Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Defense Expenditures and Income Inequality: Evidence from Chosen Euro Using Countries

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 6, 121 - 127, 13.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.472974

Öz

This paper, aims to find the
cointegration and the causality between income inequality and defense
expenditures in fifteen European Union member countries that used euro currency
before, during and after the global economic crises in the period of 2005-2016.
Applying cointegration and causality tests to the panel data, the paper aims to
fill the gap about income inequality and defense expenditures relation in the
literature.

Kaynakça

  • Abell, J.D. (1994). Military spending and income inequality. Journal of Peace Research, 31(1): 35–43.
  • Akbaş, Y.E., Şentürk, M. & Sancar, C., (2013). Testing for Causality between the Foreign Direct Investment, Current Account Deficit, GDP and Total Credit: Evidence from G7. Panoeconomicus, 6: 791-812 Doi: 10.2298/PAN1306791A.
  • Aksoğan, G. & Elveren, A.Y. (2012).  Defence, Health and Education Expenditures and Income Inequality in Turkey (1970-2008): An Econometric Analysis. Sosyoekonomi, 1: 263-280.
  • Ali, H. E. & Galbraith, J. (2003). Military Expenditures and Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Global Data. The University of Texas at Austin UTIP Working Paper, No. 24
  • Ali, Hamid E. (2007). Military Expenditures and Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Global Data. Defence and Peace Economics, 18:519-535. DOI: 10.1080/10242690701331501.
  • Ali H., (2012). Military Expenditures and Inequality in The Middle East and North Africa: A Panel Analysis. Defense and Peace Economics, 23(6):575-589 DOI:10.1080/10242694.2012.663578.
  • Anoruo, E. & Elike, U. (2015). Human Capital-Economic Growth Nexus in Africa: Heterogeneous Panel Causality Approach. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5 (4): 1017-1023, https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eco:journ1: 2015-04-22.
  • Asteriou, D. & Hall, S.G. (2007). Applied Econometrics: A Modern Approach Using Eviews and Microfit Revisited Edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bangake, C. & Eggoh, J.C. (2012).  Pooled mean group estimation of international capital mobility in Africa countries. Research in Economics, 66 (1): 7–17.
  • Bildirici, M. (2004a). Real Cost of Employment an Turkish Labour Market: A Panel Cointegration Tests Approach. International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, 1(2):95-120.
  • Bildirici,M. (2004b). Political Instability and Growth: An Econometric Analysis of Turkey, Mexico, Argentina and Brazil, 1985 – 2004. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 4(4):5-26.
  • Bildirici, M. & Bohur, E. (2015). Design and Economic Growth: Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210:193-202 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.359.
  • Binbin, M., William, L. & Xiangqian, L. (2015). Defense Expenditure and Income Inequality: Evidence on Co-integration and Causality for China. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(3): 327-339, DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2013.810026.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I. & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4):1450-1460.
  • Elveren A.Y. (2012). Military Spending and Income Inequality: Evidence on Cointegration and Causality for Turkey,1963–2007. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(3): 289-301, DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2011.578414.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3):424–438.
  • Hirnissa, M.T., Habibullah, M. & Baharom, A.H. (2009). Defense Spending and Income Inequality: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries. Modern Applied Science, 3(5): 96-111, DOI: 10.5539/mas.v3n5p96.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, H. & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1): 53–74.
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residuals based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90:1-44.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. & Chu, C. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1):1–24.
  • Lin, E. S. & Ali, H. E.  (2009). Military Spending and Inequality: Panel Granger Causality Test. Journal of Peace Research, 46: 671-685.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, November Special Issue.
  • Raza, A.R. & Shahbaz M. (2014). To Battle Income Inequality, Focus on Military Expenditures: Lesson from Pakistan. MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich Germany.
  • Shahbaz M., & et al. (2015). Linkages between Defense Spending and Income Inequality in Iran. MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich Germany.
  • Taş, S., Örnek, İ., & Aksoğan, G. (2013). Defense Spending, Growth and Inequality,1970-2008: An Econometric Analysis. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 12 (3):659-682.
  • Töngür, Ü. & Elveren, A.Y.  (2013). Military Expenditures, Income Inequality, Welfare and Political Regimes: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(1):49-74 DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2013.848577.
  • Töngür, Ü. & Elveren, A.Y.  (2014). The impact of military spending and income inequality on economic growth in Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 27(3):433-453 DOI:10.1080/10242694.2014.925324.
  • Töngür, Ü. & Elveren, A.Y. (2017). The nexus of economic growth, military expenditures, and income inequality. Quality and Quantity, 51:1821-1842 DOI: 10.1007/s11135-016-0368-4.
  • Ucal M., Karabulut G. & Bilgin M.H. (2009). Military Expenditures and Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Israel. MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich Germany.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2016a). Defence Spending and Income Inequality in Taiwan. Defence and Peace Economics, 27(6):871-884 DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2014.886436.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2016b). Military expenditure and income distribution in South Korea. Defence and Peace Economics, 27(4):571-581, DOI:10.1080/10242694.2014.960247.

