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Development and Validation of the Empathy Scale in Marriage for Turkish Cultural Context

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 63 - 72, 15.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2021.6.2.136

Abstract

The study aims to develop the scale of empathy in marriage. For the validity and reliability analysis of the scale, 638 data were collected from three different sample groups. To test the construct validity of the scale, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Criterion validity analysis were performed. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated for reliability. Result of the EFA indicated that the scale is one-dimensional and has good load values. The one-dimensional structure of the scale explains 50% of the total variance. Acceptable fit indices [χ2/df = 2.977, RMSEA= .075, SRMR= 0.05, CFI= 0.954, RFI= 0.897, IFI= 0.954] was obtained in CFA. Criterion validity analysis shows that the scale has criterion validity (r= .472; p< .001). The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient (.876) of the scale shows that the reliability of the scale is high. The results obtained from the study show that the marital empathy scale is valid and reliable.

References

  • Alpay, A. (2009). Yakın ilişkilerde bağışlama: Bağışlamanın bağlanma, benlik saygısı, empati ve kıskançlık değişkenleri yönünden incelenmesi [The investigatement of forgiveness in terms of attachment, sels-esteem, empathy and romantic jealousy] (Unpublished master's thesis) Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Bellet, P. S., & Maloney, M. J. (1991). The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 266 , 1831–1832. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470130111039 Retrieved from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/392335
  • Blackmon, A.D. (1999) Empathy in marriage: Implications for marital Satisfaction and depression (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Yale University, Faculty of the Graduate School.
  • Bradley, C. (2009). The interconnection between religious fundamentalism, spirituality, and the four dimensions of empathy. Review of Religious Research, 201-219
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002) Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı [Factor analysis: basic concepts and using to development Scale]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 470-483. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kuey/issue/10365/126871
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (21. Baskı) [Manual of data analysis for social sciences]. Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Carroll, H. L. (2014). Social cognitive factors associated with verbal bullying and defending (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
  • Chung, R. C-Y., & Bemak, F. (2002). The Relationship of culture and empathy in cross cultural counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80, 154-159. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00178.x
  • Coplan, A. (2011). Understanding empathy: Its features and effect. In Coplan, A. & Goldie, P. (Ed.) Empathy: Philosophical and psychological perspectives (pp. 3-18). Oxford University Press
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Dağlı, B. (2017). Evli bireylerin evlilik uyumları ile denetim odakları ve empati eğilimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examination of the relationship between marital adjustment, locus of control and emphatic tendency for married individuals] (Unpublished master's thesis). Nişantaşı Üniversitesi, İstanbul. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Dyche, L., & Zayas, L. H. (2001). Cross-cultural empathy and training the contemporary psychotherapist. Clinical social work journal, 29(3), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010407728614
  • Egan, G. (2011). Psikolojik danışma becerileri (Çev. Ö. Yüksel). İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2007). Psikolojik danışma ve kültürel faktörler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(27), 109-122.
  • Erkuş, A., & Yakupoğlu, S. (2001). Spor ortamında empati ölçeği (sem) geliştirme çalışması [A study developing empathy scale in the sports situations (esss)]. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 22-31. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/151416
  • Fincham, F.D., Paleari, F.G. and Regalia, C. (2002), Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, and empathy. Personal Relationships, 9(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00002 Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-6811.00002
  • Giordano, A. L., Prosek, E. A., & Lankford, C. T. (2014). Predicting empathy: The role of religion and spirituality. Journal of Professional Counseling, Practice, Theory, & Research, 41(2), 53. https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2014.12033938
  • Gürtunca, A. (2013). Çocuklar ve ergenler için empati ölçeği Türkiye geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [An index of empathy for children and adolescents Turkey reliability and validity work] (Unpublished master's thesis). İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Huber, J. T., & MacDonald, D. A. (2012). An Investigation of the Relations Between Altruism, Empathy, and Spirituality. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 52(2), 206–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167811399442
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri [SPSS Applied Multivariate Statistics Techniques]. Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2000). Kültürel psikoloji: Kültür bağlamında insan ve aile [Cultural psychology: Man and family in the context of culture]. Evrim Yayınevi.
  • Koçak, C., & Önen, A. S. (2013). Öğretmen adayları için empatik yönelimler ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Emphatic tendency scale for student teachers: Validity and reliability studies] . Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(2), 947-964.
  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4), 563-575. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x retrieved from http://caepnet.org/~/media/Files/caep/knowledge-center/lawshe-content-validity.pdf
  • Maibom, H. L. (2014). Introduction: (Almost) Everything you ever wanted to know about empathy. In H. L. Maibom (Eds.), Empathy and morality (pp. 1-40). Oxford University Press
  • Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C., & Fincham, F. (2005). Marital quality, forgiveness, empathy, and rumination: a longitudinal analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271597 Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167204271597#articleCitationDownloadContainer
  • Ridley, C. R., & Lingle, D. W. (1996). Cultural empathy in multicultural counseling: A multidimensional process model. In P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, W. J. Lonner, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (p. 21–46). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Test of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures [Online]. Methods of Psychological Research-Online, 8 (2), 23–74.
  • Soylu, Y., ve Kağnıcı, D. Y. (2015). Evlilik uyumunun empatik eğilim, iletişim ve çatışma çözme stillerine göre yordanması [Predicting Marital Adjustment According To Empathic Tendency, Communication and Conflict Resolution Styles]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(43). 44-54 Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/21463/230061
  • Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484381 Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00223890802484381
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapisal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Ekinoks Yayınları
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measuring attitudes and data analysis with SPSS]. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Topçu, Ç. (2008). The relationship of cyber bullying to emphaty,gender,traditional bullying,internet use and adult monitoring (Unpublished master's thesis). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Totan, T., Doğan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2012). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Evaluation of psychometric properties among Turkish university students. Egitim Arastirmaları-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 46, 179-198 Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1057315
  • Tutarel-Kışlak, Ş., & Göztepe, I. (2017). Duygu dışavurumu, empati, depresyon ve evlilik uyumu arasındaki ilişkiler [The relation among expressed emotion, depression, empathy and marital adjustment]. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2)., 27-46. DOI: 10.1501/sbeder_0000000044 Retrieved from http://sobild.ankara.edu.tr/index.php/sobild/article/view/796/171
  • Yeşilkayalı, H. D. (2015). Koruyucu aile bireylerinin sosyodemografik özellikleri ile empatik becerileri ve özgecilik durumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Sociodemografic attributes of foster families and it's relationship between their empathic skills and altruism conditions] (Unpublished master's thesis). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Yılmaz-Yüksel, A. (2003). Empati eğitim programının ilköğretim öğrencilerinin empatik becerilerine etkisi [The Effects of the empathy training programme upon the emphatic ability levels of primary school students] (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 63 - 72, 15.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2021.6.2.136

