Research Article
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Comparison of foot measures on dynamic and static balance in children engaged in different sports disciplines

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 169 - 177, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1324957

Abstract

It is known that sports contribute to the development of children's anthropometric, biomechanical, postural and proprioceptive characteristics. By participating in a sport discipline in childhood, it is possible to gain sports-specific features. Comparing sports that require different motoric features and neuromuscular competencies raises the question of how these different requirements might also affect biomechanical and balance skills. The aim of this study is to compare the foot posture, foot function and dynamic-static balance in children who engaged sports in different sport disciplines. The study included totally 66 child athletes with the mean age of 13.19±2.11 from the box, basketball and swimming disciplines. 54.55% of the participating athletes were female and 45.45% were male. Demographic and sport-specific characteristics of the participants were questioned with an 11-question case form. The Foot Posture Index (FPI) and the Foot Function Index (FFI) were administered. Static balance assessment was performed with the Flamingo Balance Test and dynamic balance assessment was performed with the Y Balance Test. The data obtained for each sport branch were compared between groups. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of demographic characteristics among groups. A statistically significant difference was found between boxing, basketball, and swimming branches in terms of FPI score, right and left static balance results, and foot posture class parameters (p<0.05). The mean values for variables were as follows; for FPI it was 1.40±0.48 in boxing, 0.77±0.34 in basketball and 3.08±0.50 in swimming; for Static Balance-R it was 8.80±0.62 in boxing, 7.54±0.85 in basketball and 6.00±0.34 in swimming; for Static Balance-L, it was 9.30±0.62 in boxing, 7.22±0.93 in basketball and 6.33±0.46 in swimming. While neutral foot posture was dominant in basketball players, pronated foot posture was more frequent in boxers and swimmers. FPI score was statistically higher in swimming compared to basketball group; static balance score was superior in boxing group than other disciplines. According to the results, foot posture and static balance in child athletes may vary according to the sport discipline. Dynamic balance and foot function do not seem to have a significant difference in child athletes compared into the different sport disciplines.