Savunma Harcamaları ve Gelir Eşitsizliği: Seçilmiş Avro Kullanıcısı Ülkelerden Kanıtlar

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 6, 121 - 127, 13.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.472974

Öz

Bu çalışma, 2005-2016 döneminde küresel ekonomik kriz öncesinde,
sırasında ve sonrasında avro kullanan on beş Avrupa Birliği üyesi ülkedeki
gelir eşitsizliği ve savunma harcamaları arasındaki eş bütünleşme ve nedenselliği
bulmayı amaçlamaktadır. Panel verisine eş bütünleşme ve nedensellik testleri
uygulanarak gelir eşitsizliği ve savunma harcamaları ilişkisine dair  literatürdeki eksikliğin doldurulması
amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abell, J.D. (1994). Military spending and income inequality. Journal of Peace Research, 31(1): 35–43.
  • Akbaş, Y.E., Şentürk, M. & Sancar, C., (2013). Testing for Causality between the Foreign Direct Investment, Current Account Deficit, GDP and Total Credit: Evidence from G7. Panoeconomicus, 6: 791-812 Doi: 10.2298/PAN1306791A.
  • Aksoğan, G. & Elveren, A.Y. (2012).  Defence, Health and Education Expenditures and Income Inequality in Turkey (1970-2008): An Econometric Analysis. Sosyoekonomi, 1: 263-280.
  • Ali, H. E. & Galbraith, J. (2003). Military Expenditures and Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Global Data. The University of Texas at Austin UTIP Working Paper, No. 24
  • Ali, Hamid E. (2007). Military Expenditures and Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Global Data. Defence and Peace Economics, 18:519-535. DOI: 10.1080/10242690701331501.
  • Ali H., (2012). Military Expenditures and Inequality in The Middle East and North Africa: A Panel Analysis. Defense and Peace Economics, 23(6):575-589 DOI:10.1080/10242694.2012.663578.
  • Anoruo, E. & Elike, U. (2015). Human Capital-Economic Growth Nexus in Africa: Heterogeneous Panel Causality Approach. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5 (4): 1017-1023, https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eco:journ1: 2015-04-22.
  • Asteriou, D. & Hall, S.G. (2007). Applied Econometrics: A Modern Approach Using Eviews and Microfit Revisited Edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bangake, C. & Eggoh, J.C. (2012).  Pooled mean group estimation of international capital mobility in Africa countries. Research in Economics, 66 (1): 7–17.
  • Bildirici, M. (2004a). Real Cost of Employment an Turkish Labour Market: A Panel Cointegration Tests Approach. International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, 1(2):95-120.
  • Bildirici,M. (2004b). Political Instability and Growth: An Econometric Analysis of Turkey, Mexico, Argentina and Brazil, 1985 – 2004. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 4(4):5-26.
  • Bildirici, M. & Bohur, E. (2015). Design and Economic Growth: Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210:193-202 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.359.
  • Binbin, M., William, L. & Xiangqian, L. (2015). Defense Expenditure and Income Inequality: Evidence on Co-integration and Causality for China. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(3): 327-339, DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2013.810026.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I. & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4):1450-1460.
  • Elveren A.Y. (2012). Military Spending and Income Inequality: Evidence on Cointegration and Causality for Turkey,1963–2007. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(3): 289-301, DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2011.578414.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3):424–438.
  • Hirnissa, M.T., Habibullah, M. & Baharom, A.H. (2009). Defense Spending and Income Inequality: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries. Modern Applied Science, 3(5): 96-111, DOI: 10.5539/mas.v3n5p96.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, H. & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1): 53–74.
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residuals based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90:1-44.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. & Chu, C. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1):1–24.
  • Lin, E. S. & Ali, H. E.  (2009). Military Spending and Inequality: Panel Granger Causality Test. Journal of Peace Research, 46: 671-685.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, November Special Issue.
  • Raza, A.R. & Shahbaz M. (2014). To Battle Income Inequality, Focus on Military Expenditures: Lesson from Pakistan. MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich Germany.
  • Shahbaz M., & et al. (2015). Linkages between Defense Spending and Income Inequality in Iran. MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich Germany.
  • Taş, S., Örnek, İ., & Aksoğan, G. (2013). Defense Spending, Growth and Inequality,1970-2008: An Econometric Analysis. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 12 (3):659-682.
  • Töngür, Ü. & Elveren, A.Y.  (2013). Military Expenditures, Income Inequality, Welfare and Political Regimes: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(1):49-74 DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2013.848577.
  • Töngür, Ü. & Elveren, A.Y.  (2014). The impact of military spending and income inequality on economic growth in Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 27(3):433-453 DOI:10.1080/10242694.2014.925324.
  • Töngür, Ü. & Elveren, A.Y. (2017). The nexus of economic growth, military expenditures, and income inequality. Quality and Quantity, 51:1821-1842 DOI: 10.1007/s11135-016-0368-4.
  • Ucal M., Karabulut G. & Bilgin M.H. (2009). Military Expenditures and Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Israel. MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich Germany.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2016a). Defence Spending and Income Inequality in Taiwan. Defence and Peace Economics, 27(6):871-884 DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2014.886436.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2016b). Military expenditure and income distribution in South Korea. Defence and Peace Economics, 27(4):571-581, DOI:10.1080/10242694.2014.960247.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Engin Çenberci 0000-0002-7429-502X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Aralık 2019
Kabul Tarihi 17 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Çenberci, E. (2019). Defense Expenditures and Income Inequality: Evidence from Chosen Euro Using Countries. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(6), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.472974

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.