Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Ortak Öteki Suriyeli: Sosyal Kimlik ve Gerçekçi Çatışma Bağlamında Suriyeli Mülteci Temsili

Year 2023, Volume: 38 Issue: 92, 103 - 128

Sami Çoksan Bengi Öner Özkan

https://doi.org/10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1352225

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı kendisini Türk (avantajlı grup) veya Kürt (dezavantajlı grup) olarak kimliklendiren katılımcıların Suriyeli mülteci temsillerini, sosyal kimlik ve gerçekçi çatışma algısı bağlamında betimlemek ve bu temsillerin katılımcıların iç grup özdeşimleri ile ilişkisini incelemektir. Bu kapsamda yaş ortalaması 39.6 olan 16’sı kadın 34 katılımcı ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme gerçekleştirilmiş ve katılımcıların iç grup özdeşimleri ölçülmüştür.
Katılımcıların Suriyeli mülteciler hakkında temsilleri yedi olumsuz tema altında toplanmıştır. Bunlar ekonomik yük ve finansal tehdit Suriyeli, toplumsal yıkıcı Suriyeli, kültürel kirletici Suriyeli, göçmen/mülteci Suriyeli, ülkesini bırakan/kaçan Suriyeli, dilenci/evsiz Suriyeli ve çok çocuklu üreyen Suriyelidir. Tüm temalar için yargıcılar arası tutarlılığın kabul edilebilir sınırın üzerinde olduğu görülmüştür. İç grupla özdeşim arttıkça Suriyeli mültecilerin kültürel kirletici olarak temsil edilme gücünün arttığı gözlenmiştir. Ancak iç grup özdeşimi, Suriyeli mültecilerin finansal tehdit olarak temsil edilme gücünü yordamamaktadır. Suriyeli mülteciler kültürel kirletici temsiline kıyasla daha fazla finansal tehdit olarak temsil edilmektedir. Türk ve Kürt katılımcılar arasında Suriyeli mültecilerin finansal ya da kültürel tehdit olarak temsil edilmesi açısından bir fark gözlenmemiştir. Bulgular, sosyal kimlik, gruplar arası rekabet, gerçekçi çatışma ve sembolik tehdit algısı bağlamında yorumlanmış, olası toplumsal problemleri engellemek için Suriyeli mültecilere yönelik olumsuz temsillerin nasıl dönüştürülebileceği tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Ekonomik tehdit kültürel tehdit özdeşim Suriyeli mülteci temsili temsil

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırma 2018-SOS-054 koduyla Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi İnsan Araştırmaları Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır. Araştırma öncesinde tüm gönüllülerden yazılı ve sözlü onam alınmıştır. Beyan edilecek herhangi bir fikir ayrılığı ya da çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır.

