developmental disability. Journal of Intellectual Developmental Disability, 27(3), 149-160.
  • Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Wilson K. G. (2012) Contextual behavioral science: creating a science more adequate to the challenge of the human condition. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science 1, 1–16.
  • Hayes, L. L., & Ciarrochi, J. V. (2015). The thriving adolescent: Using acceptance and commitment therapy and positive psychology to help teens manage emotions, achieve goals, and build connection. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Hayes, S. C., Wılson, K. G., Gıfford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. D. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152-1168.
  • Heller, T., & Factor, A. (1993). Aging family caregivers: Support resources and changes in burden and placement desire. American Journal on Mental Retardation
  • Hendriks, C., DeMoor, H., Oud, L. & Savelberg, W. (2000). Perceived changes in well-being of parents who have a child in a therapeutic toddler class. Research in developmental disabilities, 21,455-468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-4222(00)00058-5
  • Hodes, M., Garralda ME., Rose G., & Schwartz R. (1999). Maternal expressed emotion and adjustment in children with epilepsy. J Child Psychol Psychiatr.; 40: 1083-93.
  • Hung, J. & Yeh, H. (2004). Comparing stress levels of parents of children with cancer and parents of children with physical disabilities. Psycho-Oncology, 13 (12), 898-903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.868
  • Içöz, A. (2001). A study on anxiety levels of family members with mentally retarded children. MSc thesis. Ankara, Turkey: Ankara University;. p 120 [in Turkish].
  • Işık, E. (1996). Nevrozlar. Kent Matbaası, Ankara; ss 31–45
  • Kaya, Ç. (2019). Bağlamsal Pozitif Psikoloji Yaklaşımına Dayalı Grupla Psikolojik Danışmanın Psikolojik Işlevsellik Göstergeleri Üzerindeki Etkisi (Doctoral dissertation, Marmara Universitesi (Turkey).
  • Kayahan- Yüksel, D. & Emmioğlu- Sarıkaya, E. (2021). Mother’s participation in literacy education of children with special learning disability: a draft training program. E-International Journal of Educational Research, 12(5), 36-64. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.999351.
  • Kazak, A. (1987). Families with disabled children: stress and social network in three samples. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 25,137-146.
  • Keleşoğlu, F. & Aksakal Kuç, H. (2020). A qualıtatıve research on the anxiety and stress conditions of families with special needs children. Turkish Journal of Applied Social Work, 3(1), 67-87.
  • Kerenhappachu, M. S., &Sridevi, G. (2014). Care giver’s burden and perceived social support in mothers of children with mental retardation’. International Journal of Scientific And Research Publications, 4(4), 1-6.
  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D. & Ryff, C. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007-1022.
  • King, G., King S., Rosenbaum P., & Goffin R. (1999). Family-centered caregiving and well-being of parents of children with disabilities: linking process with outcome. J Pediatr Psychol;24:41–53.
  • Kirkham, M.A. (1993). Two year follow-up of mothers of children with disabilities. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97 (5), 50.
  • Krause, N., & Liang, J. (1993). Stress, social support, and psychological distress among the Chinese elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 48(6), P282-P291.
  • Kupferberg, A., Bicks L., & Hasler G. (2016). Social functioning in major depressive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.; 69(1):313–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.002 PMID: 27395342.
  • Kumar, I., & Akhtar, S. (2001). Rate of anxiety in mothers of mentally retarded children. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(2), 27.
  • Kumari, S.,& Kiran, M.,(2020). Parentıng stress, psychologıcal wellbeıng and socıal support ın mothers of chıldren wıth mental retardatıon. Internatıonal Journal Of Scıentıfıc Research,9 (1),57-60. DOI: 10.36106/ijsr Lessenberry, B. & Rehfeldt, R. (2004). Evaluating stress levels of parents of children with disabilities. Council for exceptional children, 70 (2), 231-244.
