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The Transformation Of The United States' Concept Of Full Spectrum Domination According To Changing Threats

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 44 - 54, 24.06.2023

Öz

This article aims to question the concept of full spectrum dominance concept brought to the agenda of the US Department of Defense after the Cold War, according to changing threat perceptions. In this context, in the light of neo-realism theory, defined threats and the concept of full spectrum dominance in the national security and military strategy documents of the USA after the Cold War was analyzed through the qualitative content analysis method. In the unipolar international structure carried out within the scope of the fight against terrorism, which is the number one security threat on the world agenda after the 9/11 terrorist attack against the USA, the global security climate and structure led by the USA has evolved into a completely different structure owing to China's growing economic power and increasing defense expenditures, Russia’s harsh military and hybrid response in Georgia and Ukraine to the NATO's eastward expansion process. Despite the conventional and nuclear superiority of the US Armed Forces, it is among the conclusions that the full spectrum concept was developed to be effective in the fight against non-state terrorist organizations after the Cold War. But the concept fell off the agenda during and after Obama's presidency. At the beginning of the 21st century, it has been understood from the documents examined that the increasing terrorism threat perception in the USA caused conventional and nuclear capabilities to remain in the background, but Russia’s tactical nuclear weapon threat rhetoric in the Ukraine War and challenging power China pushed the threat of terrorism to the third place.

Kaynakça

  • Betts, R. K. (2000). “Is Strategy an Illusion?”, International Security 25, no. 2, 5–50.
  • Engdahl, F.W. (2009). Full Spectrum Dominance : Totalitarian Democracy in the New World Order. Wiesbaden: edition.engdahl.
  • Garamone, J. (2020). United States. Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-Spectrum Dominance, Resdal, https://www.resdal.org/Archivo/d00000cf.htm [Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2023]. Klaus, D. ve Atkinson, D. (2000). Geopolitical Traditions : A Century of Geopolitical Thought. London: Routledge.
  • Lopez, C.T.(2022). DOD Releases National Defense Strategy, Missile Defense, Nuclear Posture Reviews, U.S. Department of Defense, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3202438/dod-releases-national-defense-strategy-missile-defense-nuclear-posture-reviews/ [Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2023].
  • Munkholm, J. L. (2020). The Pursuit of Full Spectrum Dominance: The Archives of the NSA, Surveillance & Society, 18(2), 244–256. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i2.13266
  • Obama, B. H.(2011). “Remarks by President Obama to the Australian Parliament.” The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/17/remarks-president-obama-australian-parliament [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • Romaniuk, S.N. ve Burgers, T. J. (2017). Full spectrum dominance”: US national security doctrine in the new global security environment. In The Future of US Warfare (1st ed.). Romaniuk, S.N., ve Grice, F., Routledge, 2017.
  • Ryan, M. (2014). ‘Full spectrum dominance’: Donald Rumsfeld, the Department of Defense, and US irregular warfare strategy, 2001–2008, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 25:1, 41-68.
  • Ryan, M. (2019). Full Spectrum Dominance : Irregular Warfare and the War on Terror. Stanford California: Stanford University Press.
  • Sorensen, T. C. (1990). Rethinking National Security, Foreign Affairs, 69, no. 3, 1–18.
  • The White House. (2002). The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/63562.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • The White House. (2010). The National Security Strategy, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf , [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023]. The White House. (2015). National Security Strategy, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2015_national_security_strategy_2.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • The White House. (2017). National Security Strategy, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • The White House. (2022). National Security Strategy 2022, October 12,2022. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2001). Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, JP 1-02, https://web.archive.org/web/20100310102614/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (1992). The National Military Strategy of the United States of America. https://nssarchive.us/national-military-strategy/national-military-strategy-1992/ [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (1995). The National Military Strategy of the United States of America. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Military-Strategy/, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (1997). The National Military Strategy of the United States of America.https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Military-Strategy/, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2001). Quadrennial Defense Review Report, https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/quadrennial/QDR2001.pdf?ver=AFts7axkH2zWUHncRd8yUg%3d%3d, [Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2006). Quadrennial Defense Review Report, https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/quadrennial/QDR2006.pdf?ver=2014-06-25-111017-150, [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2011). The National Military Strategy of the United States of America. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Military-Strategy/, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2015). The National Military Strategy of the United States of America. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Military-Strategy/, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2022). Nuclear Posture Review Report. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3201683/department-of-defense-releases-its-2022-strategic-reviews-national-defense-stra/#:~:text=The%202022%20NPR%20reaffirms%20that,our%20Allies%2C%20and%20our%20partners, [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1945-present/proliferation.htm, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of The Army (2008). Army Modernization Strategy 2008, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA494621, [Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2023].
  • U.S. Joint of Chiefs of Staff (2000). Joint Vision 2020, US Government Printing Office. Washington DC. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA377926.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2023].
  • U.S. Joint of Chiefs of Staff (2013a). Joint Intelligence, Joint Publication 2-0. https://irp.fas.org/doddir/dod/jp2_0.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Joint of Chiefs of Staff (2013b). Joint Targeting, Joint Publication 3-60. https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Joint_Chiefs-Joint_Targeting_20130131.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Joint of Chiefs of Staff (2020). Joint Planning, Joint Publication 5-0. https://irp.fas.org/doddir/dod/jp5_0.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Joint of Chiefs of Staff (2018). Description of the National Military Strategy of the United States of America. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Military-Strategy/, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • Walt, S. M. (1985). Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power. International Security, 9(4), 3–43.
  • Walt, S. M. (1991). The Renaissance of Security Studies. International Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 211-239.