Thanks

Veri toplama sürecinde bize yardım eden Gülin YILDIZ ile Serpil YILDIZ-ÇOKSAN'a teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Abrams, D. ve Hogg, M. A. (2000). Social identity and social cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Abric, J. C. (2001). A structural approach to social representations. K. Deaux ve G. Philogène (Edl.), Representations of the social: Bridging theoretical traditions içinde (42– 47). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Alan, S. (2021). Altındağ’da Suriyelilere saldırı: Bize gidin diyorlar, nereye gidelim? Gazete Duvar. https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/altindagda-suriyelilere- saldiri-bize-gidin-diyorlar-nereye-gidelim-haber-1531533
  • Amnesty (2014). Suruç'ta hukuksuz bir şekilde gözaltına alınan Kobaneli mülteciler geri gönderilme riski altında. (01.04.2019 tarihinde https://www.amnesty.org.tr/icerik/suructa-hukuksuz-bir-sekilde-goz-altina-alinan- kobaneli-multeciler-geri-gonderilme-riski-altinda adresinden alınmıştır.)
  • Baser, B., & Ozerdem, A. (2021). Conflict transformation and asymmetric conflicts: A critique of the failed Turkish-Kurdish peace process. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(8), 1775-1796. doi: 0.1080/09546553.2019.1657844
  • Bagci, S. C., Guvensoy, I., Turner, R. N., White, F. A. ve Piyale, Z. E. (2021). Investigating the role of E‐contact and self‐disclosure on improving Turkish‐Kurdish interethnic relations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 51(6), 577-593. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12760
  • Bagci, S. C. ve Canpolat, E. (2019). Group efficacy as a moderator on the associations between perceived discrimination, acculturation orientations, and psychological well‐ being. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 30(1), 45-58. doi: doi.org/10.1002/casp.2421
  • Bağcı, S. Ç. ve Hüsnü Raman, Ş. (2020). İçgrup kimlikle özdeşleşmenin dışgrup tutumlar ve davranışsal eğilimler üzerinde etkisi: Kıbrıs ve Türkiye Örneği Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 35(Özel Sayı), 133-155. doi: 10.31828/tpd1300443320190525x000042
  • Bauer, M. W. ve Gaskell, G. (1999). Towards a paradigm for research on social representations. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 29(2), 163–186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00096
  • Becker, J. C., Wagner, U. ve Christ, O. (2011). Consequences of the 2008 financial crisis for intergroup relations: The role of perceived threat and causal attributions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(6), 871-885. doi: 10.1177/1368430211407643
  • Böhm, R., Rusch, H. ve Baron, J. (2018). The psychology of intergroup conflict: A review of theories and measures. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 178, 947-962. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2018.01.020
  • Breakwell, G. M. (1993). Social representations and social identity. Papers on Social Representations, 2(3), 198-217. Budge, I., Crewe, I. ve Farlie, D. (2010). Party identification and beyond: Representations of voting and party competition. UK: ECPR Press.
  • Burhan, O. K. ve Leeuwen, E. V. (2016). Altering perceived cultural and economic threats can increase immigrant helping. Journal of Social Issues, 72(3), 548–565. doi: 10.1111/josi.12181
  • Çağlar, İ. ve Özkır, Y. (2014). Suriyeli mültecilerin Türkiye basınında temsili. K. İnat ve M. Ataman (Ed.), Ortadoğu yıllığı içinde (487-501). Sakarya: Açılım
  • Çakal, H., Hewstone, M., Güler, M. ve Heath, A. (2016) Predicting support for collective action in the conflict between Turks and Kurds: Perceived threats as a mediator of intergroup contact and social identity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(6), 732– 752. doi: 10.1177/1368430216641303
  • Çakıcı, A., Yılmaz, Ş. ve Çakıcı, A. C. (2016). Mülteci esnaf sorunlari: Mersin’deki Suriyeli esnaflar üzerinde bir araştırma. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 833-840.
  • Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37-46. doi: 10.1177/001316446002000104
  • Çoksan, S. (2016). Sosyal kimlik özdeşimi ve iç grup normunun iç grup yanlılığı ile ilişkisi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Mersin Üniversitesi,. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33748.45444
  • Çoksan, S., & Cingöz-Ulu, B. (2021). Group norms moderate the effect of identification on ingroup bias. Current Psychology. doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-02091-x
  • Çoymak, A. (2009). Associations of religious identification, secular identification, perceived discrimination, and political trust with ethnic and societal (national) identification. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Çoymak, A. (2018). Kı̇mmı̇ş o ayrılıkçı: Türkı̇ye’de uzun süredı̇ devam eden Türk-Kürt çatışmasının çoklu sosyal kı̇mlı̇k dı̇namikleṙinı̇ çözümlemek. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları. 21(Özel Sayı), 38-56.
  • Çoymak, A. (2020). Functions of social representations in honour violence: The “Other East” as responsible. Social Justice Research, 33, 284-307. doi: 10.1007/s11211-020-00349-6
  • Doğanay, Ü. ve Keneş, H. Ç. (2016). Yazılı basında Suriyeli ‘mülteciler’: Ayrımcı söylemlerin rasyonel ve duygusal gerekçelerinin inşası. Mülkiye dergisi, 40(1), 143- 184.Doosje, B., Ellemers, N. ve Spears, R. (1999). Group commitment and intergroup behavior. N. Ellemers, R. Spears ve B. Doosje (Ed.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content içinde (84-105). Oxford, United States of America: Blackwell Publishing Limited.
  • Duckitt, J. ve Mphuthing, T. (1998). Group identification and intergroup attitudes: A longitudinal analysis in South Africa. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 80. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.80
  • Echebarria-Echabe, A. ve Guede, E. F. (2003). Extending the theory of realistic conflict to competition in institutional settings: Intergroup status and outcome. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143(6), 763-782. doi: 10.1080/00224540309600429
  • Edge, S. ve Newbold, B. (2013). Discrimination and the health of immigrants and refugees: Exploring Canada’s evidence base and directions for future research in newcomer receiving countries. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 15(1), 141-148. doi: 10.1007/s10903-012-9640-4
  • Elcheroth, G., Doise, W. ve Reicher, S. (2011). On the knowledge of politics and the politics of knowledge: How a social representations approach helps us rethink the subject of political psychology. Political Psychology, 32(5), 729-758. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 9221.2011.00834.x
  • Erdoğan, E. ve Semerci, P. U. (2018). Illegality in the informal labour market: Findings from pilot research on child labour in Istanbul. Research and Policy on Turkey, 3, 2, 138- 154. doi: 10.1080/23760818.2018.1517448
  • Falomir-Pichastor, J. M. ve Frederic, N. S. (2013). The dark side of heterogeneous ingroup identities: National identification, perceived threat, and prejudice against immigrants. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1), 72-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.016
  • Gordils, J., Elliot, A. J., & Jamieson, J. P. (2021). The effect of perceived interracial competition on psychological outcomes. PloS one, 16(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245671
  • Green, E., Fasel, N. ve Sarrasin, O. (2010). The more the merrier? The effects of type of cultural diversity on exclusionary immigration attitudes in Switzerland. International Journal of Conflict and Violence. 4(2), 177-190. doi: 10.4119/ijcv-2824
  • Hadley, C. ve Patil, C. (2009). Perceived discrimination among three groups of refugees resettled in the USA: Associations with language, time in the USA, and continent of origin. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 11(6), 505-525. doi: 10.1007/s10903-009-9227-x
  • Haig, G. (2004). The invisibilisation of Kurdish: The other side of language planning in Turkey. S. Conermann ve G. Haig (Eds.) Die Kurden. Stu-dien zu ihrer Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur içinde (121-150). Hamburg: EB Verlag
