Araştırma Makalesi
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Değişen Savaş Konsepti ve Amerika’nın Savunma Politikası

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 7, 77 - 98, 01.03.2021

Öz

Devletler, hegemonik savaşlarını baskılamak ve kabul ettirmek için doğası gereği savaşır. Bu nedenle, dünya tarihi savaşlar ve çatışmalar ile başlar. Devletlerarası eşit olmayan güç değişimleri, İnsanlığın bir arada yaşamaya başladığı günden itibaren vardır. Devletler, dinamiklerini ortaya koyduğu için egemenlik kurma çalışmaları ilk nesilden günümüze kadar gelebilmiştir. Peki, birbiri üzerinde egemenlik kurmak isteyen toplumlar çareyi neden çatışmakta ve savaşmakta bulmuşlardır? Bu sorunsalı çalışma içerisinde Tukidides gibi, insan doğasının değişmezliğine ve insanlığın korku ile yönlendirilmesi ile güçlerini artırma bilincindeki dogmatik bir nedene bağlıyoruz.

Spartalılar ve Atinalılar arasındaki savaş yöntemlerinden çıkarılan dersler ile birlikte sistematiği değişen savaş kuramları doğrultusunda ilerleme kaydedilse de şu gerçek ortaya konulmalıdır; ‘insanlığın teknolojik gelişimi ve ekonomisi ilerleme kaydetse dahi bu insanın dogmatik olarak içinde taşıdığı savaş doğasını değiştirmez sadece savaşın yöntemlerini değiştirir.’ Bizde bu çalışmada, çok kutuplu dünya düzenine geçiş yapan politik düzenin Amerika merkezli değişim koşullarını gözlemleyerek elde ettiğimiz veriler doğrultusunda savaş politikaları ve savunma tercihlerinin değişimini ortaya koymaya çalışacağız.

Kaynakça

  • Barnett, T., (2004). Pentagon’s New Map: The Military in the 21st Century, New York: Berkley Books.
  • Bunker R., & Steven M, (1999). “Executive Outcomes: Mercenary Corporation OSINT Guide” (July 1999), http://fmso.leavenworth (date of access: 05.09.2020).
  • Burton, J., (1997). Violence Explained, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Christopher, K., (2006). Corporate Soldiers And International Security, The Rise Of Private Military Companies, London & New York: Routledge.
  • Commission on Global Governance, (1995). Our Global Neighbourhood, The Report of the Commission on Global Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Petraeus D. G., (2010). Counterinsurgency Concepts: What We Learned in Iraq, Global Policy, 1(1), 116-117.
  • Deborah, A., (2005). The Market Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Doug B., (2000). Messiahs or Mercenaries? The Future of International Private Military Services, International Peacekeeping, 7(4), 129-144.
  • Fidler S., With Armed Forces Stretched, Governments Face Hard Lobbying, Financial Times, http://www.financialtimes.com/archive/html (date of access: 24.07.2020).
  • Gaddis, J. L., (2006). The Cold War: A New Hıstory, Politique étrangère, Institut Français des Relations Internationales, 2(71), pp.432-435.
  • Galtung, J., (2004). Peace by Peaceful Means, Sterling, VA: Pluto Press.
  • Gaul, M., (1998). Regulating the New Privateers: Private Military Service Contracting and The Modern, Marque and Reprisal Clause, Loyola of Los Angeles: Law Review.
  • Gilpin R., (1981). War and Change in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Glovanni, A,. (1993). Three Hegemonies of Historical Capitalism, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gutmann, M., (1988). The Origins of the Thirty Years War, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Cilt. (18)2, p. 771.
  • Hardt M. & Negri A., (2004). Çokluk: İmparatorluk Çağında Savaş ve Demokrasi, çev. Yıldırım Barış, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınevi.
  • Harris, P., “How US Merchants of Fear Sparked a 130 Thousand Dolar Bonanza”, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article14909.htm,(date of access: 01.11.2020).