References

  • Agel, J., Beskin, J. L., Brage, M., Guyton, G. P., Kadel, N. J., Saltzman, C. L., … Thordarson, D. B. (2005). Reliability of the Foot Function Index: a report of the AOFAS Outcomes Committee. Foot Ankle Int, 26(11), 962-967.
  • Aktug, Z. B., & Iri, R. (2018). The effect of motor performance on sportive performance of children in different sports branches. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 4(2), 75-79.
  • Aktuğ, Z. B., İri, R., & Top, E. (2018). The investigation of the relationship between children’s 50m freestyle swimming performances and motor performances. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 4(1), 41-44.
  • Barabas, A., Bretz, K., & Kaske, R. J. (1996). Stabilometry of the flamingo balance test. In ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive.
  • Bencke, J., Damsgaard, R., Saekmose, A., Jorgensen, P., Jorgensen, K., & Klausen, K. (2002). Anaerobic power and muscle strength characteristics of 11 years old elite and non-elite boys and girls from gymnastics, team handball, tennis and swimming. Scand J Med Sci Spor, 12(3), 171–178.
  • Boyer, E. R., Ward, E. D., & Derrick, T. R. (2014). Medial longitudinal arch mechanics before and after a 45-minute run. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 104(4), 349-356.
  • Bressel, E., Yonker, J. C., Kras, J., & Heath, E. M. (2007). Comparison of static and dynamic balance in female collegiate soccer, basketball, and gymnastics athletes. J Athl Train, 42(1), 42-42.
  • Bringoux, L., Marin, L., Nougier, V. Barraud, P. A., & Raphel, C. (2000). Effects of gymnastics expertise on the perception of body orientation in the pitch dimension. J Vestib Res, 10(6), 251-258.
  • Budiman-Mak, E., Conrad, K. J., & Roach, K. E. (1991). The Foot Function Index: a measure of foot pain and disability. J Clin Epidemiol, 44(6), 561-570.
  • Cote, K. P., Brunet, M. E., Gansneder, B. M., & Shultz, S. J. (2005). Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. J Athl Train, 40(1), 41-46.
  • Dawe, E. J. C., & Davis, J. (2011) Anatomy and biomechanics of the foot and ankle. Orthop Trauma, 25(4), 279-286.
  • Dinno, A. (2015). Nonparametric pairwise multiple comparisons in independent groups using Dunn's test. The Stata J, 15(1), 292-300.
  • Evans, A. M., Copper, A. W., Scharfbillig, R. W., Scutter, S. D., & Williams, M. T. (2003). Reliability of the foot posture index and traditional measures of foot position. J Am Pod Med Assoc, 93(3), 203-213.
  • Feeley, B. T., Agel, J., & La Prade, R. F. (2016). When is it too early for single sport specialization? Am J Sports Med, 44(1), 234-241.
  • Fujishita, H., Ikuta, Y., Maeda, N., Komiya, M., Morikawa, M., Arima, S., ... & Adachi, N. (2023). Effects of rearfoot eversion on foot plantar pressure and spatiotemporal gait parameters in adolescent athletes. Healthcare, 11(13), 1842.
  • Fukano, M., & Fukubayashi, T. (2009). Motion characteristics of the medial and lateral longitudinal arch during landing. Eur J Appl Physiol, 105(3), 387-392.
  • Gijon-Nogueron, G., Sanchez-Rodriguez, R., Lopezosa-Reca, E., Cervera-Marin, J. A., Martinez-Quintana, R., & Martinez-Nova, A. (2015). Normal values of the Foot Posture Index in a young adult Spanish population: a cross-sectional study. Am Pod Med Assoc, 105(1), 42-46.
  • Gokdemir, K., Ciğerci, A. E., Er, F., Suveren, C., & Sever, O. (2012). The comparison of dynamic and static balance performance of sedentary and different branches athletes. World Appl Sci J, 17(9), 1079-1082.
  • Golomer, E., Cremieux, J., Dupui, P., Isableu, B., & Ohlmann, T. (1999). Visual contribution to self-induced body sway frequencies and visual perception of male professional dancers. Neurosci Lett, 267(3), 189-192.
  • Greenberg, E. T., Barle, M., Glassman, E., Jacob, L., Jaafar, H., Johnson, A., ... & Jung, M. K. (2019). Reliability and stability of the Y Balance Test in healthy early adolescent female athletes. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 7(3_suppl), 2325967119S00051.
  • Kariyawasam, A., Ariyasinghe, A., Rajaratnam, A., & Subasinghe, P. (2019). Comparative study on skill and health related physical fitness characteristics between national basketball and football players in Sri Lanka. BMC Res Notes, 12 (1), 1-5.
  • Kinzey, S. J., & Armstrong, C. W. (1998). The reliability of the star-excursion test in assessing dynamic balance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 27(5), 356-360.
  • Külünkoğlu, B. Firat, N. Yildiz, NT., & Alkan, A. (2018). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Foot Function Index in patients with foot disorders. Turkish J Med Sci, 48(3), 476-483.
