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Teachers’ Organizational Commitment: The Role of Demographic Characteristics and Their Psychological Empowerment in Turkey

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 600 - 634, 25.09.2023

Kelemu Zelalem Berhanu Ali Sabancı Goksel Yalcin

https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1264001

Öz

This research was aimed at examining the influence of teachers’ psychological empowerment on their commitment to the school in the case of private schools in Antalya province, Turkey. Data were collected twice, first 297 teachers for scale development; second, we collected data from separate 297 teachers for the main analysis. A correlational type of research design was utilized. As a result, teachers were psychologically empowered and strongly committed to school at a high level. Teachers have statistically no or very weak differences regarding their education level, gender, and length of service in their perception of both psychological empowerment and organizational commitment. Moreover, psychological empowerment and teachers’ organizational commitment were significantly correlated. Finally, it was seen that the influence dimension was an important predictor of organizational commitment. Attitude, length of service, and age had no significant effect. Therefore it is recommended that principals should actively build the social, intellectual, and professional capital of teachers, which results in teachers themselves being empowered psychologically and finally committed to the school.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Attitude Influence psychological empowerment organizational commitment teachers

Kaynakça

  • Allameh, S., Heydari, M., & Davoodi, S. (2012). Studying the relationship between transformational leadership and psychological empowerment of teachers in Abade Township. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 3, 224-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.046
  • Allen, M. (2017). Cross-Sectional Design. The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods. SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
  • Ambad, S. N., & Bahron, A. (2012). Psychological empowerment: The influence on organizational commitment among employees in the construction sector. Journal of Global Business Management, 8(2), 73-81.
  • Aslamiah. (2019). Teachers organizational commitment in elementary school: A study in Banjarmasın Indonesia. The Open Psychology Journal, 12, 1-6. Doi: 10.2174/1874350101912010001
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. DOI: 10.1037//0033-295x.84.2.191
  • Basel, A, & Issam, G. (2019). Organizational Commitment: A Review of the Conceptual and Empirical Literature and a Research Agenda. International Leadership Journal. 11(1), 78-119.
  • Bindurani, R. (2015). Employees empowerment in organizations. International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanity, 6(9), 231-235. DOI: 10.32804/IRJMSH
  • Bogler, R., & Somech, A. (2004). Influence of teacher empowerment on teachers’ organizational commitment, professional commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(3), 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2004.02.003
  • Chen, H. F., & Chen, Y. C. (2008). The impact of work redesign and psychological empowerment on organizational commitment in a changing environment: An example from Taiwan's state-owned enterprises. Public Personnel Management, 37(3), 279-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102600803700
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, Ğ., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Applications of multivariate statistics SPSS and LISREL for social sciences. Ankara,Türkiye: Pegem Akademi.
  • Dee, J., Henkin, A., & Singleton, C. (2006). Organizational commitment of teachers in urban schools: Examining the effects of team structures. Urban Education, 41(6), 603-627. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208 5906292512
  • Firman, H., & Tola, B. (2008). The future of schooling in Indonesia. Kokusai Kyoiku Kyoryoku Ronshu, 11, 71-84. Doi:10.15027/34287
  • Fourie, A. S. (2009). Psychological empowerment: A South African perspective. University of South Africa, Pretoria. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2632
  • Fulford, M. D., & Enz, C. A. (1995). The impact of empowerment on service employees. Journal of Managerial Issues, 7(2), 161-175. Doi:10.3846/btp.2016.651
  • Gecas, V. (1989). The social psychology of self-efficacy. Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 291-316. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.001451.
  • Hamid, S., Nordin, N., Adnan, A., & Sirun, N. (2013). A study on primary school teachers’ organizational commitment and psychological empowerment in the district of klang. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90. 782-787. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.sbspro.2013.07.152.
  • Hancer, M., & George, R. (2003). Psychological empowerment of non-supervisory employees working in full-service restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(02)00032-4
  • Hancer, M., & George, R. (2005). An examination of dimensions of psychological empowerment scale for service employees. Psychological Reports, 97(2), 667-72. Doi: 10.2466/pr0.97.2.667-672.
  • Huang, X., Shi, K., Zhang, Z., & Cheung, Y.L. (2006). The impact of participative leadership behaviour on psychological empowerment and organizational commitment in Chinese state-owned enterprises: the moderating role of organizational tenure. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23, 345-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-006-9006-3
  • Igartua, J.-J., & Hayes, A. F. (2021). Mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: Concepts, computations, and some common confusions. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 24, E49. doi:10.1017/SJP.2021.46
