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Development of the Striving for Goals Scale

Year 2015, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 233 - 244, 29.09.2015

Abstract

Goals are the most important indicator for physical and mental health. If individuals set goals and strive for them, their life and their health conditions will get better position. Literature indicates that the happiest people have some goals to maintain for their happiness. As a result, this study aims to develop a striving for goal scale. There had been a total of 310 individuals (155 female and 155 male) in the study. The study group has individual from three important developmental stages like adolescents, young adults and adults. Adolescents are high school students in Eskisehir; young adults also students at Osmangazi University in Eskisehir. Adults came from university students’ family. It has been used scale development procedures in the study such as reliability and validity analysis, explatory and confirmatory analysis.  For validity of the scale, The Oxford Happiness Scale was implemented. Research results show that the scale which is developed has good and satisfactory reliability and validity values. Additionally, the scale which is named “Striving for goal scale” have three important dimensions which are named “Commitment of goals”, “Persistence in goal striving”, and also “Goals give up”. The Scale Striving for Goal is valid and reliable, and also will be used for future researches. 

References

  • Austin, J.T., & Vancouver, J.B. (1996). Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 338–375.
  • Baltes, P.B., & Baltes, M.M. (1990). Psychological perspectives insuccessful aging: Themodel of selective optimization with compensation. In PB Baltes, MM Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp.25-123.
  • Bandura A (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 248–287.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
  • Carver, C.S., Scheier, M.E. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.pp. 36-129.
  • Covington, M.V. (2000) Goal theory, motivation, and school achievement: an integrative review. Annual Review of Psychology, (51): 171-200.
  • Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the selfdetermination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychol Bull, 95:542-575.
  • Doğan, T., & Çötok, N.A. (2011). Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4 (36):165-172.
  • Elliott, E.S., & Dweck, C.S. (1988). Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 5–12.
  • Eryılmaz, A. (2010). Yeniden gözden geçirme: pozitif psikoterapi ve gelişimsel rehberlik bağlamında ergenler için amaçları genişletme programı. Aile ve Toplum Dergisi 20, 53-65.
  • Eryılmaz, A. (2012a). Amaçlar: Ruhsal ve bedensel sağlığı korumanın önemli bir aracı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4(4), 428-448.
  • Eryılmaz, A. (2012b). Pozitif psikoterapi bağlamında yaşam amaçları ölçeğinin üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 15, 166-174.
  • Emmons, R.A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: motivation and spirituality in personality. New York, Guilford, 123-145.
  • Emmons, R.A. (2003) Personal goals, life meaning, and virtue: Wellsprings of a positive life. In C L M.Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 105–128.
  • Emmons, R.A. (2005). Striving for the sacred: Personal goals, life meaning, and religion. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 731-746.
  • Gollwitzer, P.M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69-119.
  • Heady, B. (2008). Life goals matter to happiness: A revision of set-point theory. Social Indicators Research, 86: 213–231.
  • Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102, 284-304.
  • Hills, P., Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Pers Indiv Differ, 33, 1073–1082.
  • İlhan, T. (2009). Üniversite öğrencilerinin benlik uyumu modeli: yaşam amaçları, temel psiko-lojik ihtiyaçlar ve öznel iyi oluş (Doktora tezi). Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Kasser, T., & Ryan, R.M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 280–287.
  • Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (2nd Editioned.). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (2006). New directions in goal setting theory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 265–268.
  • Lyubommirsky, S. (2001). Why are some people happier than others: The role of cognitive and motivational processes in wellbeing. Ame Psychol, 56, 239-249.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K.M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Rev Gen Psychol, 9:111-131.
  • Oettingen. G., Gollwitzer, P.M. (2001). Goal setting and goal striving. In A. Tesser N. Schwarz (Eds.), Intraindividual process. Volume I of the Blackwell Handbook in Social Psychology (pp. 329-347). Oxford Blackwell.
  • Seligman, M.E.P.(2002). Authentic happiness. New York, Free Press.
  • Sheldon, K.M., Elliot, A.J. (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 482–497.
  • Sheldon, K.M., & Kassr, T. (1998). Pursuing personal goals: Skills enable progress, but not all progress is beneficial. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1319–1331.
  • Sheldon, K.M., Kasser, T., Smith, K., & Share, T. (2002). Personal goals and psychological growth: Testing an intervention to enhance goal-attainment and personality integration. Journal of Personality, 70, 5-31.
  • Spence, G.B., & Grant, A.M. (2007). Professional and peer life coac hing andthe enhancement of goal strivingand well-being: An exploratory study. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3): 185–194.

