Araştırma Makalesi
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Üst Düzey Kadın Yöneticilerin Kariyer Engellerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 41, 3503 - 3533, 01.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.865901

Öz

Bu araştırmada üst düzey kadın yöneticilerin kariyer engellerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya kuramsal örnekleme yoluyla ulaşılan ve çeşitli sektörlerde görevini sürdüren 21 üst düzey kadın yönetici katılmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden gömülü teori tasarımında yürütülen araştırmanın verileri yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği yoluyla elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde sırasıyla açık kodlama, seçici kodlama ve kuramsal kodlama basamakları izlenmiştir. Analiz işlemleri sonucunda katılımcıların kariyer gelişimleri süresince sekiz farklı kariyer engeli ile karşılaştığı belirlenmiştir. Bu engellerin kaynağında toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri beklentisi ile kurumsal ve bireysel nedenlerin bulunduğu gözlenmiştir. Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri beklentisinden kaynaklanan kariyer engelleri arasında rol çatışması ve mesleki yeterliklerine ilişkin etiketlenme yer almıştır. Kurumsal kaynaklı kariyer engelleri şiddetli rekabet ortamı, işin stresli yönleri, erkekler kulübüne inisiyasyon, pozisyon gerilemesi ve kurumsal kriz dönemleridir. Son olarak aile yaşam döngüsüne ait kriz dönemleri, bireysel nedenlerden kaynaklanan kariyer engelleri arasındadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar ilgili literatür çerçevesinde tartışılarak bazı öneriler sunulmuştur.

Destekleyen Kurum

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Proje Numarası

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Teşekkür

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Kaynakça

  • Al-Asfour, A., Tlaiss, H. A., Khan, S. A., and Rajasekar, J. (2017). Saudi women’s work challenges and barriers to career advancement. Career Development International, 22(2), 184-199. doi: 10.1108/CDI-11-2016-0200
  • Anafarta, N., Sarvan, F., ve Yapıcı, N. (2008). Konaklama işletmelerinde kadın yöneticilerin cam tavan algısı: Antalya ilinde bir araştırma. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F Dergisi, 15, 111-137.
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  • Cavanaugh, M. A., Boswell, W. R., Roehling, M. V., and Boudreau, J. W. (2000). An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among U.S. managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 65–74. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.65
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  • Charmaz, K. (2003). Grounded theory. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology a practical guide to research methods (p.81-110). London: Sage.
  • Charmaz, K., and Belgrave, L. L. (2012). Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory analysis. In J. F. Gubrium, J. A. Holstein, A. B. Marvasti and K. D. McKinney (Eds.), The Sage handbook of interview research the complexity of the craft (p.347-365). London: Sage.
  • Cho, Y., Park, J., Han, S. J., and Ho, Y. (2018). A women CEO? You’d better think twice! Exploring career challenges of women CEOs at multinational corporations in South Korea. Career Development International, 24(1), 91-108. doi: 10.1108/CDI-03-2018-0078
  • Corbin, J. M., and Strauss, A. L. (2008). Basic of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. London: Sage.
  • Custodio, P. C., and Siy, L. C. (2017). Needs, difficulties and coping mechanisms of women as professionals and as managers ofhouseholds. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 5(2), 147- 155.
  • Çetin, M., ve Atan, E. (2012). İlköğretim okullarında görev yapan kadın okul yöneticilerinin “cam tavan”a ilişkin algılarının incelenmesi. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 35, 123-136.
  • Çögenli, M. Z., Asunakutlu, T., ve Türegen, Z. N. (2017). Gender and mobbing: The case of Turkey. Journal of Business Research, 9(3), 109-121.
  • Damanhouri, A. M. S. (2017). Women entrepreneurship behind the veil: Strategies and challenges in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Research in Business, Economics, and Management, 9, 1750-1762.
  • Davies-Netzley, S. A. (1998). Women above the glass ceiling: Perceptions on corporate mobility and strategies for success. In A. E. Hunter and C. Forden (Eds.), Readings in the psychology of gender: Exploring our differences and commonalities (p.300–314). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
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  • Eagly, A. H., and Carli, L. L. (2007). Through the labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Eboiyehi, C. O., Fayomi, I., and Eboiyemi, F. A. (2016). From exclusion to discrimination: Gender inequaility in the senior management of Nigerian universities. Issues in Educational Research, 26(2), 182-205.
  • Erot, B. (2016). Antalya devlet okullarında görev yapan kadın yöneticilerin cam tavan sendromu hakkında görüşlerine ilişkin nitel bir araştırma.(Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eğitim Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı, Antalya.
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  • Kabasakal, H., Aycan, Z., ve Karakaş, F. (2004). Women in management in Turkey. In R. J. Burke and A. M. Richardsen (Eds.), Women in management worldwide: Progress and prospects (p.273-293). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
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The Analysis of Senior Women Managers’ Career Barriers