  • Leardini, A., O’Connor, J. J., & Giannini, S. (2014). Biomechanics of the natural arthritic and replaced human ankle joint. J Foot Ankle Res, 7(1), 8.
  • Lubetzky, V. A., & Kramer, A. P. (2015). The association between foot morphology and dynamic balance performance as measured by the Star Excursion Balance Test. J Exerc Sports Orthop, 2(3), 1-7.
  • Martínez-Nova, A., Gómez-Blázquez, E., Escamilla-Martínez, E., Pérez-Soriano, P., Gijon-Nogueron, G., & Fernández-Seguín, L. M. (2014). The foot posture index in men practicing three sports different in their biomechanical gestures. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 104(2), 154-158.
  • Nicola, T. L., Jewison, D. J. (2012). The anatomy and biomechanics of running. Clin Sports Med, 31(2), 187-201.
  • Opstoel, K., Pion, J., Elferink-Gemser, M., Hartman, E., Willemse, B., Philippaerts, R., Visscher, C., & Lenoir, M. (2015). Anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness and motor coordination of 9 to 11 year old children participating in a wide range of sports. PloS One, 10(5), e0126282.
  • Paillard, T. (2017). Plasticity of the postural function to sport and/or motor experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 72, 129-152.
  • Paillard, T. (2019). Relationship between sport expertise and postural skills. Front Psychol, 10, 1428. Periyasamy, R., & Anand, S. (2013). The effect of foot arch on plantar pressure distribution during standing. J Med Eng Technol, 37(5), 342-347.
  • Perrin, P., Schneider, D., Deviterne, D., Perrot, C., & Constantinescu, L. (1998). Training improves the adaptation to changing visual conditions in maintaining human posture control in a test of sinusoidal oscillation of the support. Neurosci Lett, 245(3), 155-158.
  • Plisky, P. J., Rauh, M. J., Kaminski, T. W., & Underwood, F. B. (2006). Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 36(12), 911-919.
  • Plisky, P., Gorman, P., Kiesel, K., Butler, R., Underwood, F., & Elkins, B. (2009). The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. N Am J Sports Phys Ther, 4(2), 92-99.
  • Popkin, C. A., Bayomy, A. F., & Ahmad, C. S. (2019). Early sport specialization. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 27(22), e995-e1000.
  • Pradhan, D. K., Korada, H. Y., Kumar, S., & Salma, A. (2021). Correlation of foot posture with balance and pelvic tilt in healthy runners. Physiother Quart, 29(4), 18-21.
  • Redmond, A. C., Crane, Y. Z., & Menz, H. B. (2008). Normative values for the Foot Posture Index. J Foot Ankle Res, 1(1), 6.
  • Redmond, AC., Crosbie, J., Ouvrier, RA. (2006). Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: the Foot Posture Index. Clin Biomech, 21(1), 89-98.
  • Rodgers, M. M. (1988). Dynamic biomechanics of the normal foot and ankle during walking and running. Phys Ther, 68(12), 1822-1830.
  • Sögüt, M. (2017). A comparison of serve speed and motor coordination between elite and club level tennis players. J Hum Kinet, 55(1), 171-176.
  • Tamer, K. (2000). Sporda Fiziksel-Fizyolojik Performansın Ölçülmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi (Measurement and Evaluation of Physical-Physiological Performance in Sports). 1st ed. Ankara, Bağırgan Yayınevi. (in Turkish).
  • Tsigilis, N., Douda, H., & Tokmakidis, S. P. (2002). Test-retest reliability of the Eurofit test battery administered to university students. Perceptual and motor skills, 95(3 Pt 2), 1295-1300.
  • Turkeri, C., Buyuktas, B., & Öztürk, B. (2020). The study on the reliability of lower extremity Y Dynamic Balance Test. Turkish Studies, 15(2), 1439-1451.
  • Van der Giessen, L. J., Liekens, D., Rutgers, K. J., Hartman, A., Mulder, P. G., & Oranje, A. P. (2001). Validation of beighton score and prevalence of connective tissue signs in 773 Dutch children. J Rheumatol, 28(12), 2726-2730.
  • Vuillerme, N., Danion, F., Marin, L., Boyadjian, A., Prieur, J. M., Weise, I., & Nougier, V. (2001). The effect of expertise in gymnastics on postural control. Neurosci Lett, 303(2), 83-86.
  • Willems, T. M., De Ridder, R., & Roosen, P. (2012). The effect of a long-distance run on plantar pressure distribution during running. Gait Posture, 35(3), 405-409.
  • Zemková, E. (2011). Assessment of balance in sport: Science and reality. Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 5(1-4), 127-139.
  • Zemková, E. (2014). Sport-specific balance. Sports Med, 44(5), 579-590.
Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 169 - 177, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1324957