  • Hanson-Easey, S. ve Moloney, G. (2009). Social representations of refugees: place of origin as a delineating resource. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19(6), 506-514. doi: 10.1002/casp.1010
  • Hartley, L. ve Pedersen, A. (2015). Asylum seekers and resettled refugees in Australia: Predicting social policy attitude from prejudice versus emotion. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 3(1), 142-160. doi: 10.5964/jspp.v3i1.476
  • Howarth, C. (2006). A social representation is not a quiet thing: Exploring the critical potential of social representations theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(1), 65-86. doi: 10.1348/014466605X43777
  • Hraba, J., Hagendoorn, L. ve Hagendoorn, R. (1989). The ethnic hierarchy in the Netherlands: Social distance and social representation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 57–69. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00846.x
  • Human Right Watch. (2017). World Report 2017. USA: Human Right Watch. Insko, C. A., Schopler, J., Kennedy, J. F., Dahl, K. R., Graetz, K. A. ve Drigotas, S. M. (1992). Individual-group discontinuity from the differing perspectives of Campbell's Realistic Group Conflict Theory and Tajfel and Turner's Social Identity Theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 272-291. doi: 10.2307/2786796
  • Isaksen, J. V., Jakobsen, T. G., Filindra, A. ve Strabac, Z. (2016). The return of prejudice in Europe’s regions: The moderated relationship between group threat and economic vulnerability. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 22(3), 249–277. doi: 10.1080/13537113.2016.1203693
  • James, L. R., Demaree, R. G. ve Wolf, G. (1993). rwg: An assessment of within-group interrater agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 306. doi: 10.1037/0021- 9010.78.2.306
  • Jetten, J., Spears, R. ve Manstead, A. S. (1997). Strength of identification and intergroup differentiation: The influence of group norms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27(5), 603-609. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099- 0992(199709/10)27:5<603::AID-EJSP816>3.0.CO;2-B
  • Kenworthy, J. B., Barden, M. A., Diamond, S. ve del Carmen, A. (2011). Ingroup identification as a moderator of racial bias in a shoot–no shoot decision task. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(3), 311-318. doi: 10.1177/1368430210392932
  • Khawaja, N. G., White, K. M., Schweitzer, R. ve Greenslade, J. (2008). Difficulties and coping strategies of Sudanese refugees: A qualitative approach. Transcultural Psychiatry, 45(3), 489-512. doi: 10.1177/1363461508094678
  • Kim, S. Y., Schwartz, S. J., Perreira, K. M. ve Juang, L. P. (2018). Culture's influence on stressors, parental socialization, and developmental processes in the mental health of children of immigrants. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 14, 343-370. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084925
  • Koc, Y. ve Anderson, J. R. (2018). Social distance toward Syrian refugees: The role of intergroup anxiety in facilitating positive relations. Journal of Social Issues, 74(4), 790-811. doi: 10.1111/josi.12299
  • Koç, F. (2015). 1985-1995 Kürt göçü ve Türkiye’nin büyük proleterleşme süreci. Türkiye Devrimci İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu Araştırma Enstitüsü Bülteni, 4, 74-85.
  • KONDA (2011). Kürt Meselesi'nde algı ve beklentiler. İletişim Yayinlari, Istanbul. Konukoğlu, K., Üsten, E. ve Güngör, D. (2020). Suriyeli mültecilerden algılanan tehditte kent kimliği ve değerlerin rolü: Yerli göçmen perspektifi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 35(Özel Sayı), 105-125. doi: 10.31828/tpd1300443320201122x000041
  • Korkmaz, E. E. (2018). Türkiye'de tekstil sanayisinin sosyal taraflarının mülteci işçilerin istihdamına bakışı. Çalışma ve Toplum, 56(1), 93-120.
  • Kus, L., Liu, J. ve Ward, C. (2013). Relative deprivation versus system justification: Polemical social representations and identity positioning in a post‐Soviet society. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43(5), 423-437.doi: 10.1002/ejsp.1958
  • Kushner, A. R. (1999). Kosovo and the refugee crisis, 1999: The search for patterns amidst the prejudice. Patterns of Prejudice, 33(3), 73-86. doi: 10.1080/003132299128810641
  • Leach, M. (2003). "Disturbing practices": Dehumanizing asylum seekers in the refugee "Crisis" in Australia, 2001-2002, Refuge, 21(3), 25-33. doi: 10.25071/1920-7336.21301
  • Leong, C. H. ve Ward, C. (2011). Intergroup perceptions and attitudes toward immigrants in a culturally plural society. Applied Psychology, 60(1), 46–65. doi: 10.1111/j.1464- 0597.2010.00426.x
  • LeVine, R. A. ve Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Lyons, E. ve Sotirakopoulou, K. (1991). Images of European countries. British Psychological Society Social Psychology Konferansı, University of Surrey.
  • Meeusen, C., Abts, K. ve Meuleman, B. (2019). Between solidarity and competitive threat?: The ambivalence of anti-immigrant attitudes among ethnic minorities. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 71, 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.04.002
  • Moscovici, S. (1981). On social representations. J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Social Cognition: Perspectives on Everyday Understanding içinde (181– 209). Academic Press, London
  • Moscovici, S. (1984). The phenomenon of social representations. R. M. Farr ve J. S. Moscovici (Edl.), Social representation içinde (3-69). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Moscovici, S. (2000). The phenomenon of social representations. G. Duveen (Ed.), Social representations: Explorations in social psychology içinde (ss. 18-77). Polity Press.
  • Moscovici, S. ve Hewstone, M. (1983). Social representations and social explanations: From the 'naive' to the 'amateur' scientist. M. Hewstone (Ed.), Attribution theory: Social and functional extensions içinde (98-125). Oxford, United States of America: Blackwell Publishing Limited.
  • Mutlu, S. (1996). Ethnic Kurds in Turkey: A demographic study. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 28, 517–541. doi: 10.1017/ S0020743800063819
  • Nakashima, K. I., Isobe, C. ve Ura, M. (2012). In-group representation and social value affect the use of in‐group identification for maintaining and enhancing self-evaluation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 15(1), 49-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-839X.2011.01361.x
  • Obaidi, M., Kunst, J. R., Kteily, N., Thomsen, L. ve Sidanius, J. (2018). Living under threat: Mutual threat perception drives anti-Muslim and anti-Western hostility in the age of terrorism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(5), 567–584. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2362
  • Otten, S. ve Epstude, K. (2006). Overlapping mental representations of self, ingroup, and outgroup: unraveling self-stereotyping and self-anchoring. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(7), 957–969. doi: 10.1177/0146167206287254
  • Özdemir, F. ve Öner-Özkan, B. (2016). Türkiye’de sosyal medya kullanıcılarının Suriyeli mültecilere ilişkin sosyal temsilleri. Nesne Psikolojisi Dergisi, 4(8), 227-245. doi: 10.7816/nesne-04-08-04
  • Pandır, M., Efe, İ. ve Paksoy, A. F. (2015). Türk Basınında Suriyeli Sığınmacı Temsili Üzerine Bir İçerik Analizi/A Content Analysis on the Representation of Syrian Asylum Seekers in the Turkish Press. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, (24), 1-26. doi: 10.17829/midr.20152419995
  • Pedersen, A. ve Hartley, L. K. (2015). Can we make a difference? Prejudice towards asylum seekers in Australia and the effectiveness of antiprejudice interventions. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 9(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1017/prp.2015.1
  • Pedersen, A., Griffiths, B., Contos, N., Bishop, B. ve Walker, I. (2000). Attitudes toward Aboriginal Australians in city and country settings. Australian Psychologist, 35(2), 109-117. doi: 10.1080/00050060008260332
  • Pierse, C. (1997). Violation of cultural rights of Kurds in Turkey. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 15(3), 325–341. doi: 10.1177/092405199701500304
  • Rees, S. ve Silove, D. (2011). Sakit Hati: A state of chronic mental distress related to resentment and anger amongst West Papuan refugees exposed to persecution. Social Science & Medicine, 73(1), 103-110. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.004