  • Machado, SB., Celestino M., Serra J., Caron J., & Ponde M. (2016). Risk and protective factors for symptoms of anxiety and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Dev Neurorehabil.; 19 (3):146–153. https://doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2014.925519 PMID: 24950424
  • Majumdar, M., Da Silva, P. Y., & Fernandes, J. (2005). Stress and anxiety in parents of mentally retarded children. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 47(3), 144-147.
  • Manuel, J., Naughton MJ., Balkrishnan R., Smith BP., & Koman LA. (2003). Stress and adaptation in mothers of children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Psychol.;28: 197-201.
  • Miller, AC., Gordon RM., Daniele RJ., & Diller L. (1992). Stress, appraisal and coping in mothers of disabled and nondisabled children. J Pediatr Psychol;17:587–605.
  • Mumford, D. B., Saeed, K., Ahmad, I., Latif, S., & Mubbashar, M. H. (1997). Stress and psychiatric disorder in rural Punjab. A community survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 473-478.
  • Navabifar (2008). The effect and comparison of rational-emotive, behavioral group therapy on women depression. The Journal of Science and Research in Psychology. 37, 41-64.
  • Ngo H., Shin J., Nhan N., &Yang L. (2012). Stigma and restriction on the social life of families of children with intellectual disabilities in Vietnam. Singapore Med J.; 53(7):451–457. PMID: 22815013.
  • Olsson, MB & Hwang CP. (2001). Depression in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res.; 45(pt 6):535–543. PMID: 11737541
  • Ong, LC., Afifah I., Sofiah A., & Lye MS. (1998). Parenting stress among mothers of Malaysian children with cerebral palsy: predictors of child-and parent-related stress. Ann Trop Paediatr.;18: 301-7.
  • Osborn, DPJ. (2001). The poor physical health of people with mental illness. West J Med.; 175(5):329–332. PMID: 11694483.
  • Özel Eğitim Hizmetleri Yönetmeliği (2018, 7 Temmuz). Resmî Gazete (Sayı: 30471).
  • Park, C. L. (1998). Stress-related growth and thriving through coping: The roles of personality and cognitive processes. Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), 267–277.
  • Parish, SL., Rose RA., Weiss-Grinstein M., Richman EL., & Andrews ME. (2008). Material hardship in US families raising children with disabilities. Exceptional Children.; 75(1):71–92.
  • Peer, J.& Hillman S. (2014). Stress and resilience for parents of children with ıntellectual and developmental disabilities: a review of key factors and recommendations for practitioners. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil.; 11(2):92–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12072
  • Pelchat, D., Ricard N., Bouchard JM., Perreault M., Saucier J-F., Berthiaume M., & Bisson J. (1999). Adaptation of parents in relation to their 6-month-old infant’s type of disability. Child Care Health Dev;25:377–397.
  • Peshawaria, R., Menon, D. K., Ganguly, R., Roy, S., Rajam Pillay, P. R. S., & Gupta, S. (1998). A study of facilitators and inhibitors that affect coping in parents of children with mental retardation in India. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal, 9(1), 118-126.
  • Pivik, J., Mc Comas J., & Laflamme M. (2002). Barries and facilitators to inclusive education. Except Child;69:97–107.
  • Ralpmund, V., & Moore C. (2000). Women’s stories of depression: a constructivist approach. S Afr J Psychol;30:20–31.
  • Köroğlu, E. (2004). Depresyon: nedir, nasıl bas¸ edilir. I. Baski. Ankara: Hekimler Yayin Birligi Yayini.
  • Krauss, M. W. (1993). Child-related and parenting stress: Similarities and differences between mothers and fathers of children with disabilities. American journal on mental retardation.
  • Roach, MA., Orsmond GI., & Barrat SM. (1999). Mothers and fathers of children with Down syndrome. Am J Ment Retard;104:422–436.
  • Rodriguez, CM., & Murphy LE. (1997). Parenting stress and abuse potential in mothers of children with developmental disabilities. Child Maltreat; 3: 245–252.
