Research Article
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Comparison of Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Turkey with Denmark, Hungary, and Portugal

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 10 - 23, 30.01.2018

Muhammet Fatih Alkan Şefik Kartal

Abstract

In this study, systems of teaching English as a foreign language in different countries were compared. The focus country was Turkey, which has low achievement in English. Other countries compared were Denmark, Hungary, and Portugal, which had considerably higher achievements in teaching English. The selection of these countries was based on the mean scores for five years of Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and Education First Proficiency Index. The study was designed as a qualitative research. The data related to targeted countries were gathered from the web sites of the studied countries’ education ministries and governments, curriculums, Eurydice and OECD resources, and published articles. The data was analyzed using document analysis technique. The comparisons were made in terms of general educational systems, aims and goals, content, teaching and learning process, and evaluation. As a result of the study, Turkey’s more centralist structure was observed among countries. Moreover, Turkey’s primary objective in primary school is the positive attitude towards English. Finally, the system in Turkey views the language as a combination of four skills while other countries emphasize the communicative aspect of language. 

Keywords

teaching English as a foreign language comparison of countries Turkey TOEFL Europe

References

  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. California: Sage.
  • Çiftçi, S., Sünbül, A. M., & Köksal, O. (2013). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin yapılandırmacı yaklaşıma göre düzenlenmiş mevcut programa ilişkin yaklaşımlarının ve uygulamalarının değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 281-295.
  • Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender. (2016-a). Overview of the Danish Education System. Received from http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/General/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System
  • Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender. (2016-b). Upper Secondary Education. Received from http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Upper-secondary-education
  • Dinç, E., & Doğan, Y. (2010). İlköğretim ikinci kademe sosyal bilgiler öğretim programı ve uygulanması hakkında öğretmen görüşleri. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 1(1), 17-49.
  • Direção-Geral da Educação. (2012). Modalidades de Avaliação. Received from http://www.dge.mec.pt/modalidades-de-avaliacao
  • Direção-Geral da Educação. (2015). Avaliação. Received from http://www.dge.mec.pt/avaliacao-8 adresinden alındı
  • Education First. (2011). EF EPI English Proficiency Index.
  • Education First. (2012). EF English Proficiency Index.
  • Education First. (2013). EF English Proficiency Index.
  • Education First. (2014). EF English Proficiency Index.
  • Education First. (2015). EF English Proficiency Index.
  • European Union. (2016). Member countries of the EU. Received from http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/index_en.htm#goto_2
  • Eurydice. (2012). Hungary; Teaching and Learning in Single Structure Education. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Hungary:Teaching_and_Learning_in_Single_Structure_Education
  • Eurydice. (2014). Hungary; Organisation of the Education System and of its Structure. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Hungary:Organisation_of_the_Education_System_and_of_its_Structure
  • Eurydice. (2015-a). Turkey; Teaching and Learning in Single Structure Education. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Turkey:Teaching_and_Learning_in_Single_Structure_Education
  • Eurydice. (2015-b). Denmark; Teaching and Learning in Single Structure Education. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Denmark:Teaching_and_Learning_in_Single_Structure_Education
  • Eurydice. (2016-a). Denmark: Ovewiev. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Denmark:Overview
  • Eurydice. (2016-b). Portugal; Teaching and Learning in Single Structure Education. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Portugal:Teaching_and_Learning_in_Single_Structure_Education
  • Eurydice. (2016-c). Portugal; Teaching and Learning in General Upper Secondary Education. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Portugal:Teaching_and_Learning_in_General_Upper_Secondary_Education