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Tam Spektrum Hâkimiyeti Konseptinin Değişen Tehditlere Göre Dönüşümü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 44 - 54, 24.06.2023

Öz

Bu makalenin amacı Soğuk Savaş sonrası ABD Savunma Bakanlığı tarafından gündeme getirilen tam spektrum hâkimiyeti konseptini neo-realizm teorisi ışığı altında nitel içerik analizi yöntemiyle değişen tehdit algılarına göre araştırmaktır. Bu kapsamda Soğuk Savaş sonrası ABD’nin milli güvenlik ve askeri strateji belgelerindeki tehditler ve tam spektrum hâkimiyeti kavramı analiz edilmiştir. ABD’nin 2001’de maruz kaldığı terör saldırısı sonrası dünya gündeminde bir numaralı güvenlik tehdidi olan terörizmle mücadele kapsamında yürütülen tek kutuplu uluslararası yapıda ABD’nin liderliğindeki küresel güvenlik iklimi ve yapısı, Çin’in büyüyen ekonomik gücü ve artan savunma harcamaları ile NATO’nun doğuya doğru genişlemesi sürecine Rusya tarafından Gürcistan ve Ukrayna’da verilen sert askeri ve hibrit karşılık sonrası bambaşka bir yapıya evrilmiştir. ABD Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin konvansiyonel ve nükleer üstünlüğüne karşın, Soğuk Savaş sonrası devlet dışı terörist organizasyonlar ile mücadelede etkin olmak maksadıyla tam spektrum konseptini geliştirdiği, ancak Obama’nın başkanlığı döneminde ve sonrasında kavramın gündemden düştüğü varılan sonuçlar arasındadır. 21. Yüzyılın başında ABD’nin tehdit tanımlamasında terörizmin öne çıkması konvansiyonel ve nükleer yeteneklerin ikinci planda kalmasına neden olduğu, ancak meydan okuyan güç Çin ile Rusya’nın Ukrayna Savaşı’nda taktik nükleer silah kullanma retoriğinin terörizm tehdidini üçüncü plana ittiği incelenen belgelerden tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Betts, R. K. (2000). “Is Strategy an Illusion?”, International Security 25, no. 2, 5–50.
  • Engdahl, F.W. (2009). Full Spectrum Dominance : Totalitarian Democracy in the New World Order. Wiesbaden: edition.engdahl.
  • Garamone, J. (2020). United States. Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-Spectrum Dominance, Resdal, https://www.resdal.org/Archivo/d00000cf.htm [Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2023]. Klaus, D. ve Atkinson, D. (2000). Geopolitical Traditions : A Century of Geopolitical Thought. London: Routledge.
  • Lopez, C.T.(2022). DOD Releases National Defense Strategy, Missile Defense, Nuclear Posture Reviews, U.S. Department of Defense, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3202438/dod-releases-national-defense-strategy-missile-defense-nuclear-posture-reviews/ [Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2023].
  • Munkholm, J. L. (2020). The Pursuit of Full Spectrum Dominance: The Archives of the NSA, Surveillance & Society, 18(2), 244–256. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i2.13266
  • Obama, B. H.(2011). “Remarks by President Obama to the Australian Parliament.” The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/17/remarks-president-obama-australian-parliament [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • Romaniuk, S.N. ve Burgers, T. J. (2017). Full spectrum dominance”: US national security doctrine in the new global security environment. In The Future of US Warfare (1st ed.). Romaniuk, S.N., ve Grice, F., Routledge, 2017.
  • Ryan, M. (2014). ‘Full spectrum dominance’: Donald Rumsfeld, the Department of Defense, and US irregular warfare strategy, 2001–2008, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 25:1, 41-68.
  • Ryan, M. (2019). Full Spectrum Dominance : Irregular Warfare and the War on Terror. Stanford California: Stanford University Press.
  • Sorensen, T. C. (1990). Rethinking National Security, Foreign Affairs, 69, no. 3, 1–18.
  • The White House. (2002). The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/63562.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • The White House. (2010). The National Security Strategy, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf , [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023]. The White House. (2015). National Security Strategy, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2015_national_security_strategy_2.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • The White House. (2017). National Security Strategy, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • The White House. (2022). National Security Strategy 2022, October 12,2022. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2001). Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, JP 1-02, https://web.archive.org/web/20100310102614/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (1992). The National Military Strategy of the United States of America. https://nssarchive.us/national-military-strategy/national-military-strategy-1992/ [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (1995). The National Military Strategy of the United States of America. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Military-Strategy/, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (1997). The National Military Strategy of the United States of America.https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Military-Strategy/, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2001). Quadrennial Defense Review Report, https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/quadrennial/QDR2001.pdf?ver=AFts7axkH2zWUHncRd8yUg%3d%3d, [Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2006). Quadrennial Defense Review Report, https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/quadrennial/QDR2006.pdf?ver=2014-06-25-111017-150, [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2011). The National Military Strategy of the United States of America. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Military-Strategy/, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2015). The National Military Strategy of the United States of America. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Military-Strategy/, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2022). Nuclear Posture Review Report. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3201683/department-of-defense-releases-its-2022-strategic-reviews-national-defense-stra/#:~:text=The%202022%20NPR%20reaffirms%20that,our%20Allies%2C%20and%20our%20partners, [Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1945-present/proliferation.htm, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Department of The Army (2008). Army Modernization Strategy 2008, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA494621, [Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2023].
  • U.S. Joint of Chiefs of Staff (2000). Joint Vision 2020, US Government Printing Office. Washington DC. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA377926.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2023].
  • U.S. Joint of Chiefs of Staff (2013a). Joint Intelligence, Joint Publication 2-0. https://irp.fas.org/doddir/dod/jp2_0.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Joint of Chiefs of Staff (2013b). Joint Targeting, Joint Publication 3-60. https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Joint_Chiefs-Joint_Targeting_20130131.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Joint of Chiefs of Staff (2020). Joint Planning, Joint Publication 5-0. https://irp.fas.org/doddir/dod/jp5_0.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • U.S. Joint of Chiefs of Staff (2018). Description of the National Military Strategy of the United States of America. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Military-Strategy/, [Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2023].
  • Walt, S. M. (1985). Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power. International Security, 9(4), 3–43.
  • Walt, S. M. (1991). The Renaissance of Security Studies. International Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 211-239.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Alkanalka 0000-0002-2311-935X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Alkanalka, M. (2023). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Tam Spektrum Hâkimiyeti Konseptinin Değişen Tehditlere Göre Dönüşümü. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, 7(1), 44-54.
AMA Alkanalka M. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Tam Spektrum Hâkimiyeti Konseptinin Değişen Tehditlere Göre Dönüşümü. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. Haziran 2023;7(1):44-54.
Chicago Alkanalka, Mehmet. “Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Tam Spektrum Hâkimiyeti Konseptinin Değişen Tehditlere Göre Dönüşümü”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 7, sy. 1 (Haziran 2023): 44-54.
EndNote Alkanalka M (01 Haziran 2023) Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Tam Spektrum Hâkimiyeti Konseptinin Değişen Tehditlere Göre Dönüşümü. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 7 1 44–54.
IEEE M. Alkanalka, “Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Tam Spektrum Hâkimiyeti Konseptinin Değişen Tehditlere Göre Dönüşümü”, Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 1, ss. 44–54, 2023.
ISNAD Alkanalka, Mehmet. “Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Tam Spektrum Hâkimiyeti Konseptinin Değişen Tehditlere Göre Dönüşümü”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 7/1 (Haziran 2023), 44-54.
JAMA Alkanalka M. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Tam Spektrum Hâkimiyeti Konseptinin Değişen Tehditlere Göre Dönüşümü. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2023;7:44–54.
MLA Alkanalka, Mehmet. “Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Tam Spektrum Hâkimiyeti Konseptinin Değişen Tehditlere Göre Dönüşümü”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 44-54.
Vancouver Alkanalka M. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Tam Spektrum Hâkimiyeti Konseptinin Değişen Tehditlere Göre Dönüşümü. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2023;7(1):44-5.
ULİSA: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniv. ULİSA Enstitüsü tarafından yayımlanmaktadır.