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Abusive Constitutionalism and Its Practices: A Case Study of Hungary and Poland

Yıl 2024, Cilt: YOK Sayı: 57, 51 - 94, 15.01.2024

Dilara Eltimur

https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1418023

Öz

In the 20th century, global problems such as wars, economic crises and mass migration movements have led to the rise of democratically elected populist leaders who have gained the support of the public and come to power in countries. The concept of abusive constitutionalism is explained in the doctrine as populist governments manipulating constitutional mechanisms and democratic institutions through constitutional amendments to consolidate their power and stability. Nowadays, abusive constitutionalism practices that undermine the rule of law, democracy and human rights are widespread in countries. Especially in the Eastern European countries of Hungary and Poland, the rise of populism has led to a rapid increase in authoritarian tendencies and intensified debates on libertarian democracy based on human rights. Additionally, since Hungary is the only example in Europe where a new constitution was adopted in the last decade, it is important to evaluate the process from a constitutionalism perspective.
In this study, firstly, the approaches to the concept of abusive constitutionalism in the comparative constitutional law literature will be presented. In this respect, the main sources of abusive constitutional practices will be mentioned and evaluations will be made in Hungary and Poland, which are the countries where these practices are most evident. Furthermore, the attitude of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights towards abusive constitutional practices will be evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Constitutionalism abusive constitutionalism populism authoritarian regime CJEU ECtHR.

Kaynakça

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  • Backer L C, ‘From Constitution to Constitutionalism: A Global Framework for Legitimate Public Power Systems’ (2009) 113 (3) Penn State Law Review 671-730.
  • Bolaji K A, ‘ Elitist Politics and Constitutionalism in Nigeria’ (2007) 7 (3) The Constitution 49-69.
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  • Bugarič, B, ‘Central Europe’s descent into autocracy: A constitutional analysis of authoritarian populism’ (2019) International Journal of Constitutional Law 597-616.
  • Chapman A, ‘Pluralism Under Attack: The Assault on Press Freedom in Poland’ (2017) Freedom House Report 1-16.
  • Coella, S D, ‘Avrupa Birliği’nde Hukukun Üstünlüğü Krizi ve Aday Ülkelere Yönelik Önleyici Politikaların Siyaseti’ (2020) 38 Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 69-85.
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  • Dariusz M, ‘From bad to worse – the Polish judiciary in the shadow of the ‘muzzle act’’, Themis Association of Judges 31 December 2020 <http://themis-sedziowie.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Themis_From-bad-to-worse_ang.pdf> Date of Access 15.10.2023.
  • Dixon D and Landau D, ‘Abusive Constitutional Borrowing: A Reply to Commentators’ (2021) 7 Canadian Journal of Comparative and Contemporary Law 49-80.
  • Doyle O and Longo E and Pin, A, ‘Populism: A health check for constitutional democracy?’ (2019) 20(3) German Law Journal 401–407.
  • Doyle O, ‘Populist Constitutionalism and Constituent Power’ (2019) 20 German Law Journal 161–180.
  • Duygun A M, ‘Popülist Anayasacılığa Giriş’ (2020) 9 (18) Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 397-464.
  • Ekinci A ve Kaplan Arık A, ‘Devlet Başkanının Anayasal Dönem Sınırını Uzatan ya da Ortadan Kaldıran Anayasa Değişikliklerinin Anayasa Değiştirme İktidarının Kötüye Kullanılması Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi’ (2020) 5(1) Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi 71–122.
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  • Gardbaum S, ‘Revolutionary Constitutionalism’ (2017) 15(1) International Journal of Constitutional Law 173–200.
  • Gárdos-Orosz F, ‘Unamendability as a Judicial Discovery? Inductive Learning Lessons from Hungary’ An Unamendable Constitution? Unamendability in Constitutional Democracies Ricjard Albert ve Bertil Emrah Oder (eds) (Springer International Publishing 2018) 231-258.
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SUİSTİMALCİ ANAYASACILIK VE UYGULAMALARI: MACARİSTAN VE POLONYA ÖZELİNDE DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2024, Cilt: YOK Sayı: 57, 51 - 94, 15.01.2024