  • Huntington, S. (2006). Military and State: Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations, Salyangoz Press: İstanbul.
  • Kaldor, M., (2005). Old Wars, Cold Wars, New Wars, and the War on Terror, International Politics, 42(12), 498.
  • Kaymak, M. (2016). Hegemonya Tartışmaları Işığında İngiliz ve Amerikan Hegemonyaları: Yönlendirici Hegemonyadan Kural Koyucu Hegemonyaya, Hacettepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 34(1), 63-92.
  • Keser, A., (2018). “Özel Askeri Şirketlerin Küresel Yayılımı ve Geleceği.” https://setav.org/assets/uploads/2020/02/R154.pdf, (date of access: 10.09.2020).
  • Kinsley, D. R., (1988). Hindu Goddesses, Berkeley: University of California, p.47.
  • Kissenger, H., (1994). Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster’s.
  • Lewis Gaddis J., (2004). Surprise, Security, and the American Experience, Harvard University Press.
  • Liang Q., & Xiangsui W., (1999). Unrestricted Warfare, Beijing: Literature and Arts Publishing House.
  • Machiavellı N., (1999). Savaş Sanatı, Çev. Berna Hasan, İstanbul: Özne Yayınları.
  • Mandel, R., (2019). The Privatization of Security, International Student Association 41thAnnual Convention, Los Angeles: United States Publish.
  • Matteo, P., (2011). Power and Its Forms: Hard, Soft, Smart, The London School of Economics and Political Science, 2(4) 12-45.
  • Minow M., (2005). Outsourcing Power: How Privatizing Military Efforts Challenges Accountability, Professionalism and Democracy, Boston College Law Review, 46(5), 1-39.
  • Modelski G., & Tompshom G. (1988). Seapower in Global Politics 1494-1993, Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  • Myron, L., (1988). Marketing Literatüre Review, Western Carolina University, 1(1), pp. 749-770.
  • Paul, E., (2006). A Survey of the Theoretical Economic Literature on Foreign Aid, Crawford School of Public Policy, 20(1), pp.1-17.
  • Rebecca, R. V., (2004). Battlefield Contractors: Facing the Tough Issues, Public Contract Law Journal, 33 (2), 369-421.
  • Rothenberg, G. G., (1988). The Origins Causes and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(2), 771- 793.
  • Runciman S., (1986). Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, Çev. Fikret lşıltan, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Singer P. W, (2004)., The Private Military Industry and Iraq: What have we learned and where to Next? Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Policy Paper, 2(1), 1-4.
  • Singer, W. P., (2001). Corporate Warriors: The Rise and Ramifications of the Privatized Military Industry, International Security Publisher (23)3, 90.
  • Sorokin, P., (1937). Social and Culturel Dynamics, New York: American Book Company.
  • United States Defense Report, (2010). Know Your Military, https://www.defense.gov/KnowYourMilitary, (date of access: 22.07.2020.)
  • Vernon, R., (2014). Bureaucratic Structures in Urban High Schools, San Diego State University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  • Vuving, A. (2009). How Soft Power Works, Associate Professor, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, American Political Science Association annual meeting, Toronto, 8(3), 42-69.
  • Wallerstein, I., (1974), The Rise and Future Demise of the World-Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16(4), 387-415.
  • Wallwork, R., (2004). Operational Implications of Private Military Companies in the global war on Terror, School of Advanced Military Studies the United States Army Command and General Staff College, Kansas, USA: Fort Leavenworth
  • Wu, I., “We All Contribute to a Nation’s Soft Power”, (July 2018), https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2018/02/08/we_all_contribute_to_a_nations_soft_power_112703.html, (date of access: 15.08.2020).