  • Ryde-Brandt, B. (1990). Anxiety and depression in mothers of children with psychotic disorders and mental retardation. Br J Psychiatry., 156: 118-21.
  • Rudolph, M., Rosanowski F., Eysholdt U., & Kummer P. (2003). Anxiety and depression in mothers of speech impaired children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.;67: 1337-41.
  • Russell, G. (1986). Primary caretaking and role-sharing fathers. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The father’s role: Applied perspectives (pp. 29-57). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Sahdra, B. K., Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P., & Scrucca, L. (2016). Using genetic algorithms in a large nationally representative American sample to abbreviate the multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 189.
  • Sanders, JL., & Morgan SB. (1997). Family stress and adjustment as perceived by parents of children with autism or Down syndrome: Implications for intervention. Child & Family Behavior Therapy.;19: 15-32.
  • Sarisoy, M. (2000). Marital adjustment of autistic and mentally etarted children parents. MSc thesis. Izmir, Turkey: Ege University;. p 83
  • Schafer, W. (2000). Stress management for wellness. (3rd ed.). New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston.
  • Schalock, R., Luckasson, R., & Shogren, K. (2007). The renaming of mental retardation: Understanding the change to the term intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 45(2), 116-124.
  • Scherer, N., Verhey, I., & Kuper, H. (2019). Depression and anxiety in parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 14(7), e0219888.
  • Seltzer, MM., Greenberg JS., Floyd FJ., Pettee Y., & Hpng J. (2001). Life course impacts of parenting a child with a disability. Am J Ment Retard;106:265–286.
  • Shapiro, J. (1983). Family reactions and coping strategies in response to the physically ill or handicapped child: a review. Soc Sci Med;17:913–931.
  • Shin, JY. (2002). Social support for families of children with mental retardation: comparison between Korea and the United States. Ment Retard;40:103–118.
  • Singer, G. (2006). Meta-Analysis of comparative studies of depression in mothers of children with and without developmental disabilities. Am J Ment Retard.; 111(3):155–169. PMID: 16597183
  • Slentz, K. L., & Bricker, D. (1992). Family-guided assessment for IFSP development: Jumping off the family assessment bandwagon. Journal of Early Intervention, 16(1), 11–19.
  • Sloper, T., & Beresford B. (2006).Families with disabled children. BMJ;333:929–930.
  • Smith, T. B., Innocenti MS., Boyce GC., & Smith CS. (1993). Depressive symptomatology and interaction behaviors of mothers having a child with disabilities. Psyhol Rep.;73: 1184-6.
  • Smith, T. B., Oliver, M. N. I., & Innocenti, M. S. (2001). Parenting stress in families of children with disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(2), 257–261.
  • Stoneman, Z., &Crapps, J. M. (1988). Correlates of stress, perceived competence, and depression among family care providers. American Journal on Mental Retardation.
  • Summers, J. A., Dell'Oliver, C., Turnbull, A. P., Benson, H. A., Santelli, E., Campbell, M., & Siegel-Causey, E. (1990). Examining the individualized family service plan process: What are family and practitioner preferences?. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 10(1), 78-99.
  • Siegel-Causey, E. (1990). Examining the individualized family service plan process: What are family and practitioner preferences? Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 10(1), 78–99.
  • Tavakolizadeh, J., Dashti, S., & Panahi, M. (2012). The effect of rational-emotional training on mothers’ mental health condition of children with mental retardation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 649-658.
  • Tazaki, M & Landlaw, K. (2006). Behavioural mechanisms and cognitive-behavioural interventions of somatoform disorders. International Review of Psychiatry, 18 (1), 67-73.
  • Toprakçı, E. & Altunay, E. (2014). The relationship of psychological counseling and guidance staff and their administrators (a qualitative analysis in the stories) Elementary Education Online, 13(2), 526‐545, 2014. [Online]: http://ilkogretim‐online.org.tr
  • Trute, B., & Hiebert-Murphy, D. (2002). Family adjustment to childhood developmental disability: A measure of parent appraisal of family impacts. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(3), 271–280.