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 41, 3503 - 3533, 01.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.865901

Öz

The main purpose of this study was to examine the career barriers of senior women managers. 21 senior women managers, who were reached through theoretical sampling and working in various sectors, participated in the research. The data of the research carried out in the grounded theory design, one of the qualitative research methods, were acquired through semi-structured interview technique. In the analysis of the data acquired; open coding, selective coding and theoretical coding steps were followed respectively. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the participants encountered eight different career barriers during their career development It has been observed that at the root of these obstacles there are expectations of gender roles and institutional and individual reasons. Career barriers arising from the epectation of social gender roles included role conflict and labeling of professional competencies. Institutional career barriers included fierce competition environment, stressful aspects of the job, initiation into the men's club, regression of position and periods of corporate crisis. Finally, crisis periods in the family life cycle are among career barriers arising from individual reasons. The results were discussed within the framework of the relevant literature and some suggestions were made.

Proje Numarası

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Kaynakça

  • Al-Asfour, A., Tlaiss, H. A., Khan, S. A., and Rajasekar, J. (2017). Saudi women’s work challenges and barriers to career advancement. Career Development International, 22(2), 184-199. doi: 10.1108/CDI-11-2016-0200
  • Anafarta, N., Sarvan, F., ve Yapıcı, N. (2008). Konaklama işletmelerinde kadın yöneticilerin cam tavan algısı: Antalya ilinde bir araştırma. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F Dergisi, 15, 111-137.
  • Betz, N. (2008). Women’s career development. F. L. Denmark and M. A. Paludi (Eds.), Psychology of women: Handbook of issues and theories (p.717-752). London: Praeger.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler. (2019). The sustainable development goals report 2019. Erişim: 28.10.2019 tarihinde https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report /2019/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2019.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Burke, R. J., and Mattis, M. C. (2005). Advancing women’s careers: small wins but unfinished business. In R. J. Burke and M. C. Mattis (Eds.), Supporting women’s career advancement challanges and opportunities (p.1-12). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Cavanaugh, M. A., Boswell, W. R., Roehling, M. V., and Boudreau, J. W. (2000). An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among U.S. managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 65–74. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.65
  • Charmaz, K. (2012). Grounded theory in the 21st century. In J. F. Gubrium, J. A. Holstein, A. B. Marvasti K. D. McKinney (Eds.), The Sage handbook of interview research the complexity of the craft (p.507-536). London: Sage.
  • Charmaz, K. (2003). Grounded theory. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology a practical guide to research methods (p.81-110). London: Sage.
  • Charmaz, K., and Belgrave, L. L. (2012). Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory analysis. In J. F. Gubrium, J. A. Holstein, A. B. Marvasti and K. D. McKinney (Eds.), The Sage handbook of interview research the complexity of the craft (p.347-365). London: Sage.
  • Cho, Y., Park, J., Han, S. J., and Ho, Y. (2018). A women CEO? You’d better think twice! Exploring career challenges of women CEOs at multinational corporations in South Korea. Career Development International, 24(1), 91-108. doi: 10.1108/CDI-03-2018-0078
  • Corbin, J. M., and Strauss, A. L. (2008). Basic of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. London: Sage.
  • Custodio, P. C., and Siy, L. C. (2017). Needs, difficulties and coping mechanisms of women as professionals and as managers ofhouseholds. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 5(2), 147- 155.
  • Çetin, M., ve Atan, E. (2012). İlköğretim okullarında görev yapan kadın okul yöneticilerinin “cam tavan”a ilişkin algılarının incelenmesi. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 35, 123-136.
  • Çögenli, M. Z., Asunakutlu, T., ve Türegen, Z. N. (2017). Gender and mobbing: The case of Turkey. Journal of Business Research, 9(3), 109-121.
  • Damanhouri, A. M. S. (2017). Women entrepreneurship behind the veil: Strategies and challenges in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Research in Business, Economics, and Management, 9, 1750-1762.
  • Davies-Netzley, S. A. (1998). Women above the glass ceiling: Perceptions on corporate mobility and strategies for success. In A. E. Hunter and C. Forden (Eds.), Readings in the psychology of gender: Exploring our differences and commonalities (p.300–314). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Demirel, Z. H., ve Şahin Perçin, N. (2018). Otel işletmelerindeki kadın yöneticilerin kariyer engellerinin kariyer geliştirme stratejileri üzerine etkisi. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(57), 545-557. doi: 10.17719/jisr.2018.2470