Dilara Eltimur

https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1418023

Öz

0. yüzyılda savaş, ekonomik kriz gibi global sorunlar ve kitlesel göç hareketleri, demokratik yollarla seçilen popülist liderlerin halkın büyük oranda desteğini alarak, ülkelerin yönetimlerinde güçlü şekilde iktidara gelmesini sağlamıştır. Popülist iktidarların güçlerini ve istikrarlarını pekiştirme gayesiyle anayasa mekanizmalarını ve demokratik kurumları anayasa değişiklikleri yoluyla güdümüne alması ise doktrinde suistimalci anayasacılık kavramı ile açıklanmaktadır. Günümüzde hukukun üstünlüğü ilkesine, demokrasiye ve insan haklarına halel getiren suistimalci anayasacılık uygulamaları birçok ülkede yaygın şekilde görülmektedir. Özellikle Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinden olan Macaristan ve Polonya’da popülizmin yükselişe geçmesi, otoriter eğilimlerinin hızla artmasına ve insan haklarına dayanan özgürlükçü demokrasiye ilişkin tartışmalarının yoğun şekilde gündeme gelmesine sebep olmuştur. Ayrıca Macaristan, Avrupa’da son on yılda yeni anayasanın yapıldığı tek örnek olduğundan, süreci anayasacılık yönünden değerlendirmek önem arzetmektedir.
Çalışmada öncelikle anayasacılık kavramından hareketle karşılaştırmalı anayasa hukuku literatüründe suistimalci anayasacılık kavramına ilişkin yaklaşımlar ortaya konulacaktır. Bu minvalde suistimalci anayasacılık uygulamalarının temel kaynaklarına değinilerek, bu uygulamaların en bariz şekilde görüldüğü ülkelerden olan Macaristan ve Polonya özelinde değerlendirmeler yapılacaktır. Ayrıca suistimalci anayasa uygulamaları karşısında Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanı ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin tutumu değerlendirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anayasacılık suistimalci anayasacılık popülizm otoriter rejim ABAD AİHM