The Changing Concept of War and America’s Defence Policy

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 7, 77 - 98, 01.03.2021

Öz

Kissinger begins his book on Diplomacy by saying, (Kissinger, 1994, p.6) “A country with the strength, will, intellectual and moral power that will reshape the entire international system according to its values is emerging every century as if it were a law of nature.” With the spread of regional-scale civil wars around the world, the difference in war motivations seems to have shortened the period of a century-long generalization. The indecisive attitudes of the United States of America (USA) in the new world order and its recessive position from aggressive politics lead to new global powers rather than shifts in the global power axis.

Kaynakça

  • Barnett, T., (2004). Pentagon’s New Map: The Military in the 21st Century, New York: Berkley Books.
  • Bunker R., & Steven M, (1999). “Executive Outcomes: Mercenary Corporation OSINT Guide” (July 1999), http://fmso.leavenworth (date of access: 05.09.2020).
  • Burton, J., (1997). Violence Explained, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Christopher, K., (2006). Corporate Soldiers And International Security, The Rise Of Private Military Companies, London & New York: Routledge.
  • Commission on Global Governance, (1995). Our Global Neighbourhood, The Report of the Commission on Global Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Petraeus D. G., (2010). Counterinsurgency Concepts: What We Learned in Iraq, Global Policy, 1(1), 116-117.
  • Deborah, A., (2005). The Market Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Doug B., (2000). Messiahs or Mercenaries? The Future of International Private Military Services, International Peacekeeping, 7(4), 129-144.
  • Fidler S., With Armed Forces Stretched, Governments Face Hard Lobbying, Financial Times, http://www.financialtimes.com/archive/html (date of access: 24.07.2020).
  • Gaddis, J. L., (2006). The Cold War: A New Hıstory, Politique étrangère, Institut Français des Relations Internationales, 2(71), pp.432-435.
  • Galtung, J., (2004). Peace by Peaceful Means, Sterling, VA: Pluto Press.
  • Gaul, M., (1998). Regulating the New Privateers: Private Military Service Contracting and The Modern, Marque and Reprisal Clause, Loyola of Los Angeles: Law Review.
  • Gilpin R., (1981). War and Change in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Glovanni, A,. (1993). Three Hegemonies of Historical Capitalism, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gutmann, M., (1988). The Origins of the Thirty Years War, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Cilt. (18)2, p. 771.
  • Hardt M. & Negri A., (2004). Çokluk: İmparatorluk Çağında Savaş ve Demokrasi, çev. Yıldırım Barış, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınevi.
  • Harris, P., “How US Merchants of Fear Sparked a 130 Thousand Dolar Bonanza”, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article14909.htm,(date of access: 01.11.2020).
  • Huntington, S. (2006). Military and State: Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations, Salyangoz Press: İstanbul.
  • Kaldor, M., (2005). Old Wars, Cold Wars, New Wars, and the War on Terror, International Politics, 42(12), 498.
  • Kaymak, M. (2016). Hegemonya Tartışmaları Işığında İngiliz ve Amerikan Hegemonyaları: Yönlendirici Hegemonyadan Kural Koyucu Hegemonyaya, Hacettepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 34(1), 63-92.
  • Keser, A., (2018). “Özel Askeri Şirketlerin Küresel Yayılımı ve Geleceği.” https://setav.org/assets/uploads/2020/02/R154.pdf, (date of access: 10.09.2020).
  • Kinsley, D. R., (1988). Hindu Goddesses, Berkeley: University of California, p.47.
  • Kissenger, H., (1994). Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster’s.
  • Lewis Gaddis J., (2004). Surprise, Security, and the American Experience, Harvard University Press.
  • Liang Q., & Xiangsui W., (1999). Unrestricted Warfare, Beijing: Literature and Arts Publishing House.
  • Machiavellı N., (1999). Savaş Sanatı, Çev. Berna Hasan, İstanbul: Özne Yayınları.
  • Mandel, R., (2019). The Privatization of Security, International Student Association 41thAnnual Convention, Los Angeles: United States Publish.
  • Matteo, P., (2011). Power and Its Forms: Hard, Soft, Smart, The London School of Economics and Political Science, 2(4) 12-45.
  • Minow M., (2005). Outsourcing Power: How Privatizing Military Efforts Challenges Accountability, Professionalism and Democracy, Boston College Law Review, 46(5), 1-39.
  • Modelski G., & Tompshom G. (1988). Seapower in Global Politics 1494-1993, Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  • Myron, L., (1988). Marketing Literatüre Review, Western Carolina University, 1(1), pp. 749-770.
  • Paul, E., (2006). A Survey of the Theoretical Economic Literature on Foreign Aid, Crawford School of Public Policy, 20(1), pp.1-17.
  • Rebecca, R. V., (2004). Battlefield Contractors: Facing the Tough Issues, Public Contract Law Journal, 33 (2), 369-421.
  • Rothenberg, G. G., (1988). The Origins Causes and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(2), 771- 793.
  • Runciman S., (1986). Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, Çev. Fikret lşıltan, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Singer P. W, (2004)., The Private Military Industry and Iraq: What have we learned and where to Next? Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Policy Paper, 2(1), 1-4.
  • Singer, W. P., (2001). Corporate Warriors: The Rise and Ramifications of the Privatized Military Industry, International Security Publisher (23)3, 90.
  • Sorokin, P., (1937). Social and Culturel Dynamics, New York: American Book Company.
  • United States Defense Report, (2010). Know Your Military, https://www.defense.gov/KnowYourMilitary, (date of access: 22.07.2020.)
  • Vernon, R., (2014). Bureaucratic Structures in Urban High Schools, San Diego State University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  • Vuving, A. (2009). How Soft Power Works, Associate Professor, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, American Political Science Association annual meeting, Toronto, 8(3), 42-69.
  • Wallerstein, I., (1974), The Rise and Future Demise of the World-Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16(4), 387-415.
  • Wallwork, R., (2004). Operational Implications of Private Military Companies in the global war on Terror, School of Advanced Military Studies the United States Army Command and General Staff College, Kansas, USA: Fort Leavenworth
  • Wu, I., “We All Contribute to a Nation’s Soft Power”, (July 2018), https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2018/02/08/we_all_contribute_to_a_nations_soft_power_112703.html, (date of access: 15.08.2020).
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi, Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kadir Ünal Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-7381-8124

Ferdi Güçyetmez

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 7

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünal, K., & Güçyetmez, F. (2021). The Changing Concept of War and America’s Defence Policy. EURO Politika(7), 77-98.

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