  • Derks, B., Ellemers, N., Laar, C., and Groot, K. (2011). Do sexist organizational cultures create the queen bee? British Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 519–535.
  • Eagly, A. H., and Carli, L. L. (2007). Through the labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Eboiyehi, C. O., Fayomi, I., and Eboiyemi, F. A. (2016). From exclusion to discrimination: Gender inequaility in the senior management of Nigerian universities. Issues in Educational Research, 26(2), 182-205.
  • Erot, B. (2016). Antalya devlet okullarında görev yapan kadın yöneticilerin cam tavan sendromu hakkında görüşlerine ilişkin nitel bir araştırma.(Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eğitim Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı, Antalya.
  • Eurostat (Avrupa İstatistik Kurumu). (2018). Erişim: 26.10.2019 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tqoe1c2/default/map?lang=en adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical sensivity advances in the methodology of grounded theory. California: The Sociology Press.
  • Glaser, B. G. (1998). Doing grounded theory: Issues and discussions. California: The Sociology Press.
  • Glaser, B. G., and Strauss, A. L. (2006). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. London: Aldine Transaction.
  • Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: How genderstereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 657-674. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00234
  • Herr, E. L. (2001). Career development and its practice: A historical perspective. The Career Development Quarterly, 49(3),196–211.
  • Hurley, D., and Choudhary, A. (2016). Factors influencing attainment of CEO position for women. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 31(4), 250-265.
  • Kabasakal, H., Aycan, Z., ve Karakaş, F. (2004). Women in management in Turkey. In R. J. Burke and A. M. Richardsen (Eds.), Women in management worldwide: Progress and prospects (p.273-293). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403-422. doi: 10.1177/0022022105275959
  • Karaca, A. (2007). Kadın yöneticilerde kariyer engelleri: Cam tavan sendromu üzerine uygulamalı bir araştırma. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Ana Bilim Dalı, Konya. Kim, S. K., Park, S., and Rhee, H. (2017). The effect of work-family conflict on depression in married working women. Journal of Digital Convergence, 15(3), 267-275. doi: 10.14400/JDC.2017.15.3.267
  • Kocum, L., Courvoisier, D. S., and Vernon, S. (2017). The buzz on the queen bee and other characterizations of women’s intrasexual competition at work. In M. L. Fisher (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of women and competition (p.1261-1294). NewYork: Oxford University Press.
  • Koelsch, L. E. (2013). Reconceptualizing the member checking interview. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 12, 168-179.
  • Korkut-Owen, F., ve Mutlu, T. (2016). Türkiye’de fen bilimleri, teknoloji, mühendislik ve matematik alanlarının seçiminde cinsiyetler arası farklılıklar.Yaşadıkça Eğitim, 30(2), 53-72.
  • Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., and Hackett, G. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. In D. Brown (Ed.), Career choice and development (p.255-311). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
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  • Lockwood, N. (2004). The glass ceiling: Domestic and international perspectives. Alexandria, VA: Society for Human Resource Management.
  • Lyness, K. S., and Schrader, C. A. (2006). Moving ahead or just moving?: An examination of gender differences in senior corporate management appoinments. Group & Organization Management, 31(6), 651-676. doi: 10.1177/1059601106286890
  • Mattis, M. C. (2004). Women entrepreneurs: Out from under the glass ceiling. Women in Management Review, 19(3), 154–163.
  • McGoldrick, M., and Carter, E. (1982). Family life cycle. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family process (pp.167-195). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Mills, J., Birks, M., and Hoare, K. (2014). Grounded theory. In J. Mills and M. Birks (Eds.), Qualitative methodology a practical guide (p.107-122). London: Sage.
  • Mohamad, M. (2017). Does work-family conflict affect women entrepreneurial success? International Journal of Academic Business and Social Sciences, 7(3), 566-571.
  • Northouse, P. G. (2004). Leadership: Theory and practice (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Oakley, J. G. (2000). Gender-based barriers to senior management positions: Understanding the scarcity of female CEOs. Journal of Business Ethics, 27, 321-334.
  • O’Connor, V. J. (2001). Women and men in senior management- a “different needs” hypothesis. Women in Management Review, 16(8), 400-404.
  • Özmen, S., ve Erdem, R. (2018). Damgalanmanın kavramsal çerçevesi. SDÜ İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 185-208.