Kaynakça

  • Ablonczy B, Conversations on the Fundamental Law of Hungary (Elektromédia 2012).
  • Albert R, ‘Constitutional Amendment and Dismemberment’ (2018) 43(1) The Yale Journal of International Law.1-84.
  • Backer L C, ‘From Constitution to Constitutionalism: A Global Framework for Legitimate Public Power Systems’ (2009) 113 (3) Penn State Law Review 671-730.
  • Bolaji K A, ‘ Elitist Politics and Constitutionalism in Nigeria’ (2007) 7 (3) The Constitution 49-69.
  • Bugarič B, ‘The Two Faces of Populism: Between Authoritarian and Democratic Populism’ (2019) 20 German Law Journal 390-400.
  • Bugarič, B, ‘Central Europe’s descent into autocracy: A constitutional analysis of authoritarian populism’ (2019) International Journal of Constitutional Law 597-616.
  • Chapman A, ‘Pluralism Under Attack: The Assault on Press Freedom in Poland’ (2017) Freedom House Report 1-16.
  • Coella, S D, ‘Avrupa Birliği’nde Hukukun Üstünlüğü Krizi ve Aday Ülkelere Yönelik Önleyici Politikaların Siyaseti’ (2020) 38 Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 69-85.
  • Çamurcuoğlu G,’Çoğunlukçu Demokrasiye Yönelim Olarak Popülizm2 (2019) 10(1) İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 277-291.
  • Dariusz M, ‘From bad to worse – the Polish judiciary in the shadow of the ‘muzzle act’’, Themis Association of Judges 31 December 2020 <http://themis-sedziowie.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Themis_From-bad-to-worse_ang.pdf> Date of Access 15.10.2023.
  • Dixon D and Landau D, ‘Abusive Constitutional Borrowing: A Reply to Commentators’ (2021) 7 Canadian Journal of Comparative and Contemporary Law 49-80.
  • Doyle O and Longo E and Pin, A, ‘Populism: A health check for constitutional democracy?’ (2019) 20(3) German Law Journal 401–407.
  • Doyle O, ‘Populist Constitutionalism and Constituent Power’ (2019) 20 German Law Journal 161–180.
  • Duygun A M, ‘Popülist Anayasacılığa Giriş’ (2020) 9 (18) Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 397-464.
  • Ekinci A ve Kaplan Arık A, ‘Devlet Başkanının Anayasal Dönem Sınırını Uzatan ya da Ortadan Kaldıran Anayasa Değişikliklerinin Anayasa Değiştirme İktidarının Kötüye Kullanılması Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi’ (2020) 5(1) Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi 71–122.
  • Erdoğan M, Anayasal Demokrasi (Siyasal Kitabevi 2015).
  • Fournier T, ‘From Rhetoric to Action, a Constutitional Analysis of Populism’ (2018)8 EUI Working Papers 1-18
  • Gardbaum S, ‘Revolutionary Constitutionalism’ (2017) 15(1) International Journal of Constitutional Law 173–200.
  • Gárdos-Orosz F, ‘Unamendability as a Judicial Discovery? Inductive Learning Lessons from Hungary’ An Unamendable Constitution? Unamendability in Constitutional Democracies Ricjard Albert ve Bertil Emrah Oder (eds) (Springer International Publishing 2018) 231-258.
  • Gökmen Ö, “Jan-Werner Müller, What Is Populism? (2017) 2 (2) Markets, Globalization & Development 1-8.
  • Gözler K, ‘Elveda Kuvvetler Ayrılığı, Elveda Anayasa: 10 Aralık 2016 Tarihli Anayasa Değişikliği Teklifi Hakkında Bir Eleştiri’ (2016) 4 Ankara Barosu Dergisi 25-36.
  • Gözler K, Demokrasi Nereye Gidiyor? Nerede Hata Yaptık? (2018) 7(14) Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 569-583.
  • Gözler K, ‘1982 Anayasası Hâlâ Yürürlükte Mi? Anayasasızlaştırma Üzerine Bir Deneme (Versiyon 4)’ <https://www.anayasa.gen.tr/anayasasizlastirma-v4.pdf> Erişim Tarihi: 08.10.2023
  • Guriev S and Papaioannou E, ‘The Political Economy of Populism’ (2020) <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3542052> Date Of Access: 28.10.2023.
  • Hailbronner M and Landau, D, ‘Introduction: Constitutional Courts and Populism’ Blog of the International Journal of Constitutional Law’ (22 Nisan 2017) <https://verfassungsblog.de/introduction-constitutional-courts-and-populism/> Date of Access 25.10.2023.
  • Halmai G, ‘Ungarns Verfassungsgericht: Das Imperium schlägt zurück’ (04.02.2013) Verfassungsblog on Matter Constitutional <https://verfassungsblog.de/ungarns-verfassungsgericht-das-imperium-schlagt-zuruck/> Date of Access 10.10.2023.
  • Halmai G, ‘Populism, Authoritarianism And Constitutionalism’ (2019) 20(3) German Law Journal 296-313.
  • Halmai G, ‘Ungarns Verfassungsgericht: Das Imperium schlägt zurück’ (04. 02.2013) Verfassungsblog on Matter Constitutional <https://verfassungsblog.de/ungarns-verfassungsgericht-das-imperium-schlagt-zuruck/> Date of Access: 12.10.2023.
  • Haugen, S C, The Hungarian Judiciary: A Guardian in Need of Rescuing? A study of judicial independence in Hungary since the transition to democracy in 1989 (Master’s Thesis Department of Comparative Politics University of Bergen 2014)
  • Hegedüs I and Végh Z, ‘Illiberal Democracies: What can the European Union do in case a member state regularly and systematically breaches European values and regulations?’ (24 April 2015) <https://europatarsasag.hu/en/open-space/illiberal-democracies-what-can-european-union-do-case-member-state-regularly-and> Date of access: 25.10.2023.
  • Kaya S B, ‘Anayasacılık Bakımından Devlet: Bir Kuramsal Deneme’ (2022) 17(2) Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 542-567.
  • Kovács K and Tóth G A, ‘Hungary’s Constitutional Transformation’ (2011) 7 European Constitutional Law Review 183-203.
  • Kinander M, ‘Comparing courts: The accountability function of the constitutional courts of Poland and Hungary’ (2014) 39(2) Review of Central and Eastern European Law 145-190.
  • Laclau, E, ‘Popülizm: Bir Ad Ne İçerir?’ (2011) 1(1) Hayriye Özen (çev) Atılım Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 135-146.
  • Landau D, ‘Abusive Constitutionalism’ (2013) 47(1) University of California Davis Law Review 189-260.
  • Landau D, ‘Populist Constitutions’(2018) 85 The University of Chicago Law Review 521-543.
  • Matthes C Y, ‘Judges as activists: how Polish judges mobilise to defend the rule of law’ (2022) 38(3) East European Politics 468-487.
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  • Mazur D, ‘Annual report for 2020 From bad to worse-the Polish judiciary in the shadow of the ‘muzzle act’ (2020) Themis Association of Judges 1-19.
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  • Müller J W, ‘Populism and Constitutionalism’ in Oxford Handbook of Populism Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser et al. (eds), (Oxford University Press 2017) 590-606.
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  • Pech, L and Wachowiec P and Mazur D, ‘Poland’s Rule of Law Breakdown: A Five‐Year Assessment of EU’s (In)Action’ (2021) 13 Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 1–43.
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  • Scheppele K L, ‘Understanding Hungary’s Constitutional Revolution’ in Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area: Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania, Armin von Bogdandy and Pál Sonnevend (eds) (Bloomsbury Publishing 2015) 111-124.
  • Şahin A, ‘Siyasal Düşünceler Tarihinde “Sınırlı Devlet” Fikrinin Kadimliği ya da Genel Kamu Hukuku Bağlamında İnsan, Özgürlük ve Devlet İktidarı Algısında Evrilme’ (2011) 15(3) Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 311-362.
  • Tezcan D, Hakim Güvenceleri Açısından 26 Haziran 2016 tarihli Baka- Macaristan Büyük Daire Kararı İle İlgili Bazı Gözlemler’ (2016) 65 (4) Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 3687-3694.
  • Topuzkanamış Ş E, Halka Ait Anayasacılık (On İki Levha 2021).
  • Turhan, M ‘Anayasa ve Anayasacılık’ (1994) 27(3) Amme İdaresi Dergisi 3-12.
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  • Tushnet M, ‘Authoritarian Constitutionalism’ (2015) 100 Cornell Law Review 391-462.
  • Uitz R, ‘Can you tell when an illiberal democracy is in the making? An appeal to comparative constitutional scholarship from Hungary’ (2015) 13(1) International Journal of Constitutional Law 279–300.
  • Uygun O, Devlet Teorisi, (On İki Levha 2021).
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  • Yıldız O, ‘Popülist İtirazdan Popülist İdareye: SYRIZA ve PODEMOS Örnekleri’ (2015) 39 (2) Mülkiye Dergisi 291-296.
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  • Zeldin W, ‘Hungary: Constitutional Amendments Adopted’ Library of Congress (22.02.2023) <https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2013-03-19/hungary-constitutional-amendments-adopted/> Date of Access: 12.10.2023.
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Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Dilara Eltimur 0000-0003-1398-8938

