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Confidence in Social Interactions Among Turkish Adults Living in the United Kingdom

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 92 - 102, 26.12.2020

Murat Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.825488
Cited By: 4

Abstract

There is a wealth of evidence on the relationship between self-efficacy and social anxiety. However, little is known about the relationship between self-efficacy, social anxiety, and social avoidance in Turkish adults living in the United Kingdom. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between general self-efficacy and social anxiety in a sample of young adults over the age of 18. The sample consisted of 66 (46 males and 20 females) young adults aged between 18 and 41. Participants completed the General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale on-line. Males reported higher overall avoidance behaviours and avoidance of social interaction than females. The results did not reveal a statistically significant correlation between self-efficacy and social anxiety. A significant positive relationship was found between social anxiety and avoidance behaviours. Implications and limitation of the findings are discussed.

Keywords

Self-efficacy social anxiety avoidance confidence social interaction Turkish adults

Thanks

This study is the master thesis entitled “Confidence in Social Interactions” of the author under the supervision of Dr Briony Pulford. I would like to thank all participants who contributed to this study

References

  • Altinyelken, H. K. (2009). Migration and self-esteem: a qualitative study among internal migrant girls in Turkey. Adolescence, 44(173), 149–163.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-V, 5th ed.). Washington, DC.
  • Baker, S. L., Heinrichs, N., Kim, H. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2002). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale as a self-report instrument: a preliminary psychometric analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(6), 701-715.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
  • Bandura, A. (1983). Self-efficacy determinants of anticipated fears and calamities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 464-469.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action (pp. 5-107). Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • Beutel, M. E., Jünger, C., Klein, E. M., Wild, P., Lackner, K. J., Blettner, M., ... & Brähler, E. (2016). Depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation among 1 st and 2 nd generation migrants-results from the Gutenberg health study. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 288.
  • Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment, 41(68), 22-23.
  • Davis, F. W., & Yates, B. T. (1982). Self-efficacy expectancies versus outcome expectancies as determinants of performance deficits and depressive affect. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6(1), 23-35.
  • Garcia, M. E., Schmitz, J. M., & Doerfler, L. A. (1990). A fine-grained analysis of the role of self-efficacy in self-initiated attempts to quit smoking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 317-322.
  • Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D. (2003). Preliminary psychometric evaluation of a new self-efficacy scale and its relationship to treatment outcome in social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(5), 537-555.
  • Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D. (2006). Self-efficacy for social situations in adolescents with generalized social anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35(02), 209-223.
  • Greenlaw, C., & Brown-Welty, S. (2009). A comparison of web-based and paper-based survey methods: Testing assumptions of survey mode and response cost. Evaluation Review, 33(5), 464-480.
  • Heimberg, R. G., Horner, K. J., Juster, H. R., Safren, S. A., Brown, E. J., Schneıer, F. R., et al. (1999). Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz social anxiety scale. Psychological Medicine, 29(1), 199-212. Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. (2012). Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the united states. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 169-184.
  • Leary, M. R., & Atherton, S. C. (1986). Self-efficacy, social anxiety, and inhibition in interpersonal encounters. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 256-267.
  • Lee, C. (1983). Self-efficacy and behaviour as predictors of subsequent behaviour in an assertiveness training programme. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(3), 225-232.
  • Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The general self-efficacy scale: multicultural validation studies. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 439-457.
  • Maddux, J. E., Norton, L. W., & Leary, M. R. (1988). Cognitive components of social anxiety: An investigation of the integration of self-presentation theory and self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6(2), 180-190.
  • Mahone, E. M., Bruch, M. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1993). Focus of attention and social anxiety: The role of negative self-thoughts and perceived positive attributes of the other. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17(3), 209-224.
  • Moe, K. O., & Zeiss, A. M. (1982). Measuring self-efficacy expectations for social skills: A methodological inquiry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6(2), 191-205.
  • Muris, P. (2002). Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a normal adolescent sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 337-348.
  • O'Leary, A. (1985). Self-efficacy and health. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23(4), 437-451.
  • Pajares, F. (1997). Current directions in self-efficacy research. Advances in Motivation and Achievement, 10(149), 1-49.
  • Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (1996). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. Merrill: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(8), 741-756.
  • Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1985). Social anxiety and communication about the self. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 4(3-4), 171-192.
  • Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model. Psychological Bulletin, 92(3), 641-669.
  • Scholz, U., Doña, B. G., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18(3), 242-251.
  • Schunk, D. H. (1983). Developing children's self-efficacy and skills: The roles of social comparative information and goal setting. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 8(1), 76-86.
  • Steinert, C., Hofmann, M., Leichsenring, F., & Kruse, J. (2013). What do we know today about the prospective long-term course of social anxiety disorder? A systematic literature review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(7), 692-702.
  • Stevens, J. (1996). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Tahmassian, K., & Jalali Moghadam, N. (2011). Relationship between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety, depression, worry and social avoidance in a normal sample of students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 5(2), 91-98.
  • Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Orsillo, S. M., Holt, C. S., Gitow, A., Street, L. L., et al. (1998). An investigation of gender differences in social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12(3), 209-223.
  • Wells, A., & Clark, D. (1997). Social phobia: A cognitive approach. Davey, 20, 3-26.
  • Wheeler, V. A., & Ladd, G. W. (1982). Assessment of children's self-efficacy for social interactions with peers. Developmental Psychology, 18(6), 795-805.
  • Virupaksha, H. G., Kumar, A., & Nirmala, B. P. (2014). Migration and mental health: An interface. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, 5(2), 233–239.