  • Renner, W., Thomas, A., Mikulajová, M. ve Newman, D. (2018). Threat perception and modern racism as possible predictors of attitudes towards asylum seekers: Comparative findings from Austria, Germany, and Slovakia. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 7(12), 10-22. doi: 10.18533/ijbsr.v7i12.1081
  • Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W. ve Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 336–353. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
  • Rios, K., Sosa, N. ve Osborn, H. (2018). An experimental approach to intergroup threat theory: Manipulations, moderators, and consequences of realistic vs. symbolic threat. European Review of Social Psychology, 29(1), 212–255. doi: 10.1080/10463283.2018.1537049
  • Rohmann, A., Florack, A. ve Piontkowski, U. (2006). The role of discordant acculturation attitudes in perceived threat: An analysis of host and immigrant attitudes in Germany. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(6), 683–702. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.06.006
  • Romer, D., Jamieson, K. H., Riegner, C., Emori, M. ve Rouson, B. (1997). Blame discourse versus realistic conflict as explanations of ethnic tension in urban neighborhoods. Political Communication, 14(3), 273-291. doi: 10.1080/105846097199326
  • Rumford, C. (2001). Human rights and democratization in Turkey in the context of EU candidature. Journal of European Area Studies, 9(1), 93-106. doi: 10.1080/14608460120061975
  • Saatci, M. (2002). Nation-states and ethnic boundaries: modern Turkish identity and Turkish- Kurdish conflict. Nations and Nationalism, 8(4), 549-564. doi:10.1111/1469- 8219.00065
  • Sarrasin, O., Green, E. G. T., Bolzman, C., Visintin, E. P. ve Politi, E. (2018). Competition- and identity-based roots of anti-immigration prejudice among individuals with and without an immigrant background. International Review of Social Psychology, 31(1), 1–12. doi: 10.5334/irsp.155
  • Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B. ve Hewes, D. E. (2005). The parasocial contact hypothesis. Communication Monographs, 72(1), 92-115. doi: 10.1080/0363775052000342544
  • Schneider, S. L. (2008). Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 24(1), 53-67. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcm034 Schweitzer, R., Perkoulidis, S., Krome, S., Ludlow, C. ve
  • Ryan, M. (2005). Attitudes towards refugees: The dark side of prejudice in Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57(3), 170-179. doi: 10.1080/00049530500125199
  • Sherif, M. (1966). Group conflict and co-operation. London: Psychology Press, doi: 10.4324/9781315717005 Sherif, M. ve Sherif, C. W. (1953). Groups in harmony and tension; an integration of studies of intergroup relations. NY: Harper & Brothers.
  • Siegfried, K. (2020). The Refugee Brief – 11 March 2020. UN Refugee Agency. (03.09.2020 tarihinde https://www.unhcr.org/refugeebrief/the-refugee-brief-11-march-2020/ adresinden alınmıştır.)
  • Somer, M. (2004). Turkey’s Kurdish conflict: Changing context, and domestic and regional implications. Middle East Journal, 58(2), 235-253. doi: 10.3751/58.2.1
  • Sommer, C. M. (1998). Social representations and media communications. U. Flick (Ed.), The Psychology of the Social içinde (186-195). Cambridge University Press.
  • Spiteri, D. (2013). Can my perceptions of the ‘other’change? Challenging prejudices against migrants amongst adolescent boys in a school for low achievers in Malta. Research in Education, 89(1), 41-60. doi: 10.7227/RIE.89.1.4
  • Staerklé, C., Sidanius, J., Green, E. G. T. ve Molina, L. (2005). Ethnic minority-majority asymmetry and attitudes towards immigrants across 11 nations. Psicología Política, 30, 7-26.
  • Stephan, W. G. ve Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threats in intergroup relations. D. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions içinde (ss. 191-208). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Stephan, W. G. ve Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination içinde (23-45). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Stephan, W. G., Boniecki, K. A., Ybarra, O., Bettencourt, A., Ervin, K. S., Jackson, L. A., … Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threats in the racial attitudes of Blacks and Whites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1242–1254. doi: 10.1177/01461672022812009
  • Stephan, W. G., Renfro, C. L., Esses, V. M., Stephan, C.W. ve Martin, T. (2005). The effects of feeling threatened on attitudes toward immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.04.011
  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O. ve Morrison, K. R. (2009). Intergroup threat theory. T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination içinde (43-59). New York, NY, US: Psychology Press.
  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O. ve Rios, K. (2016). Intergroup threat theory. T. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination içinde (255–278). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
  • Şahinkaya Adar, A. (2018). Türkiye’de yeni prekarya Suriyeli işgücü mü?. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(56), 13-36.
  • Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1–39. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245
  • Tajfel, H. ve Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. W. G. Austin ve S. Worchel (Ed.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations içinde (33-37). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Taşdelen, B. (2020). Twitter’da Suriyeli mültecilere karşi çevrimiçi nefret söylemi:# suriyelileriistemiyoruz. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 11(2), 562-575.
  • Tropp, L. R., Uluğ, Ö. M. ve Uysal, M. S. (2021). How intergroup contact and communication about group differences predict collective action intentions among advantaged groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 80, 7– 16. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.10.012
  • Turner, J. C. (1978). Social categorisation and social discrimination in the minimal group paradigm. H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of ıntergroup relations içinde (101-140), London and New York: Academic Press.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanlık (1961). 5 Eylül 1961 gün ve 10898 Sayılı Resmi Gazete 359 Sayılı Onay Kanunu.
  • Uluğ, Ö. M. ve Cohrs, J. C. (2016). An exploration of lay people’s Kurdish conflict frames in Turkey. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 22(2), 109–119. doi: 10.1037/pac0000165
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2017). Global trends - Forced displacement in 2016. (01.04.2019 tarihinde https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2016/ adresinden alınmıştır.)
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2019). Figures at a glance: Statistical yearbooks. (01.04.2019 tarihinde https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html adresinden alınmıştır.)
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2021). Registered Syrian refugees. (10.01.2020 tarihinde https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/113 adresinden alınmıştır.)
  • Ünlü, Ö. (2016). Göçmen kadınlar ve devletsiz neslin çocukları: Hak mahrumiyetinden yoksulluğa. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 39-58. doi: 10.21798/kadem.2016119796
  • Von Hermanni, H. ve Neumann, R. (2019). ‘Refugees welcome?’The interplay between perceived threats and general concerns on the acceptance of refugees–a factorial survey approach in Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(3), 349-374. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1459183
  • Watzlawik, M. ve de Luna, I. B. (2017). The self in movement: Being identified and identifying oneself in the process of migration and asylum seeking. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 51(2), 244-260. doi: 10.1007/s12124-017- 9386-6
  • Xiao, Y. J. ve Bavel, J. J. (2012). See your friends close and your enemies closer: Social identity and identity threat shape the representation of physical distance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(7), 959-972. doi: 10.1177/01461672124422