  • Eurydice. (2016-d). Portugal; Organisation of the Education System and of its Structure. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Portugal:Organisation_of_the_Education_System_and_of_its_Structure
  • Karahan, F. (2007). Language attitudes of Turkish students towards the English language and its use in Turkish context. Journal of Arts and Sciences(7), 73-87.
  • Khan, I. A. (2016). Positive attitude and English language learning: Psycho-pedagogic connections. Arab World English Journal, 7(1), 432-444.
  • Kirkgoz, Y. (2007). English Language Teaching in Turkey: Policy Changes and their Implementations. Regional Language Centre Journal, 38(2), 216-228.
  • Kurt, T. (2006). Eğitim Yönetiminde Yerelleşme Eğilimi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 14(1), 61-72.
  • Ministeriet for Børn, Undervisning og Ligestilling. (2016). Timetal. Received from http://uvm.dk/Uddannelser/Folkeskolen/Fag-timetal-og-overgange/Timetal
  • Ministério Da Educação. (2001). Programa de Inglês Nível de Iniciação 10º, 11º e 12º Anos. Received from http://www.dge.mec.pt/sites/default/files/Secundario/Documentos/Documentos_Disciplinas_novo/Curso_Ciencias_Tecnologias/Linguas_Estrangeiras_I_II_III/ingles_inic_10_11_12.pdf
  • Ministério Da Educação. (2014-a). Metas Curriculares de Inglês. Received from http://ebsv.edu.azores.gov.pt/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/INGLES_1CEB.pdf
  • Ministério Da Educação. (2014-b). Programa De Inglés. Received from http://www.dge.mec.pt/sites/default/files/ficheiros/eb_ing_programa.pdf
  • Ministério Da Educação. (2014-c). Programa de Inglês 3.° Ciclo Le I. Received from http://www.dge.mec.pt/sites/default/files/ficheiros/eb_ing_programa_3c.pdf
  • Ministry of National Education. (2012). Genelge 2012/20. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Received from http://www.meb.gov.tr/haberler/2012/12YillikZorunluEgitimeYonelikGenelge.pdf
  • Ministry of National Education. (2013). İngilizce Dersi Öğretim Programı. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Received from http://ttkb.meb.gov.tr/program2.aspx
  • Ministry of National Education. (2014). Ortaöğretim İngilizce Dersi Öğretim Programı. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı.
  • Mirici, İ. H. (2003). Ülkemizde neden İngilizce Ögretemiyoruz? Bilim Yolu(3), 377-386.
  • Nemzeti Erőforrás Minisztérium. (2002-a). Az Alapfokú Nevelés-Oktatás Első Szakasza. Received from http://www.nefmi.gov.hu/kozoktatas/tantervek/alapfoku-neveles
  • Nemzeti Erőforrás Minisztérium. (2002-b). Az Alapfokú Nevelés-Oktatás Második szakasza. Received from http://www.nefmi.gov.hu/kozoktatas/tantervek/alapfoku-neveles-090803-1
  • Nemzeti Erőforrás Minisztérium. (2002-c). Gimnázium. Received from http://www.nefmi.gov.hu/kozoktatas/tantervek/gimnazium
  • Nemzeti Erőforrás Minisztérium. (2007). 243/2003. (XII. 17.) Korm. rendelet a Nemzeti alaptanterv kiadásáról, bevezetéséről és alkalmazásáról. Nemzeti Erőforrás Minisztérium. http://www.nefmi.gov.hu/kozoktatas/tantervek/nemzeti-alaptanterv-nat
  • OECD. (2015). Education At A Glance 2015: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2015-en
  • Paker, T. (2012). Türkiye’de Neden Yabancı Dil (İngilizce) Öğretemiyoruz ve Neden Öğrencilerimiz İletişim Kurabilecek Düzeyde İngilizce Öğrenemiyor? Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 32(11), 89-94.
  • Sadighi, F., & Zarafshan, M. (2006). Effects of attitude and motivation on the use of language learning strategies by Iranian EFL university students. Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities of Shiraz University, 23(1), 71-80.
  • Styrelsen For It Og Læring. (2016-a). Mundtlig kommunikation. Received from http://www.emu.dk/omraade/gsk-l%C3%A6rer/ffm/engelsk/10-klasse/mundtlig-kommunikation
  • Styrelsen For It Og Læring. (2016-b). Vejledning For Faget Engelsk. Received from http://www.emu.dk/modul/vejledning-faget-engelsk#afsnit-4-engelskfagets-kompetenceomraader
  • Szabó, I. (2008). Foreign language teaching in Primary Education in Hungary. Encuentro(17), 23-27.
  • TOEFL. (2010). Test and Score Data Summary for TOEFL Internet-based and Paper-based Tests. Educational Testing Service.
  • TOEFL. (2011). Test and Score Data Summary for TOEFL IBT Tests and TOEFL PBT Tests. Educational Testing Service.
  • TOEFL. (2012). Test and Score Data Summary for the TOEFL ITP Test. Educational Testing Service.
  • TOEFL. (2013). Test and Score Data Summary for TOEFL iBT Tests. Educational Testing Service.
  • TOEFL. (2014). Test and Score Data Summary for the TOEFL ITP Test. Educational Testing Service.
  • TOEFL. (2015). Test and Score Data Summary for TOEFL IBT Tests. Educational Testing Service.