  • Jha, S. (2011). Influence of psychological empowerment on affective, normative and continuance commitment: A study in the Indian IT industry. Journal of Indian Business Journal of Indian Business Research, 3(4), 263-282. Doi: 10.1108/17554191111180582
  • Jomah, N. (2017). Psychological empowerment on organizational commitment as perceived by Saudi academics. World Journal of Education, 7(1), 83-92. Doi:10.5430/wje.v7n1p83
  • Kadyschuk, R. (1997). Teacher commitment: A study of the organizational commitment, professional commitment, and union commitment of teachers in public schools in Saskatchewan. University of Saskatchewan.
  • Kesari, F., Khah, H., & Kesari, F. (2017). Intellectual capital of organization and psychological empowerment of employees. Sindhological Studies, 1, 93-98.
  • Koberg, C.S., Senjem, J.C., & Goodman, E.A. (1999). Antecedents and outcomes of empowerment: Empirical evidence from the health care industry. Group and Organizational Management, 24(1), 71-91.
  • Kraimer, M., Seibert, S. E., & Liden, R. C. (1999). Psychological empowerment as a multidimensional construct: A test construct validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59(1), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131644995910
  • Krajcsák, Z. (2018). Relationships between employee commitment and organizational cultures: A theoretical framework. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 26 (3),398-414. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-05-2017-1174
  • Markovits, Y., Boer, D., & van Dick, R. (2014). Economic crisis and the employee: The effects of economic crisis on employee job satisfaction, commitment, and self-regulation. European Management Journal, 32(3), 413-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.09.005
  • Mart, C. (2013). A passionate teacher: Teacher commitment and dedication to student learning. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2(1), 437-42.
  • McDermott, K., Laschinger, H.K.S., & Shamian, J. (1996). Work empowerment and organizational commitment. Nursing Management, 27(5), 44-47. DOI: 10.1097/00006247-199605000-00010
  • Menon, S.T. (2001). Employee empowerment: An integrative psychological approach. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(1), 153-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00052
  • Menon, S.T., & Kotze, E. (2005). Human resource integration in the South African Military: A view from the trenches. Unpublished manuscript, Military Academy, University of Stellenbosch.
  • Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
  • Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538–551. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.538
  • Mohammed, W. (2011). Internal service climate and psychological empowerment effect on employees’ job satisfaction: The case study of Ethiopian electric power corporation (Unpublished Masters’ Thesis). Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
  • Nabila, A. A. (2008). The relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment: A case study among employees in construction sector in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. (Unpublished Masters’ thesis). School of Business and Economic, UMS.
  • Ozaralli, N. (2003). Effects of transformational leadership on empowerment and team effectiveness. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(5/6), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310494301
  • Özdemir, M., & Gören, S. (2017). The mediating role of organizational commitment in the relationship between psychological empowerment, leadership adaptability and teacher performance. Hacettepe University, Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Sciences, 16(1), 342-353.
  • Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603–609. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037335
  • Sarmiento, T.P., Laschinger, H.K., & Iwasiw, C. (2004). Nurse educators’ workplace empowerment, burnout, and job satisfaction: Testing Kanter’s theory. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(2), 134-143. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2003.02973.x
  • Seigal, M., & Gardner, S. (2000). Contextual factors of psychological empowerment. Personnel Review, 29(6), 703-722.
  • Setyaningsih, S., & Sunaryo, W. (2021). Optimizing transformational leadership strengthening, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction to increase teacher commitment. International Journal of Instruction, 14(4),427-438. DOI:10.29333/iji.2021.14425a
  • Shukla, S. (2014). Teaching competency, professional commitment and job satisfaction-A study of primary school teachers. IOSR J Res Meth Edu, 4, 44-64.
  • Singh, A., & Gupta, B. (2015). Job involvement, organizational commitment, professional commitment, and team commitment. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 22(6), 1192-1211. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-01-2014-000
  • Spreitzer, G. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465.
  • Sürgevil, O., Tolay, E., & Topoyan, M. (2013). Validity and reliability analysis of structural empowerment and psychological empowerment scales. Journal of Yasar University, 8(31), 5371-5391.
  • Titus, O. (2000). Is Length of Service related to the level of Job Satisfaction? International Journal of Social Economics, 27(3), 213-226.
  • Uma, K., & Jayabharathi, B. (2016). Impact of leadership style on psychological empowerment and job satisfaction among staff nurses. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 6(2), 49-54.
  • Yu, H., Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2002). The effect of transformational leadership on teachers’ commitment to change in Hong Kong. Journal Educational Administration, 40, 368-89. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09578230210433436
  • Zimmerman, M.A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 581-599. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02506983
  • Zimmerman, M.A. (2000). Empowerment Theory. In: Rappaport, J., Seidman, E. (eds) Handbook of Community Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4193-6_2