Birleşik Krallık'ta Yaşayan Türk Yetişkinler Arasında Sosyal Etkileşimlere Öz-Yeterlik

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 92 - 102, 26.12.2020

Murat Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.825488
Cited By: 4

Abstract

Öz yeterlik ve sosyal kaygı arasındaki ilişkiye dair çok sayıda bilimsel veri vardır. Bununla birlikte, Birleşik Krallık'ta yaşayan Türk yetişkinlerde öz yeterlik ve sosyal kaygı arasındaki ilişki hakkında çok az bilgi mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada, 18 yaş üstü genç yetişkin örnekleminde genel öz-yeterlik, sosyal anksiyete, ve sosyal kaçınma arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Örneklem 18 ile 41 yaşları arasındaki 66 (46 erkek ve 20 kadın) genç yetişkinden oluşmuştur. Katılımcılar, Genel Algılanan Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği ve Liebowitz Sosyal Anksiyete Ölçeğini çevrimiçi olarak doldurdular. Erkekler, kadınlara göre daha yüksek genel kaçınma davranışları ve sosyal etkileşimden kaçınma bildirdiler. Sonuçlar öz yeterlik ile sosyal kaygı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki ortaya koymadı. Sosyal kaygı ve kaçınma davranışları arasında anlamlı pozitif bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Bulguların çıkarımları ve sınırlamaları makalede tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Öz yeterlik sosyal kaygı kaçınma güven sosyal etkileşim Türk yetişkinler