  • Trute, B., & Hiebert-Murphy, D. (2005). Predicting family adjustment and parenting stress in childhood: Disability services using brief assessment tools. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 30(4), 217–225.
  • Trute, B., Hiebert-Murphy, D., & Levine, K. (2007). Parental appraisal of the family impact of childhood developmental disability: Times of sadness and times of joy. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 32(1), 1–9.
  • Uğuz, Ş., Toros, F., İnanç, B. Y., & Çolakkadıoğlu, O. (2004). Zihinsel ve/veya bedensel engelli çocukların annelerinin anksiyete, depresyon ve stres düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 7(1), 42-7.
  • Uncu, Y., Bayram N., & Bilgel N. (2007) Job related affective wellbeing among primary health care physicians. Eur J Public Health 17(5):514–519
  • Vernon, H.G. & David, J. (2001). Coping and ıllness cognitions: chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychological studies, 21(2), 161-178.
  • Warren, R, Deffenbacher, JL. & Brading, P. (1976). Rational-emotive therapy and the reduction of test anxiety in elementary school students. Rational Living, 11(2), 26-29.
  • Wilton, K., & Renaut, J. (1986). Stress levels in families with intellectually handicapped preschool children and families with non-handicapped preschool children. Journal of Mental Defciency Research.
  • Woodman, A., Mawdsley H., &Hauser-Cram P. (2015). Parenting stress and child behavior problems within families of children with developmental disabilities: transactional relations across 15 years. Res Dev Disabil.; 36(1):264–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.011 PMID: 25462487.
  • XU, Wenwei. (2006). Wuxi Mental Health Center,;Therapeutic effect of Ellis rational emotive behavior therapy on depression; Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; -04.
  • Yavuz, F., Iskin, M., Ulusoy, S., Esen, F. B., & Burhan, H. S. (2014). Turkish Version of AAQ-II: Preliminary analysis of reliability and validity. In ACBS Annual World Conference (Vol. 12, pp. 17-22).
  • Yılmaz, Ö., Boz, H., & Arslan, A. (2017). Depresyon anksiyete stres ölçeğinin (DASS 21) Türkçe kısa formunun geçerlilik-güvenilirlik çalışması. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 78-91.
  • Yüksel, A. & Uyanık, Y. (2021). Engelli çocuk sahibi kadınların yaşadıkları güçlüklerin incelenmesi. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 805-830. https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.997669
  • Yüksel, M. Y. & Eren, B. S. (2007). Otistik çocuğa sahip ailelerle yapilan grupla psikolojik danışma çalişmasının ailelerin depresyon ve problem çözme becerileri üzerine etkisi. Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(25), 197-210.
  • Zare, M. & Shafiabadi, A. (2007). The comparison of effectuality of rational-emotive, behavioral group counseling and psychodram counseling on improving mental health and emotional expressing in women clients. Scientific and Research Journal Of Women Studies 2(1).
  • Zigler, E. & Hodapp, R.M. (1986). Unresponsiveness in children with severe disabilities: potential effects on parent-child ınteractions. The Exceptional Child, 34(1), 32-36.
Toplam 146 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Sayı Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Fatıma Firdevs Adam Karduz 0000-0003-1765-6287

Adnan Özbey 0000-0002-5198-8026

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022Cilt: 13 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Adam Karduz, F. F., & Özbey, A. (2022). Effectiveness of the Group Psychological Counseling Program Applied to Mothers of Moderate-Severe Mentally and Physically Handicapped Children / Orta-Ağır Zihinsel ve Bedensel Engelli Çocukların Annelerine Uygulanan Grup Psikolojik Danışmanlık Programının Etkililiği. E-Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(6), 65-85. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1185879
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Creative Commons Lisansı
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)


[email protected]        http://www.e-ijer.com       Adres: Ege Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi  Bornova/İzmir