Amaçlar İçin Mücadele Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi

Year 2015, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 233 - 244, 29.09.2015

Abstract

Amaçlar, hem ruhsal hem de bedensel sağlık için önemli bir göstergedir. Bireyler; amaçlar belirleyip, belirledikleri amaçlar doğrultusunda çaba gösterirlerse yaşamları daha anlamlı hale gelmektedir. Böylece daha mutlu olmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, amaçlar için mücadele ölçeğinin geliştirilmesidir. Araştırmanın katılımcılarını, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesinde öğrenim gören 18–22 yaş arasında (ort.20.01) 102 (51 kız ve 51 erkek) üniversite öğrencisi ile üniversite öğrencilerinin ailelerinden oluşan 42-63 (ort. 48.17)  yaşları arasında 102  (51 kadın ve 51 erkek) yetişkin ve Eskişehir de lise öğrenimi gören 14–17 yaş arasında (ort.15.10) 106  (53 kız ve 53 erkek) lisesi öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada geçerlik çalışmasında, Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde hem açımlayıcı hem de doğrulayıcı faktör analizi teknikleri ile bazı güvenirlik analizi teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, üç boyutlu “Amaçlar İçin Mücadele Etme Ölçeği’ne” ulaşılmıştır. Geliştirilen ölçeğin boyutları “Amaca Bağlanma”, “Amaçlar İçin Mücadeleye Devam Etme” ve “Mücadeleyi Bırakma” olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Geliştirilen ölçeğin psikometrik özelliklerinin tatminkâr düzeyde olduğu bulunmuştur.  İleride geliştirilen ölçekle yapılacak çalışmalarla bu sürece ilişkin daha detaylı bilgilere ulaşılabilir. 

References

  • Austin, J.T., & Vancouver, J.B. (1996). Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 338–375.
  • Baltes, P.B., & Baltes, M.M. (1990). Psychological perspectives insuccessful aging: Themodel of selective optimization with compensation. In PB Baltes, MM Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp.25-123.
  • Bandura A (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 248–287.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
  • Carver, C.S., Scheier, M.E. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.pp. 36-129.
  • Covington, M.V. (2000) Goal theory, motivation, and school achievement: an integrative review. Annual Review of Psychology, (51): 171-200.
  • Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the selfdetermination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychol Bull, 95:542-575.
  • Doğan, T., & Çötok, N.A. (2011). Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4 (36):165-172.
  • Elliott, E.S., & Dweck, C.S. (1988). Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 5–12.
  • Eryılmaz, A. (2010). Yeniden gözden geçirme: pozitif psikoterapi ve gelişimsel rehberlik bağlamında ergenler için amaçları genişletme programı. Aile ve Toplum Dergisi 20, 53-65.
  • Eryılmaz, A. (2012a). Amaçlar: Ruhsal ve bedensel sağlığı korumanın önemli bir aracı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4(4), 428-448.
  • Eryılmaz, A. (2012b). Pozitif psikoterapi bağlamında yaşam amaçları ölçeğinin üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 15, 166-174.
  • Emmons, R.A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: motivation and spirituality in personality. New York, Guilford, 123-145.
  • Emmons, R.A. (2003) Personal goals, life meaning, and virtue: Wellsprings of a positive life. In C L M.Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 105–128.
  • Emmons, R.A. (2005). Striving for the sacred: Personal goals, life meaning, and religion. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 731-746.
  • Gollwitzer, P.M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69-119.
  • Heady, B. (2008). Life goals matter to happiness: A revision of set-point theory. Social Indicators Research, 86: 213–231.
  • Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102, 284-304.
  • Hills, P., Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Pers Indiv Differ, 33, 1073–1082.
  • İlhan, T. (2009). Üniversite öğrencilerinin benlik uyumu modeli: yaşam amaçları, temel psiko-lojik ihtiyaçlar ve öznel iyi oluş (Doktora tezi). Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Kasser, T., & Ryan, R.M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 280–287.
  • Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (2nd Editioned.). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (2006). New directions in goal setting theory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 265–268.
  • Lyubommirsky, S. (2001). Why are some people happier than others: The role of cognitive and motivational processes in wellbeing. Ame Psychol, 56, 239-249.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K.M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Rev Gen Psychol, 9:111-131.
  • Oettingen. G., Gollwitzer, P.M. (2001). Goal setting and goal striving. In A. Tesser N. Schwarz (Eds.), Intraindividual process. Volume I of the Blackwell Handbook in Social Psychology (pp. 329-347). Oxford Blackwell.
  • Seligman, M.E.P.(2002). Authentic happiness. New York, Free Press.
  • Sheldon, K.M., Elliot, A.J. (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 482–497.
  • Sheldon, K.M., & Kassr, T. (1998). Pursuing personal goals: Skills enable progress, but not all progress is beneficial. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1319–1331.
  • Sheldon, K.M., Kasser, T., Smith, K., & Share, T. (2002). Personal goals and psychological growth: Testing an intervention to enhance goal-attainment and personality integration. Journal of Personality, 70, 5-31.
  • Spence, G.B., & Grant, A.M. (2007). Professional and peer life coac hing andthe enhancement of goal strivingand well-being: An exploratory study. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3): 185–194.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Eryılmaz

Publication Date September 29, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 8 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Eryılmaz, A. (2015). Amaçlar İçin Mücadele Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(4), 233-244. https://doi.org/10.12780/uusbd.19605

Address: Uşak University Graduate Education Institute
Telephone: 0276 221 21 60 Fax: 0276 221 21 61
E-mail: sosyaldergi@usak.edu.tr