Year 2023, Volume: 38 Issue: 92, 103 - 128

Sami Çoksan Bengi Öner Özkan

https://doi.org/10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1352225

Abstract

References

  • Abrams, D. ve Hogg, M. A. (2000). Social identity and social cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Abric, J. C. (2001). A structural approach to social representations. K. Deaux ve G. Philogène (Edl.), Representations of the social: Bridging theoretical traditions içinde (42– 47). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Alan, S. (2021). Altındağ’da Suriyelilere saldırı: Bize gidin diyorlar, nereye gidelim? Gazete Duvar. https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/altindagda-suriyelilere- saldiri-bize-gidin-diyorlar-nereye-gidelim-haber-1531533
  • Amnesty (2014). Suruç'ta hukuksuz bir şekilde gözaltına alınan Kobaneli mülteciler geri gönderilme riski altında. (01.04.2019 tarihinde https://www.amnesty.org.tr/icerik/suructa-hukuksuz-bir-sekilde-goz-altina-alinan- kobaneli-multeciler-geri-gonderilme-riski-altinda adresinden alınmıştır.)
  • Baser, B., & Ozerdem, A. (2021). Conflict transformation and asymmetric conflicts: A critique of the failed Turkish-Kurdish peace process. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(8), 1775-1796. doi: 0.1080/09546553.2019.1657844
  • Bagci, S. C., Guvensoy, I., Turner, R. N., White, F. A. ve Piyale, Z. E. (2021). Investigating the role of E‐contact and self‐disclosure on improving Turkish‐Kurdish interethnic relations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 51(6), 577-593. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12760
  • Bagci, S. C. ve Canpolat, E. (2019). Group efficacy as a moderator on the associations between perceived discrimination, acculturation orientations, and psychological well‐ being. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 30(1), 45-58. doi: doi.org/10.1002/casp.2421
  • Bağcı, S. Ç. ve Hüsnü Raman, Ş. (2020). İçgrup kimlikle özdeşleşmenin dışgrup tutumlar ve davranışsal eğilimler üzerinde etkisi: Kıbrıs ve Türkiye Örneği Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 35(Özel Sayı), 133-155. doi: 10.31828/tpd1300443320190525x000042
  • Bauer, M. W. ve Gaskell, G. (1999). Towards a paradigm for research on social representations. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 29(2), 163–186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00096
  • Becker, J. C., Wagner, U. ve Christ, O. (2011). Consequences of the 2008 financial crisis for intergroup relations: The role of perceived threat and causal attributions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(6), 871-885. doi: 10.1177/1368430211407643
  • Böhm, R., Rusch, H. ve Baron, J. (2018). The psychology of intergroup conflict: A review of theories and measures. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 178, 947-962. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2018.01.020
  • Breakwell, G. M. (1993). Social representations and social identity. Papers on Social Representations, 2(3), 198-217. Budge, I., Crewe, I. ve Farlie, D. (2010). Party identification and beyond: Representations of voting and party competition. UK: ECPR Press.
  • Burhan, O. K. ve Leeuwen, E. V. (2016). Altering perceived cultural and economic threats can increase immigrant helping. Journal of Social Issues, 72(3), 548–565. doi: 10.1111/josi.12181
  • Çağlar, İ. ve Özkır, Y. (2014). Suriyeli mültecilerin Türkiye basınında temsili. K. İnat ve M. Ataman (Ed.), Ortadoğu yıllığı içinde (487-501). Sakarya: Açılım
  • Çakal, H., Hewstone, M., Güler, M. ve Heath, A. (2016) Predicting support for collective action in the conflict between Turks and Kurds: Perceived threats as a mediator of intergroup contact and social identity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(6), 732– 752. doi: 10.1177/1368430216641303
  • Çakıcı, A., Yılmaz, Ş. ve Çakıcı, A. C. (2016). Mülteci esnaf sorunlari: Mersin’deki Suriyeli esnaflar üzerinde bir araştırma. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 833-840.
  • Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37-46. doi: 10.1177/001316446002000104
  • Çoksan, S. (2016). Sosyal kimlik özdeşimi ve iç grup normunun iç grup yanlılığı ile ilişkisi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Mersin Üniversitesi,. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33748.45444
  • Çoksan, S., & Cingöz-Ulu, B. (2021). Group norms moderate the effect of identification on ingroup bias. Current Psychology. doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-02091-x
  • Çoymak, A. (2009). Associations of religious identification, secular identification, perceived discrimination, and political trust with ethnic and societal (national) identification. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Çoymak, A. (2018). Kı̇mmı̇ş o ayrılıkçı: Türkı̇ye’de uzun süredı̇ devam eden Türk-Kürt çatışmasının çoklu sosyal kı̇mlı̇k dı̇namikleṙinı̇ çözümlemek. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları. 21(Özel Sayı), 38-56.
  • Çoymak, A. (2020). Functions of social representations in honour violence: The “Other East” as responsible. Social Justice Research, 33, 284-307. doi: 10.1007/s11211-020-00349-6
  • Doğanay, Ü. ve Keneş, H. Ç. (2016). Yazılı basında Suriyeli ‘mülteciler’: Ayrımcı söylemlerin rasyonel ve duygusal gerekçelerinin inşası. Mülkiye dergisi, 40(1), 143- 184.Doosje, B., Ellemers, N. ve Spears, R. (1999). Group commitment and intergroup behavior. N. Ellemers, R. Spears ve B. Doosje (Ed.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content içinde (84-105). Oxford, United States of America: Blackwell Publishing Limited.
  • Duckitt, J. ve Mphuthing, T. (1998). Group identification and intergroup attitudes: A longitudinal analysis in South Africa. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 80. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.80
  • Echebarria-Echabe, A. ve Guede, E. F. (2003). Extending the theory of realistic conflict to competition in institutional settings: Intergroup status and outcome. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143(6), 763-782. doi: 10.1080/00224540309600429
  • Edge, S. ve Newbold, B. (2013). Discrimination and the health of immigrants and refugees: Exploring Canada’s evidence base and directions for future research in newcomer receiving countries. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 15(1), 141-148. doi: 10.1007/s10903-012-9640-4