Abstract

References

  • Agel, J., Beskin, J. L., Brage, M., Guyton, G. P., Kadel, N. J., Saltzman, C. L., … Thordarson, D. B. (2005). Reliability of the Foot Function Index: a report of the AOFAS Outcomes Committee. Foot Ankle Int, 26(11), 962-967.
  • Aktug, Z. B., & Iri, R. (2018). The effect of motor performance on sportive performance of children in different sports branches. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 4(2), 75-79.
  • Aktuğ, Z. B., İri, R., & Top, E. (2018). The investigation of the relationship between children’s 50m freestyle swimming performances and motor performances. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 4(1), 41-44.
  • Barabas, A., Bretz, K., & Kaske, R. J. (1996). Stabilometry of the flamingo balance test. In ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive.
  • Bencke, J., Damsgaard, R., Saekmose, A., Jorgensen, P., Jorgensen, K., & Klausen, K. (2002). Anaerobic power and muscle strength characteristics of 11 years old elite and non-elite boys and girls from gymnastics, team handball, tennis and swimming. Scand J Med Sci Spor, 12(3), 171–178.
  • Boyer, E. R., Ward, E. D., & Derrick, T. R. (2014). Medial longitudinal arch mechanics before and after a 45-minute run. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 104(4), 349-356.
  • Bressel, E., Yonker, J. C., Kras, J., & Heath, E. M. (2007). Comparison of static and dynamic balance in female collegiate soccer, basketball, and gymnastics athletes. J Athl Train, 42(1), 42-42.
  • Bringoux, L., Marin, L., Nougier, V. Barraud, P. A., & Raphel, C. (2000). Effects of gymnastics expertise on the perception of body orientation in the pitch dimension. J Vestib Res, 10(6), 251-258.
  • Budiman-Mak, E., Conrad, K. J., & Roach, K. E. (1991). The Foot Function Index: a measure of foot pain and disability. J Clin Epidemiol, 44(6), 561-570.
  • Cote, K. P., Brunet, M. E., Gansneder, B. M., & Shultz, S. J. (2005). Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. J Athl Train, 40(1), 41-46.
  • Dawe, E. J. C., & Davis, J. (2011) Anatomy and biomechanics of the foot and ankle. Orthop Trauma, 25(4), 279-286.
  • Dinno, A. (2015). Nonparametric pairwise multiple comparisons in independent groups using Dunn's test. The Stata J, 15(1), 292-300.
  • Evans, A. M., Copper, A. W., Scharfbillig, R. W., Scutter, S. D., & Williams, M. T. (2003). Reliability of the foot posture index and traditional measures of foot position. J Am Pod Med Assoc, 93(3), 203-213.
  • Feeley, B. T., Agel, J., & La Prade, R. F. (2016). When is it too early for single sport specialization? Am J Sports Med, 44(1), 234-241.
  • Fujishita, H., Ikuta, Y., Maeda, N., Komiya, M., Morikawa, M., Arima, S., ... & Adachi, N. (2023). Effects of rearfoot eversion on foot plantar pressure and spatiotemporal gait parameters in adolescent athletes. Healthcare, 11(13), 1842.
  • Fukano, M., & Fukubayashi, T. (2009). Motion characteristics of the medial and lateral longitudinal arch during landing. Eur J Appl Physiol, 105(3), 387-392.
  • Gijon-Nogueron, G., Sanchez-Rodriguez, R., Lopezosa-Reca, E., Cervera-Marin, J. A., Martinez-Quintana, R., & Martinez-Nova, A. (2015). Normal values of the Foot Posture Index in a young adult Spanish population: a cross-sectional study. Am Pod Med Assoc, 105(1), 42-46.
  • Gokdemir, K., Ciğerci, A. E., Er, F., Suveren, C., & Sever, O. (2012). The comparison of dynamic and static balance performance of sedentary and different branches athletes. World Appl Sci J, 17(9), 1079-1082.
  • Golomer, E., Cremieux, J., Dupui, P., Isableu, B., & Ohlmann, T. (1999). Visual contribution to self-induced body sway frequencies and visual perception of male professional dancers. Neurosci Lett, 267(3), 189-192.
  • Greenberg, E. T., Barle, M., Glassman, E., Jacob, L., Jaafar, H., Johnson, A., ... & Jung, M. K. (2019). Reliability and stability of the Y Balance Test in healthy early adolescent female athletes. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 7(3_suppl), 2325967119S00051.
  • Kariyawasam, A., Ariyasinghe, A., Rajaratnam, A., & Subasinghe, P. (2019). Comparative study on skill and health related physical fitness characteristics between national basketball and football players in Sri Lanka. BMC Res Notes, 12 (1), 1-5.
  • Kinzey, S. J., & Armstrong, C. W. (1998). The reliability of the star-excursion test in assessing dynamic balance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 27(5), 356-360.
  • Külünkoğlu, B. Firat, N. Yildiz, NT., & Alkan, A. (2018). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Foot Function Index in patients with foot disorders. Turkish J Med Sci, 48(3), 476-483.
  • Leardini, A., O’Connor, J. J., & Giannini, S. (2014). Biomechanics of the natural arthritic and replaced human ankle joint. J Foot Ankle Res, 7(1), 8.