  • Patton, W., and McMahon, M. (2006). The systems theory framework of career development and counseling: Connecting theory and practice. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 28(2), 153-166.
  • Racene, A. (2014). Development of women’s career pattern in relation employment. Baltic Journal of Career Education and Management, 2(1), 16-23.
  • Riach, P. A., and Rich, J. (2002). Field experiments of discrimination in the market place. The Economic Journal, 112, 480-518. doi: 10.1111/1468-0297.00080
  • Richardsen, A. M., Traavik, L. E. M., and Burke, R. J. (2016). Women and work stress: More and different? In M.L. Connerley and J. Wu (Eds.), Handbook on well-being of working women (p.123-140). London: Springer.
  • Ruder, B., Plaza, D., Warner, R., and Bothwell, M. (2018). STEM women faculty struggling for recognition and advancement in a “men’s club” culture. In Cho, C., Corkett, J., and Steele, A. (Eds.), Exploring the toxicity of lateral violence and microaggressions (p.121-149). London: Palgrave.
  • Ryan, M. K., and Haslam, S. A. (2005). The glass cliff: Evidence that women are over-represented in precarious leadership positions. British Journal of Management, 16, 81-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00433.x
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  • Savaşkan, E. (2019). Kadın yöneticiler açısından toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği üzerine kavramsal bir çalışma. AÇÜ Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 1-23. doi: 10.22466/acusbd.585271
  • Schein, V. E. (2001). A global look at psychological barriers to women’s progress in management. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 675–688.
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  • Şener, İ., Arıkan Tezergil, S., ve Erdilek Karabay, M. (2018). Kadın yöneticilerin cam tavan algıları ve kadın yöneticilere karşı tutum: Finansal hizmetler sektöründe bir uygulama. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 78-98.
  • Tanrısevdi, F., Yengin Sarpkaya, P., ve Sarpkaya, R. (2019). Eğitim örgütlerindeki kadın yöneticilerin cam tavan deneyimleri. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4), 1590-1617. doi: 10.14689/issn.2148-2624.1.7c.4s.13m
  • Tanzila, S. (2019). Workplace: Through the lens of women. The Social ION, 8(1), 37-52. doi: 10.5958/2456-7523.2019.00004.1
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  • Tlaiss, H. A. (2014). Conformers, fighters and rebels: the unfolding of the careers of women in the United Arab Emirates. Human Resource Development International, 17(3), 339–357. doi: 10.1080/13678868.2014.896128
  • TÜİK (2017). İstatistiklerle kadın araştırması raporu. Erişim: 23.12.2018 tarihinde http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do;jsessionid=1T1ncfYTdFVpLK4xYwdB8MLVQtXMQpN4hTLqBG2Fw399X2Y3WcbJ!453501102?id=27594 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Urquhart, C. (2018). Nitel araştırmalar için temellendirilmiş kuram uygulama rehberi (Çev. Z. Ünlü ve E. Külekçi). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Urquhart, C., Lehmann, H., and Myers, M. D. (2010). Putting the “theory” back into grounded theory: Guidelines for grounded theory studies in information systems. Information Systems Journal, 20(4), 357–381. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2009.00328.x
  • Üstün, S., ve Gümüşeli, A. İ. (2017). Many lives of women rectors at Turkey universities. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 5(8), 123-131.
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  • Wikipedia (2020). İnisiyasyon. Erişim: 18.01.2021 tarihinde https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nisiyasyon#:~:text adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Yeşilyaprak, B. (2011). Mesleki rehberlik ve kariyer danışmanlığına giriş. B. Yeşilyaprak (Ed.), Mesleki rehberlik ve kariyer danışmanlığı kuramdan uygulamaya (s.2-43). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Yıldırım, A., ve Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (10. bs.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yıldız, S., Alhas, F., Sakal, Ö., ve Yıldız, H. (2016). Cam uçurum: Kadın yöneticiler cam tavanı ne zaman aşar? Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 71(4), 1119-1146.
  • Zannella, M., Guameri, A., and Castagnaro, C. (2019). Leaving and losing a job after childbearing in Italy: A comparison between 2005 and 2012. Review of European Studies, 11(4), 16-32. doi: 10.5539/res.v11n4p1
  • Zeytinoğlu, I. U., Özmen, O. T., Ergenç Katrınlı, A., Kabasakal, H., ve Arbak, Y. (2001). Factors affecting female managers’ careers in Turkey. The Economics of Women and Work in the Middle East and North Africa, 4, 225–245. doi:10.1016/s1094-5334(01)04013-4
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Alan Eğitimleri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Dünya Baz 0000-0003-2197-4229

Ayşe Esra Aslan 0000-0002-0113-1745

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2021
Kabul Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 41

Kaynak Göster

APA Baz, D., & Aslan, A. E. (2021). Üst Düzey Kadın Yöneticilerin Kariyer Engellerinin İncelenmesi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 18(41), 3503-3533. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.865901