  • Elcheroth, G., Doise, W. ve Reicher, S. (2011). On the knowledge of politics and the politics of knowledge: How a social representations approach helps us rethink the subject of political psychology. Political Psychology, 32(5), 729-758. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 9221.2011.00834.x
  • Erdoğan, E. ve Semerci, P. U. (2018). Illegality in the informal labour market: Findings from pilot research on child labour in Istanbul. Research and Policy on Turkey, 3, 2, 138- 154. doi: 10.1080/23760818.2018.1517448
  • Falomir-Pichastor, J. M. ve Frederic, N. S. (2013). The dark side of heterogeneous ingroup identities: National identification, perceived threat, and prejudice against immigrants. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1), 72-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.016
  • Gordils, J., Elliot, A. J., & Jamieson, J. P. (2021). The effect of perceived interracial competition on psychological outcomes. PloS one, 16(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245671
  • Green, E., Fasel, N. ve Sarrasin, O. (2010). The more the merrier? The effects of type of cultural diversity on exclusionary immigration attitudes in Switzerland. International Journal of Conflict and Violence. 4(2), 177-190. doi: 10.4119/ijcv-2824
  • Hadley, C. ve Patil, C. (2009). Perceived discrimination among three groups of refugees resettled in the USA: Associations with language, time in the USA, and continent of origin. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 11(6), 505-525. doi: 10.1007/s10903-009-9227-x
  • Haig, G. (2004). The invisibilisation of Kurdish: The other side of language planning in Turkey. S. Conermann ve G. Haig (Eds.) Die Kurden. Stu-dien zu ihrer Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur içinde (121-150). Hamburg: EB Verlag
  • Hanson-Easey, S. ve Moloney, G. (2009). Social representations of refugees: place of origin as a delineating resource. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19(6), 506-514. doi: 10.1002/casp.1010
  • Hartley, L. ve Pedersen, A. (2015). Asylum seekers and resettled refugees in Australia: Predicting social policy attitude from prejudice versus emotion. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 3(1), 142-160. doi: 10.5964/jspp.v3i1.476
  • Howarth, C. (2006). A social representation is not a quiet thing: Exploring the critical potential of social representations theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(1), 65-86. doi: 10.1348/014466605X43777
  • Hraba, J., Hagendoorn, L. ve Hagendoorn, R. (1989). The ethnic hierarchy in the Netherlands: Social distance and social representation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 57–69. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00846.x
  • Human Right Watch. (2017). World Report 2017. USA: Human Right Watch. Insko, C. A., Schopler, J., Kennedy, J. F., Dahl, K. R., Graetz, K. A. ve Drigotas, S. M. (1992). Individual-group discontinuity from the differing perspectives of Campbell's Realistic Group Conflict Theory and Tajfel and Turner's Social Identity Theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 272-291. doi: 10.2307/2786796
  • Isaksen, J. V., Jakobsen, T. G., Filindra, A. ve Strabac, Z. (2016). The return of prejudice in Europe’s regions: The moderated relationship between group threat and economic vulnerability. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 22(3), 249–277. doi: 10.1080/13537113.2016.1203693
  • James, L. R., Demaree, R. G. ve Wolf, G. (1993). rwg: An assessment of within-group interrater agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 306. doi: 10.1037/0021- 9010.78.2.306
  • Jetten, J., Spears, R. ve Manstead, A. S. (1997). Strength of identification and intergroup differentiation: The influence of group norms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27(5), 603-609. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099- 0992(199709/10)27:5<603::AID-EJSP816>3.0.CO;2-B
  • Kenworthy, J. B., Barden, M. A., Diamond, S. ve del Carmen, A. (2011). Ingroup identification as a moderator of racial bias in a shoot–no shoot decision task. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(3), 311-318. doi: 10.1177/1368430210392932
  • Khawaja, N. G., White, K. M., Schweitzer, R. ve Greenslade, J. (2008). Difficulties and coping strategies of Sudanese refugees: A qualitative approach. Transcultural Psychiatry, 45(3), 489-512. doi: 10.1177/1363461508094678
  • Kim, S. Y., Schwartz, S. J., Perreira, K. M. ve Juang, L. P. (2018). Culture's influence on stressors, parental socialization, and developmental processes in the mental health of children of immigrants. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 14, 343-370. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084925
  • Koc, Y. ve Anderson, J. R. (2018). Social distance toward Syrian refugees: The role of intergroup anxiety in facilitating positive relations. Journal of Social Issues, 74(4), 790-811. doi: 10.1111/josi.12299
  • Koç, F. (2015). 1985-1995 Kürt göçü ve Türkiye’nin büyük proleterleşme süreci. Türkiye Devrimci İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu Araştırma Enstitüsü Bülteni, 4, 74-85.
  • KONDA (2011). Kürt Meselesi'nde algı ve beklentiler. İletişim Yayinlari, Istanbul. Konukoğlu, K., Üsten, E. ve Güngör, D. (2020). Suriyeli mültecilerden algılanan tehditte kent kimliği ve değerlerin rolü: Yerli göçmen perspektifi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 35(Özel Sayı), 105-125. doi: 10.31828/tpd1300443320201122x000041
  • Korkmaz, E. E. (2018). Türkiye'de tekstil sanayisinin sosyal taraflarının mülteci işçilerin istihdamına bakışı. Çalışma ve Toplum, 56(1), 93-120.
  • Kus, L., Liu, J. ve Ward, C. (2013). Relative deprivation versus system justification: Polemical social representations and identity positioning in a post‐Soviet society. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43(5), 423-437.doi: 10.1002/ejsp.1958
  • Kushner, A. R. (1999). Kosovo and the refugee crisis, 1999: The search for patterns amidst the prejudice. Patterns of Prejudice, 33(3), 73-86. doi: 10.1080/003132299128810641
  • Leach, M. (2003). "Disturbing practices": Dehumanizing asylum seekers in the refugee "Crisis" in Australia, 2001-2002, Refuge, 21(3), 25-33. doi: 10.25071/1920-7336.21301