References

  • Altinyelken, H. K. (2009). Migration and self-esteem: a qualitative study among internal migrant girls in Turkey. Adolescence, 44(173), 149–163.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-V, 5th ed.). Washington, DC.
  • Baker, S. L., Heinrichs, N., Kim, H. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2002). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale as a self-report instrument: a preliminary psychometric analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(6), 701-715.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
  • Bandura, A. (1983). Self-efficacy determinants of anticipated fears and calamities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 464-469.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action (pp. 5-107). Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • Beutel, M. E., Jünger, C., Klein, E. M., Wild, P., Lackner, K. J., Blettner, M., ... & Brähler, E. (2016). Depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation among 1 st and 2 nd generation migrants-results from the Gutenberg health study. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 288.
  • Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment, 41(68), 22-23.
  • Davis, F. W., & Yates, B. T. (1982). Self-efficacy expectancies versus outcome expectancies as determinants of performance deficits and depressive affect. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6(1), 23-35.
  • Garcia, M. E., Schmitz, J. M., & Doerfler, L. A. (1990). A fine-grained analysis of the role of self-efficacy in self-initiated attempts to quit smoking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 317-322.
  • Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D. (2003). Preliminary psychometric evaluation of a new self-efficacy scale and its relationship to treatment outcome in social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(5), 537-555.
  • Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D. (2006). Self-efficacy for social situations in adolescents with generalized social anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35(02), 209-223.
  • Greenlaw, C., & Brown-Welty, S. (2009). A comparison of web-based and paper-based survey methods: Testing assumptions of survey mode and response cost. Evaluation Review, 33(5), 464-480.
  • Heimberg, R. G., Horner, K. J., Juster, H. R., Safren, S. A., Brown, E. J., Schneıer, F. R., et al. (1999). Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz social anxiety scale. Psychological Medicine, 29(1), 199-212. Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. (2012). Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the united states. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 169-184.
  • Leary, M. R., & Atherton, S. C. (1986). Self-efficacy, social anxiety, and inhibition in interpersonal encounters. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 256-267.
  • Lee, C. (1983). Self-efficacy and behaviour as predictors of subsequent behaviour in an assertiveness training programme. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(3), 225-232.
  • Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The general self-efficacy scale: multicultural validation studies. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 439-457.
  • Maddux, J. E., Norton, L. W., & Leary, M. R. (1988). Cognitive components of social anxiety: An investigation of the integration of self-presentation theory and self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6(2), 180-190.
  • Mahone, E. M., Bruch, M. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1993). Focus of attention and social anxiety: The role of negative self-thoughts and perceived positive attributes of the other. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17(3), 209-224.
  • Moe, K. O., & Zeiss, A. M. (1982). Measuring self-efficacy expectations for social skills: A methodological inquiry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6(2), 191-205.
  • Muris, P. (2002). Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a normal adolescent sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 337-348.
  • O'Leary, A. (1985). Self-efficacy and health. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23(4), 437-451.
  • Pajares, F. (1997). Current directions in self-efficacy research. Advances in Motivation and Achievement, 10(149), 1-49.
  • Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (1996). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. Merrill: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(8), 741-756.
  • Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1985). Social anxiety and communication about the self. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 4(3-4), 171-192.
  • Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model. Psychological Bulletin, 92(3), 641-669.
  • Scholz, U., Doña, B. G., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18(3), 242-251.
  • Schunk, D. H. (1983). Developing children's self-efficacy and skills: The roles of social comparative information and goal setting. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 8(1), 76-86.
  • Steinert, C., Hofmann, M., Leichsenring, F., & Kruse, J. (2013). What do we know today about the prospective long-term course of social anxiety disorder? A systematic literature review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(7), 692-702.
  • Stevens, J. (1996). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Tahmassian, K., & Jalali Moghadam, N. (2011). Relationship between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety, depression, worry and social avoidance in a normal sample of students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 5(2), 91-98.
  • Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Orsillo, S. M., Holt, C. S., Gitow, A., Street, L. L., et al. (1998). An investigation of gender differences in social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12(3), 209-223.
  • Wells, A., & Clark, D. (1997). Social phobia: A cognitive approach. Davey, 20, 3-26.
  • Wheeler, V. A., & Ladd, G. W. (1982). Assessment of children's self-efficacy for social interactions with peers. Developmental Psychology, 18(6), 795-805.
  • Virupaksha, H. G., Kumar, A., & Nirmala, B. P. (2014). Migration and mental health: An interface. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, 5(2), 233–239.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Murat Yıldırım 0000-0003-1089-1380

Publication Date December 26, 2020
Submission Date November 13, 2020
Acceptance Date December 22, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yıldırım, M. (2020). Confidence in Social Interactions Among Turkish Adults Living in the United Kingdom. Muhakeme Dergisi, 3(2), 92-102. https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.825488

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