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 12 Ocak 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 27 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: YOK Sayı: 57

Kaynak Göster

APA Eltimur, D. (2024). SUİSTİMALCİ ANAYASACILIK VE UYGULAMALARI: MACARİSTAN VE POLONYA ÖZELİNDE DEĞERLENDİRME. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, YOK(57), 51-94. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1418023
AMA Eltimur D. SUİSTİMALCİ ANAYASACILIK VE UYGULAMALARI: MACARİSTAN VE POLONYA ÖZELİNDE DEĞERLENDİRME. TAAD. Ocak 2024;YOK(57):51-94. doi:10.54049/taad.1418023
Chicago Eltimur, Dilara. “SUİSTİMALCİ ANAYASACILIK VE UYGULAMALARI: MACARİSTAN VE POLONYA ÖZELİNDE DEĞERLENDİRME”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi YOK, sy. 57 (Ocak 2024): 51-94. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1418023.
EndNote Eltimur D (01 Ocak 2024) SUİSTİMALCİ ANAYASACILIK VE UYGULAMALARI: MACARİSTAN VE POLONYA ÖZELİNDE DEĞERLENDİRME. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi YOK 57 51–94.
IEEE D. Eltimur, “SUİSTİMALCİ ANAYASACILIK VE UYGULAMALARI: MACARİSTAN VE POLONYA ÖZELİNDE DEĞERLENDİRME”, TAAD, c. YOK, sy. 57, ss. 51–94, 2024, doi: 10.54049/taad.1418023.
ISNAD Eltimur, Dilara. “SUİSTİMALCİ ANAYASACILIK VE UYGULAMALARI: MACARİSTAN VE POLONYA ÖZELİNDE DEĞERLENDİRME”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi YOK/57 (Ocak 2024), 51-94. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1418023.
JAMA Eltimur D. SUİSTİMALCİ ANAYASACILIK VE UYGULAMALARI: MACARİSTAN VE POLONYA ÖZELİNDE DEĞERLENDİRME. TAAD. 2024;YOK:51–94.
MLA Eltimur, Dilara. “SUİSTİMALCİ ANAYASACILIK VE UYGULAMALARI: MACARİSTAN VE POLONYA ÖZELİNDE DEĞERLENDİRME”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, c. YOK, sy. 57, 2024, ss. 51-94, doi:10.54049/taad.1418023.
Vancouver Eltimur D. SUİSTİMALCİ ANAYASACILIK VE UYGULAMALARI: MACARİSTAN VE POLONYA ÖZELİNDE DEĞERLENDİRME. TAAD. 2024;YOK(57):51-94.
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