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 600 - 634, 25.09.2023

Kelemu Zelalem Berhanu Ali Sabancı Goksel Yalcin

https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1264001

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Allameh, S., Heydari, M., & Davoodi, S. (2012). Studying the relationship between transformational leadership and psychological empowerment of teachers in Abade Township. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 3, 224-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.046
  • Allen, M. (2017). Cross-Sectional Design. The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods. SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
  • Ambad, S. N., & Bahron, A. (2012). Psychological empowerment: The influence on organizational commitment among employees in the construction sector. Journal of Global Business Management, 8(2), 73-81.
  • Aslamiah. (2019). Teachers organizational commitment in elementary school: A study in Banjarmasın Indonesia. The Open Psychology Journal, 12, 1-6. Doi: 10.2174/1874350101912010001
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. DOI: 10.1037//0033-295x.84.2.191
  • Basel, A, & Issam, G. (2019). Organizational Commitment: A Review of the Conceptual and Empirical Literature and a Research Agenda. International Leadership Journal. 11(1), 78-119.
  • Bindurani, R. (2015). Employees empowerment in organizations. International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanity, 6(9), 231-235. DOI: 10.32804/IRJMSH
  • Bogler, R., & Somech, A. (2004). Influence of teacher empowerment on teachers’ organizational commitment, professional commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(3), 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2004.02.003
  • Chen, H. F., & Chen, Y. C. (2008). The impact of work redesign and psychological empowerment on organizational commitment in a changing environment: An example from Taiwan's state-owned enterprises. Public Personnel Management, 37(3), 279-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102600803700
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, Ğ., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Applications of multivariate statistics SPSS and LISREL for social sciences. Ankara,Türkiye: Pegem Akademi.
  • Dee, J., Henkin, A., & Singleton, C. (2006). Organizational commitment of teachers in urban schools: Examining the effects of team structures. Urban Education, 41(6), 603-627. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208 5906292512
  • Firman, H., & Tola, B. (2008). The future of schooling in Indonesia. Kokusai Kyoiku Kyoryoku Ronshu, 11, 71-84. Doi:10.15027/34287
  • Fourie, A. S. (2009). Psychological empowerment: A South African perspective. University of South Africa, Pretoria. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2632
  • Fulford, M. D., & Enz, C. A. (1995). The impact of empowerment on service employees. Journal of Managerial Issues, 7(2), 161-175. Doi:10.3846/btp.2016.651
  • Gecas, V. (1989). The social psychology of self-efficacy. Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 291-316. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.001451.
  • Hamid, S., Nordin, N., Adnan, A., & Sirun, N. (2013). A study on primary school teachers’ organizational commitment and psychological empowerment in the district of klang. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90. 782-787. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.sbspro.2013.07.152.
  • Hancer, M., & George, R. (2003). Psychological empowerment of non-supervisory employees working in full-service restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(02)00032-4
  • Hancer, M., & George, R. (2005). An examination of dimensions of psychological empowerment scale for service employees. Psychological Reports, 97(2), 667-72. Doi: 10.2466/pr0.97.2.667-672.
  • Huang, X., Shi, K., Zhang, Z., & Cheung, Y.L. (2006). The impact of participative leadership behaviour on psychological empowerment and organizational commitment in Chinese state-owned enterprises: the moderating role of organizational tenure. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23, 345-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-006-9006-3
  • Igartua, J.-J., & Hayes, A. F. (2021). Mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: Concepts, computations, and some common confusions. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 24, E49. doi:10.1017/SJP.2021.46
  • Jha, S. (2011). Influence of psychological empowerment on affective, normative and continuance commitment: A study in the Indian IT industry. Journal of Indian Business Journal of Indian Business Research, 3(4), 263-282. Doi: 10.1108/17554191111180582
  • Jomah, N. (2017). Psychological empowerment on organizational commitment as perceived by Saudi academics. World Journal of Education, 7(1), 83-92. Doi:10.5430/wje.v7n1p83
  • Kadyschuk, R. (1997). Teacher commitment: A study of the organizational commitment, professional commitment, and union commitment of teachers in public schools in Saskatchewan. University of Saskatchewan.
  • Kesari, F., Khah, H., & Kesari, F. (2017). Intellectual capital of organization and psychological empowerment of employees. Sindhological Studies, 1, 93-98.
  • Koberg, C.S., Senjem, J.C., & Goodman, E.A. (1999). Antecedents and outcomes of empowerment: Empirical evidence from the health care industry. Group and Organizational Management, 24(1), 71-91.