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 10 - 23, 30.01.2018

Muhammet Fatih Alkan Şefik Kartal

Abstract

References

  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. California: Sage.
  • Çiftçi, S., Sünbül, A. M., & Köksal, O. (2013). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin yapılandırmacı yaklaşıma göre düzenlenmiş mevcut programa ilişkin yaklaşımlarının ve uygulamalarının değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 281-295.
  • Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender. (2016-a). Overview of the Danish Education System. Received from http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/General/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System
  • Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender. (2016-b). Upper Secondary Education. Received from http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Upper-secondary-education
  • Dinç, E., & Doğan, Y. (2010). İlköğretim ikinci kademe sosyal bilgiler öğretim programı ve uygulanması hakkında öğretmen görüşleri. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 1(1), 17-49.
  • Direção-Geral da Educação. (2012). Modalidades de Avaliação. Received from http://www.dge.mec.pt/modalidades-de-avaliacao
  • Direção-Geral da Educação. (2015). Avaliação. Received from http://www.dge.mec.pt/avaliacao-8 adresinden alındı
  • Education First. (2011). EF EPI English Proficiency Index.
  • Education First. (2012). EF English Proficiency Index.
  • Education First. (2013). EF English Proficiency Index.
  • Education First. (2014). EF English Proficiency Index.
  • Education First. (2015). EF English Proficiency Index.
  • European Union. (2016). Member countries of the EU. Received from http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/index_en.htm#goto_2
  • Eurydice. (2012). Hungary; Teaching and Learning in Single Structure Education. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Hungary:Teaching_and_Learning_in_Single_Structure_Education
  • Eurydice. (2014). Hungary; Organisation of the Education System and of its Structure. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Hungary:Organisation_of_the_Education_System_and_of_its_Structure
  • Eurydice. (2015-a). Turkey; Teaching and Learning in Single Structure Education. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Turkey:Teaching_and_Learning_in_Single_Structure_Education
  • Eurydice. (2015-b). Denmark; Teaching and Learning in Single Structure Education. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Denmark:Teaching_and_Learning_in_Single_Structure_Education
  • Eurydice. (2016-a). Denmark: Ovewiev. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Denmark:Overview
  • Eurydice. (2016-b). Portugal; Teaching and Learning in Single Structure Education. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Portugal:Teaching_and_Learning_in_Single_Structure_Education
  • Eurydice. (2016-c). Portugal; Teaching and Learning in General Upper Secondary Education. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Portugal:Teaching_and_Learning_in_General_Upper_Secondary_Education
  • Eurydice. (2016-d). Portugal; Organisation of the Education System and of its Structure. Received from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Portugal:Organisation_of_the_Education_System_and_of_its_Structure
  • Karahan, F. (2007). Language attitudes of Turkish students towards the English language and its use in Turkish context. Journal of Arts and Sciences(7), 73-87.
  • Khan, I. A. (2016). Positive attitude and English language learning: Psycho-pedagogic connections. Arab World English Journal, 7(1), 432-444.
  • Kirkgoz, Y. (2007). English Language Teaching in Turkey: Policy Changes and their Implementations. Regional Language Centre Journal, 38(2), 216-228.
  • Kurt, T. (2006). Eğitim Yönetiminde Yerelleşme Eğilimi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 14(1), 61-72.
  • Ministeriet for Børn, Undervisning og Ligestilling. (2016). Timetal. Received from http://uvm.dk/Uddannelser/Folkeskolen/Fag-timetal-og-overgange/Timetal
  • Ministério Da Educação. (2001). Programa de Inglês Nível de Iniciação 10º, 11º e 12º Anos. Received from http://www.dge.mec.pt/sites/default/files/Secundario/Documentos/Documentos_Disciplinas_novo/Curso_Ciencias_Tecnologias/Linguas_Estrangeiras_I_II_III/ingles_inic_10_11_12.pdf
  • Ministério Da Educação. (2014-a). Metas Curriculares de Inglês. Received from http://ebsv.edu.azores.gov.pt/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/INGLES_1CEB.pdf
  • Ministério Da Educação. (2014-b). Programa De Inglés. Received from http://www.dge.mec.pt/sites/default/files/ficheiros/eb_ing_programa.pdf
  • Ministério Da Educação. (2014-c). Programa de Inglês 3.° Ciclo Le I. Received from http://www.dge.mec.pt/sites/default/files/ficheiros/eb_ing_programa_3c.pdf
  • Ministry of National Education. (2012). Genelge 2012/20. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Received from http://www.meb.gov.tr/haberler/2012/12YillikZorunluEgitimeYonelikGenelge.pdf
  • Ministry of National Education. (2013). İngilizce Dersi Öğretim Programı. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Received from http://ttkb.meb.gov.tr/program2.aspx
  • Ministry of National Education. (2014). Ortaöğretim İngilizce Dersi Öğretim Programı. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı.
  • Mirici, İ. H. (2003). Ülkemizde neden İngilizce Ögretemiyoruz? Bilim Yolu(3), 377-386.
  • Nemzeti Erőforrás Minisztérium. (2002-a). Az Alapfokú Nevelés-Oktatás Első Szakasza. Received from http://www.nefmi.gov.hu/kozoktatas/tantervek/alapfoku-neveles
  • Nemzeti Erőforrás Minisztérium. (2002-b). Az Alapfokú Nevelés-Oktatás Második szakasza. Received from http://www.nefmi.gov.hu/kozoktatas/tantervek/alapfoku-neveles-090803-1
  • Nemzeti Erőforrás Minisztérium. (2002-c). Gimnázium. Received from http://www.nefmi.gov.hu/kozoktatas/tantervek/gimnazium
  • Nemzeti Erőforrás Minisztérium. (2007). 243/2003. (XII. 17.) Korm. rendelet a Nemzeti alaptanterv kiadásáról, bevezetéséről és alkalmazásáról. Nemzeti Erőforrás Minisztérium. http://www.nefmi.gov.hu/kozoktatas/tantervek/nemzeti-alaptanterv-nat
  • OECD. (2015). Education At A Glance 2015: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2015-en
  • Paker, T. (2012). Türkiye’de Neden Yabancı Dil (İngilizce) Öğretemiyoruz ve Neden Öğrencilerimiz İletişim Kurabilecek Düzeyde İngilizce Öğrenemiyor? Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 32(11), 89-94.
  • Sadighi, F., & Zarafshan, M. (2006). Effects of attitude and motivation on the use of language learning strategies by Iranian EFL university students. Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities of Shiraz University, 23(1), 71-80.
  • Styrelsen For It Og Læring. (2016-a). Mundtlig kommunikation. Received from http://www.emu.dk/omraade/gsk-l%C3%A6rer/ffm/engelsk/10-klasse/mundtlig-kommunikation
  • Styrelsen For It Og Læring. (2016-b). Vejledning For Faget Engelsk. Received from http://www.emu.dk/modul/vejledning-faget-engelsk#afsnit-4-engelskfagets-kompetenceomraader
  • Szabó, I. (2008). Foreign language teaching in Primary Education in Hungary. Encuentro(17), 23-27.
  • TOEFL. (2010). Test and Score Data Summary for TOEFL Internet-based and Paper-based Tests. Educational Testing Service.
  • TOEFL. (2011). Test and Score Data Summary for TOEFL IBT Tests and TOEFL PBT Tests. Educational Testing Service.
  • TOEFL. (2012). Test and Score Data Summary for the TOEFL ITP Test. Educational Testing Service.
  • TOEFL. (2013). Test and Score Data Summary for TOEFL iBT Tests. Educational Testing Service.
  • TOEFL. (2014). Test and Score Data Summary for the TOEFL ITP Test. Educational Testing Service.
  • TOEFL. (2015). Test and Score Data Summary for TOEFL IBT Tests. Educational Testing Service.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Muhammet Fatih Alkan 0000-0002-5600-0160