  • Lubetzky, V. A., & Kramer, A. P. (2015). The association between foot morphology and dynamic balance performance as measured by the Star Excursion Balance Test. J Exerc Sports Orthop, 2(3), 1-7.
  • Martínez-Nova, A., Gómez-Blázquez, E., Escamilla-Martínez, E., Pérez-Soriano, P., Gijon-Nogueron, G., & Fernández-Seguín, L. M. (2014). The foot posture index in men practicing three sports different in their biomechanical gestures. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 104(2), 154-158.
  • Nicola, T. L., Jewison, D. J. (2012). The anatomy and biomechanics of running. Clin Sports Med, 31(2), 187-201.
  • Opstoel, K., Pion, J., Elferink-Gemser, M., Hartman, E., Willemse, B., Philippaerts, R., Visscher, C., & Lenoir, M. (2015). Anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness and motor coordination of 9 to 11 year old children participating in a wide range of sports. PloS One, 10(5), e0126282.
  • Paillard, T. (2017). Plasticity of the postural function to sport and/or motor experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 72, 129-152.
  • Paillard, T. (2019). Relationship between sport expertise and postural skills. Front Psychol, 10, 1428. Periyasamy, R., & Anand, S. (2013). The effect of foot arch on plantar pressure distribution during standing. J Med Eng Technol, 37(5), 342-347.
  • Perrin, P., Schneider, D., Deviterne, D., Perrot, C., & Constantinescu, L. (1998). Training improves the adaptation to changing visual conditions in maintaining human posture control in a test of sinusoidal oscillation of the support. Neurosci Lett, 245(3), 155-158.
  • Plisky, P. J., Rauh, M. J., Kaminski, T. W., & Underwood, F. B. (2006). Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 36(12), 911-919.
  • Plisky, P., Gorman, P., Kiesel, K., Butler, R., Underwood, F., & Elkins, B. (2009). The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. N Am J Sports Phys Ther, 4(2), 92-99.
  • Popkin, C. A., Bayomy, A. F., & Ahmad, C. S. (2019). Early sport specialization. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 27(22), e995-e1000.
  • Pradhan, D. K., Korada, H. Y., Kumar, S., & Salma, A. (2021). Correlation of foot posture with balance and pelvic tilt in healthy runners. Physiother Quart, 29(4), 18-21.
  • Redmond, A. C., Crane, Y. Z., & Menz, H. B. (2008). Normative values for the Foot Posture Index. J Foot Ankle Res, 1(1), 6.
  • Redmond, AC., Crosbie, J., Ouvrier, RA. (2006). Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: the Foot Posture Index. Clin Biomech, 21(1), 89-98.
  • Rodgers, M. M. (1988). Dynamic biomechanics of the normal foot and ankle during walking and running. Phys Ther, 68(12), 1822-1830.
  • Sögüt, M. (2017). A comparison of serve speed and motor coordination between elite and club level tennis players. J Hum Kinet, 55(1), 171-176.
  • Tamer, K. (2000). Sporda Fiziksel-Fizyolojik Performansın Ölçülmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi (Measurement and Evaluation of Physical-Physiological Performance in Sports). 1st ed. Ankara, Bağırgan Yayınevi. (in Turkish).
  • Tsigilis, N., Douda, H., & Tokmakidis, S. P. (2002). Test-retest reliability of the Eurofit test battery administered to university students. Perceptual and motor skills, 95(3 Pt 2), 1295-1300.
  • Turkeri, C., Buyuktas, B., & Öztürk, B. (2020). The study on the reliability of lower extremity Y Dynamic Balance Test. Turkish Studies, 15(2), 1439-1451.
  • Van der Giessen, L. J., Liekens, D., Rutgers, K. J., Hartman, A., Mulder, P. G., & Oranje, A. P. (2001). Validation of beighton score and prevalence of connective tissue signs in 773 Dutch children. J Rheumatol, 28(12), 2726-2730.
  • Vuillerme, N., Danion, F., Marin, L., Boyadjian, A., Prieur, J. M., Weise, I., & Nougier, V. (2001). The effect of expertise in gymnastics on postural control. Neurosci Lett, 303(2), 83-86.
  • Willems, T. M., De Ridder, R., & Roosen, P. (2012). The effect of a long-distance run on plantar pressure distribution during running. Gait Posture, 35(3), 405-409.
  • Zemková, E. (2011). Assessment of balance in sport: Science and reality. Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 5(1-4), 127-139.
  • Zemková, E. (2014). Sport-specific balance. Sports Med, 44(5), 579-590.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Kinantropometri
Journal Section Original Research Articles
Authors

Fatma Kızılay 0000-0001-7216-7959

Burak Buğday 0000-0001-9806-291X

Yalçın Aydın 0000-0003-0439-8899

Tarık Burkay 0000-0002-3636-8240

Publication Date September 30, 2023
Submission Date July 9, 2023
Acceptance Date September 13, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kızılay, F., Buğday, B., Aydın, Y., Burkay, T. (2023). Comparison of foot measures on dynamic and static balance in children engaged in different sports disciplines. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 9(3), 169-177. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1324957

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