  • Kraimer, M., Seibert, S. E., & Liden, R. C. (1999). Psychological empowerment as a multidimensional construct: A test construct validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59(1), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131644995910
  • Krajcsák, Z. (2018). Relationships between employee commitment and organizational cultures: A theoretical framework. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 26 (3),398-414. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-05-2017-1174
  • Markovits, Y., Boer, D., & van Dick, R. (2014). Economic crisis and the employee: The effects of economic crisis on employee job satisfaction, commitment, and self-regulation. European Management Journal, 32(3), 413-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.09.005
  • Mart, C. (2013). A passionate teacher: Teacher commitment and dedication to student learning. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2(1), 437-42.
  • McDermott, K., Laschinger, H.K.S., & Shamian, J. (1996). Work empowerment and organizational commitment. Nursing Management, 27(5), 44-47. DOI: 10.1097/00006247-199605000-00010
  • Menon, S.T. (2001). Employee empowerment: An integrative psychological approach. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(1), 153-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00052
  • Menon, S.T., & Kotze, E. (2005). Human resource integration in the South African Military: A view from the trenches. Unpublished manuscript, Military Academy, University of Stellenbosch.
  • Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
  • Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538–551. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.538
  • Mohammed, W. (2011). Internal service climate and psychological empowerment effect on employees’ job satisfaction: The case study of Ethiopian electric power corporation (Unpublished Masters’ Thesis). Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
  • Nabila, A. A. (2008). The relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment: A case study among employees in construction sector in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. (Unpublished Masters’ thesis). School of Business and Economic, UMS.
  • Ozaralli, N. (2003). Effects of transformational leadership on empowerment and team effectiveness. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(5/6), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310494301
  • Özdemir, M., & Gören, S. (2017). The mediating role of organizational commitment in the relationship between psychological empowerment, leadership adaptability and teacher performance. Hacettepe University, Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Sciences, 16(1), 342-353.
  • Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603–609. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037335
  • Sarmiento, T.P., Laschinger, H.K., & Iwasiw, C. (2004). Nurse educators’ workplace empowerment, burnout, and job satisfaction: Testing Kanter’s theory. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(2), 134-143. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2003.02973.x
  • Seigal, M., & Gardner, S. (2000). Contextual factors of psychological empowerment. Personnel Review, 29(6), 703-722.
  • Setyaningsih, S., & Sunaryo, W. (2021). Optimizing transformational leadership strengthening, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction to increase teacher commitment. International Journal of Instruction, 14(4),427-438. DOI:10.29333/iji.2021.14425a
  • Shukla, S. (2014). Teaching competency, professional commitment and job satisfaction-A study of primary school teachers. IOSR J Res Meth Edu, 4, 44-64.
  • Singh, A., & Gupta, B. (2015). Job involvement, organizational commitment, professional commitment, and team commitment. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 22(6), 1192-1211. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-01-2014-000
  • Spreitzer, G. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465.
  • Sürgevil, O., Tolay, E., & Topoyan, M. (2013). Validity and reliability analysis of structural empowerment and psychological empowerment scales. Journal of Yasar University, 8(31), 5371-5391.
  • Titus, O. (2000). Is Length of Service related to the level of Job Satisfaction? International Journal of Social Economics, 27(3), 213-226.
  • Uma, K., & Jayabharathi, B. (2016). Impact of leadership style on psychological empowerment and job satisfaction among staff nurses. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 6(2), 49-54.
  • Yu, H., Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2002). The effect of transformational leadership on teachers’ commitment to change in Hong Kong. Journal Educational Administration, 40, 368-89. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09578230210433436
  • Zimmerman, M.A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 581-599. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02506983
  • Zimmerman, M.A. (2000). Empowerment Theory. In: Rappaport, J., Seidman, E. (eds) Handbook of Community Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4193-6_2
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitimde Liderlik, Alan Eğitimleri
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Kelemu Zelalem Berhanu 0000-0001-5397-8780