Şefik Kartal

Publication Date January 30, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Alkan, M. F., & Kartal, Ş. (2018). Comparison of Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Turkey with Denmark, Hungary, and Portugal. Turkish Online Journal of English Language Teaching, 3(1), 10-23.
AMA Alkan MF, Kartal Ş. Comparison of Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Turkey with Denmark, Hungary, and Portugal. TOJELT. January 2018;3(1):10-23.
Chicago Alkan, Muhammet Fatih, and Şefik Kartal. “Comparison of Teaching English As a Foreign Language in Turkey With Denmark, Hungary, and Portugal”. Turkish Online Journal of English Language Teaching 3, no. 1 (January 2018): 10-23.
EndNote Alkan MF, Kartal Ş (January 1, 2018) Comparison of Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Turkey with Denmark, Hungary, and Portugal. Turkish Online Journal of English Language Teaching 3 1 10–23.
IEEE M. F. Alkan and Ş. Kartal, “Comparison of Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Turkey with Denmark, Hungary, and Portugal”, TOJELT, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 10–23, 2018.
ISNAD Alkan, Muhammet Fatih - Kartal, Şefik. “Comparison of Teaching English As a Foreign Language in Turkey With Denmark, Hungary, and Portugal”. Turkish Online Journal of English Language Teaching 3/1 (January 2018), 10-23.
JAMA Alkan MF, Kartal Ş. Comparison of Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Turkey with Denmark, Hungary, and Portugal. TOJELT. 2018;3:10–23.
MLA Alkan, Muhammet Fatih and Şefik Kartal. “Comparison of Teaching English As a Foreign Language in Turkey With Denmark, Hungary, and Portugal”. Turkish Online Journal of English Language Teaching, vol. 3, no. 1, 2018, pp. 10-23.
Vancouver Alkan MF, Kartal Ş. Comparison of Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Turkey with Denmark, Hungary, and Portugal. TOJELT. 2018;3(1):10-23.
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