  • Leong, C. H. ve Ward, C. (2011). Intergroup perceptions and attitudes toward immigrants in a culturally plural society. Applied Psychology, 60(1), 46–65. doi: 10.1111/j.1464- 0597.2010.00426.x
  • LeVine, R. A. ve Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Lyons, E. ve Sotirakopoulou, K. (1991). Images of European countries. British Psychological Society Social Psychology Konferansı, University of Surrey.
  • Meeusen, C., Abts, K. ve Meuleman, B. (2019). Between solidarity and competitive threat?: The ambivalence of anti-immigrant attitudes among ethnic minorities. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 71, 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.04.002
  • Moscovici, S. (1981). On social representations. J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Social Cognition: Perspectives on Everyday Understanding içinde (181– 209). Academic Press, London
  • Moscovici, S. (1984). The phenomenon of social representations. R. M. Farr ve J. S. Moscovici (Edl.), Social representation içinde (3-69). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Moscovici, S. (2000). The phenomenon of social representations. G. Duveen (Ed.), Social representations: Explorations in social psychology içinde (ss. 18-77). Polity Press.
  • Moscovici, S. ve Hewstone, M. (1983). Social representations and social explanations: From the 'naive' to the 'amateur' scientist. M. Hewstone (Ed.), Attribution theory: Social and functional extensions içinde (98-125). Oxford, United States of America: Blackwell Publishing Limited.
  • Mutlu, S. (1996). Ethnic Kurds in Turkey: A demographic study. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 28, 517–541. doi: 10.1017/ S0020743800063819
  • Nakashima, K. I., Isobe, C. ve Ura, M. (2012). In-group representation and social value affect the use of in‐group identification for maintaining and enhancing self-evaluation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 15(1), 49-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-839X.2011.01361.x
  • Obaidi, M., Kunst, J. R., Kteily, N., Thomsen, L. ve Sidanius, J. (2018). Living under threat: Mutual threat perception drives anti-Muslim and anti-Western hostility in the age of terrorism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(5), 567–584. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2362
  • Otten, S. ve Epstude, K. (2006). Overlapping mental representations of self, ingroup, and outgroup: unraveling self-stereotyping and self-anchoring. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(7), 957–969. doi: 10.1177/0146167206287254
  • Özdemir, F. ve Öner-Özkan, B. (2016). Türkiye’de sosyal medya kullanıcılarının Suriyeli mültecilere ilişkin sosyal temsilleri. Nesne Psikolojisi Dergisi, 4(8), 227-245. doi: 10.7816/nesne-04-08-04
  • Pandır, M., Efe, İ. ve Paksoy, A. F. (2015). Türk Basınında Suriyeli Sığınmacı Temsili Üzerine Bir İçerik Analizi/A Content Analysis on the Representation of Syrian Asylum Seekers in the Turkish Press. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, (24), 1-26. doi: 10.17829/midr.20152419995
  • Pedersen, A. ve Hartley, L. K. (2015). Can we make a difference? Prejudice towards asylum seekers in Australia and the effectiveness of antiprejudice interventions. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 9(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1017/prp.2015.1
  • Pedersen, A., Griffiths, B., Contos, N., Bishop, B. ve Walker, I. (2000). Attitudes toward Aboriginal Australians in city and country settings. Australian Psychologist, 35(2), 109-117. doi: 10.1080/00050060008260332
  • Pierse, C. (1997). Violation of cultural rights of Kurds in Turkey. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 15(3), 325–341. doi: 10.1177/092405199701500304
  • Rees, S. ve Silove, D. (2011). Sakit Hati: A state of chronic mental distress related to resentment and anger amongst West Papuan refugees exposed to persecution. Social Science & Medicine, 73(1), 103-110. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.004
  • Renner, W., Thomas, A., Mikulajová, M. ve Newman, D. (2018). Threat perception and modern racism as possible predictors of attitudes towards asylum seekers: Comparative findings from Austria, Germany, and Slovakia. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 7(12), 10-22. doi: 10.18533/ijbsr.v7i12.1081
  • Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W. ve Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 336–353. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
  • Rios, K., Sosa, N. ve Osborn, H. (2018). An experimental approach to intergroup threat theory: Manipulations, moderators, and consequences of realistic vs. symbolic threat. European Review of Social Psychology, 29(1), 212–255. doi: 10.1080/10463283.2018.1537049
  • Rohmann, A., Florack, A. ve Piontkowski, U. (2006). The role of discordant acculturation attitudes in perceived threat: An analysis of host and immigrant attitudes in Germany. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(6), 683–702. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.06.006
  • Romer, D., Jamieson, K. H., Riegner, C., Emori, M. ve Rouson, B. (1997). Blame discourse versus realistic conflict as explanations of ethnic tension in urban neighborhoods. Political Communication, 14(3), 273-291. doi: 10.1080/105846097199326
  • Rumford, C. (2001). Human rights and democratization in Turkey in the context of EU candidature. Journal of European Area Studies, 9(1), 93-106. doi: 10.1080/14608460120061975
  • Saatci, M. (2002). Nation-states and ethnic boundaries: modern Turkish identity and Turkish- Kurdish conflict. Nations and Nationalism, 8(4), 549-564. doi:10.1111/1469- 8219.00065
  • Sarrasin, O., Green, E. G. T., Bolzman, C., Visintin, E. P. ve Politi, E. (2018). Competition- and identity-based roots of anti-immigration prejudice among individuals with and without an immigrant background. International Review of Social Psychology, 31(1), 1–12. doi: 10.5334/irsp.155
  • Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B. ve Hewes, D. E. (2005). The parasocial contact hypothesis. Communication Monographs, 72(1), 92-115. doi: 10.1080/0363775052000342544
  • Schneider, S. L. (2008). Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 24(1), 53-67. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcm034 Schweitzer, R., Perkoulidis, S., Krome, S., Ludlow, C. ve