Ali Sabancı 0000-0002-2508-7339

Goksel Yalcin

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Berhanu, K. Z., Sabancı, A., & Yalcin, G. (2023). Teachers’ Organizational Commitment: The Role of Demographic Characteristics and Their Psychological Empowerment in Turkey. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership, 8(3), 600-634. https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1264001
AMA Berhanu KZ, Sabancı A, Yalcin G. Teachers’ Organizational Commitment: The Role of Demographic Characteristics and Their Psychological Empowerment in Turkey. REAL is a scholarly peer-reviewed publication. Eylül 2023;8(3):600-634. doi:10.30828/real.1264001
Chicago Berhanu, Kelemu Zelalem, Ali Sabancı, ve Goksel Yalcin. “Teachers’ Organizational Commitment: The Role of Demographic Characteristics and Their Psychological Empowerment in Turkey”. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership 8, sy. 3 (Eylül 2023): 600-634. https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1264001.
EndNote Berhanu KZ, Sabancı A, Yalcin G (01 Eylül 2023) Teachers’ Organizational Commitment: The Role of Demographic Characteristics and Their Psychological Empowerment in Turkey. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership 8 3 600–634.
IEEE K. Z. Berhanu, A. Sabancı, ve G. Yalcin, “Teachers’ Organizational Commitment: The Role of Demographic Characteristics and Their Psychological Empowerment in Turkey”, REAL is a scholarly peer-reviewed publication, c. 8, sy. 3, ss. 600–634, 2023, doi: 10.30828/real.1264001.
ISNAD Berhanu, Kelemu Zelalem vd. “Teachers’ Organizational Commitment: The Role of Demographic Characteristics and Their Psychological Empowerment in Turkey”. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership 8/3 (Eylül 2023), 600-634. https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1264001.
JAMA Berhanu KZ, Sabancı A, Yalcin G. Teachers’ Organizational Commitment: The Role of Demographic Characteristics and Their Psychological Empowerment in Turkey. REAL is a scholarly peer-reviewed publication. 2023;8:600–634.
MLA Berhanu, Kelemu Zelalem vd. “Teachers’ Organizational Commitment: The Role of Demographic Characteristics and Their Psychological Empowerment in Turkey”. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership, c. 8, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 600-34, doi:10.30828/real.1264001.
Vancouver Berhanu KZ, Sabancı A, Yalcin G. Teachers’ Organizational Commitment: The Role of Demographic Characteristics and Their Psychological Empowerment in Turkey. REAL is a scholarly peer-reviewed publication. 2023;8(3):600-34.
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