  • Ryan, M. (2005). Attitudes towards refugees: The dark side of prejudice in Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57(3), 170-179. doi: 10.1080/00049530500125199
  • Sherif, M. (1966). Group conflict and co-operation. London: Psychology Press, doi: 10.4324/9781315717005 Sherif, M. ve Sherif, C. W. (1953). Groups in harmony and tension; an integration of studies of intergroup relations. NY: Harper & Brothers.
  • Siegfried, K. (2020). The Refugee Brief – 11 March 2020. UN Refugee Agency. (03.09.2020 tarihinde https://www.unhcr.org/refugeebrief/the-refugee-brief-11-march-2020/ adresinden alınmıştır.)
  • Somer, M. (2004). Turkey’s Kurdish conflict: Changing context, and domestic and regional implications. Middle East Journal, 58(2), 235-253. doi: 10.3751/58.2.1
  • Sommer, C. M. (1998). Social representations and media communications. U. Flick (Ed.), The Psychology of the Social içinde (186-195). Cambridge University Press.
  • Spiteri, D. (2013). Can my perceptions of the ‘other’change? Challenging prejudices against migrants amongst adolescent boys in a school for low achievers in Malta. Research in Education, 89(1), 41-60. doi: 10.7227/RIE.89.1.4
  • Staerklé, C., Sidanius, J., Green, E. G. T. ve Molina, L. (2005). Ethnic minority-majority asymmetry and attitudes towards immigrants across 11 nations. Psicología Política, 30, 7-26.
  • Stephan, W. G. ve Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threats in intergroup relations. D. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions içinde (ss. 191-208). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Stephan, W. G. ve Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination içinde (23-45). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Stephan, W. G., Boniecki, K. A., Ybarra, O., Bettencourt, A., Ervin, K. S., Jackson, L. A., … Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threats in the racial attitudes of Blacks and Whites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1242–1254. doi: 10.1177/01461672022812009
  • Stephan, W. G., Renfro, C. L., Esses, V. M., Stephan, C.W. ve Martin, T. (2005). The effects of feeling threatened on attitudes toward immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.04.011
  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O. ve Morrison, K. R. (2009). Intergroup threat theory. T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination içinde (43-59). New York, NY, US: Psychology Press.
  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O. ve Rios, K. (2016). Intergroup threat theory. T. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination içinde (255–278). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
  • Şahinkaya Adar, A. (2018). Türkiye’de yeni prekarya Suriyeli işgücü mü?. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(56), 13-36.
  • Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1–39. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245
  • Tajfel, H. ve Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. W. G. Austin ve S. Worchel (Ed.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations içinde (33-37). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Taşdelen, B. (2020). Twitter’da Suriyeli mültecilere karşi çevrimiçi nefret söylemi:# suriyelileriistemiyoruz. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 11(2), 562-575.
  • Tropp, L. R., Uluğ, Ö. M. ve Uysal, M. S. (2021). How intergroup contact and communication about group differences predict collective action intentions among advantaged groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 80, 7– 16. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.10.012
  • Turner, J. C. (1978). Social categorisation and social discrimination in the minimal group paradigm. H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of ıntergroup relations içinde (101-140), London and New York: Academic Press.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanlık (1961). 5 Eylül 1961 gün ve 10898 Sayılı Resmi Gazete 359 Sayılı Onay Kanunu.
  • Uluğ, Ö. M. ve Cohrs, J. C. (2016). An exploration of lay people’s Kurdish conflict frames in Turkey. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 22(2), 109–119. doi: 10.1037/pac0000165
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2017). Global trends - Forced displacement in 2016. (01.04.2019 tarihinde https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2016/ adresinden alınmıştır.)
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2019). Figures at a glance: Statistical yearbooks. (01.04.2019 tarihinde https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html adresinden alınmıştır.)
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2021). Registered Syrian refugees. (10.01.2020 tarihinde https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/113 adresinden alınmıştır.)
  • Ünlü, Ö. (2016). Göçmen kadınlar ve devletsiz neslin çocukları: Hak mahrumiyetinden yoksulluğa. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 39-58. doi: 10.21798/kadem.2016119796
  • Von Hermanni, H. ve Neumann, R. (2019). ‘Refugees welcome?’The interplay between perceived threats and general concerns on the acceptance of refugees–a factorial survey approach in Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(3), 349-374. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1459183
  • Watzlawik, M. ve de Luna, I. B. (2017). The self in movement: Being identified and identifying oneself in the process of migration and asylum seeking. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 51(2), 244-260. doi: 10.1007/s12124-017- 9386-6
  • Xiao, Y. J. ve Bavel, J. J. (2012). See your friends close and your enemies closer: Social identity and identity threat shape the representation of physical distance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(7), 959-972. doi: 10.1177/01461672124422
There are 107 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Psychology, Social Psychology
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Sami Çoksan 0000-0003-2942-1506

Bengi Öner Özkan

Early Pub Date February 19, 2024
Publication Date
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 38 Issue: 92

Cite

APA Çoksan, S., & Öner Özkan, B. (2024). Ortak Öteki Suriyeli: Sosyal Kimlik ve Gerçekçi Çatışma Bağlamında Suriyeli Mülteci Temsili. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 38(92), 103-128. https://doi.org/10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1352225