Abstract

References

  • Alpay, A. (2009). Yakın ilişkilerde bağışlama: Bağışlamanın bağlanma, benlik saygısı, empati ve kıskançlık değişkenleri yönünden incelenmesi [The investigatement of forgiveness in terms of attachment, sels-esteem, empathy and romantic jealousy] (Unpublished master's thesis) Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Bellet, P. S., & Maloney, M. J. (1991). The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 266 , 1831–1832. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470130111039 Retrieved from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/392335
  • Blackmon, A.D. (1999) Empathy in marriage: Implications for marital Satisfaction and depression (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Yale University, Faculty of the Graduate School.
  • Bradley, C. (2009). The interconnection between religious fundamentalism, spirituality, and the four dimensions of empathy. Review of Religious Research, 201-219
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002) Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı [Factor analysis: basic concepts and using to development Scale]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 470-483. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kuey/issue/10365/126871
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (21. Baskı) [Manual of data analysis for social sciences]. Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Carroll, H. L. (2014). Social cognitive factors associated with verbal bullying and defending (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
  • Chung, R. C-Y., & Bemak, F. (2002). The Relationship of culture and empathy in cross cultural counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80, 154-159. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00178.x
  • Coplan, A. (2011). Understanding empathy: Its features and effect. In Coplan, A. & Goldie, P. (Ed.) Empathy: Philosophical and psychological perspectives (pp. 3-18). Oxford University Press
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Dağlı, B. (2017). Evli bireylerin evlilik uyumları ile denetim odakları ve empati eğilimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examination of the relationship between marital adjustment, locus of control and emphatic tendency for married individuals] (Unpublished master's thesis). Nişantaşı Üniversitesi, İstanbul. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Dyche, L., & Zayas, L. H. (2001). Cross-cultural empathy and training the contemporary psychotherapist. Clinical social work journal, 29(3), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010407728614
  • Egan, G. (2011). Psikolojik danışma becerileri (Çev. Ö. Yüksel). İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2007). Psikolojik danışma ve kültürel faktörler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(27), 109-122.
  • Erkuş, A., & Yakupoğlu, S. (2001). Spor ortamında empati ölçeği (sem) geliştirme çalışması [A study developing empathy scale in the sports situations (esss)]. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 22-31. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/151416
  • Fincham, F.D., Paleari, F.G. and Regalia, C. (2002), Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, and empathy. Personal Relationships, 9(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00002 Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-6811.00002
  • Giordano, A. L., Prosek, E. A., & Lankford, C. T. (2014). Predicting empathy: The role of religion and spirituality. Journal of Professional Counseling, Practice, Theory, & Research, 41(2), 53. https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2014.12033938
  • Gürtunca, A. (2013). Çocuklar ve ergenler için empati ölçeği Türkiye geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [An index of empathy for children and adolescents Turkey reliability and validity work] (Unpublished master's thesis). İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Huber, J. T., & MacDonald, D. A. (2012). An Investigation of the Relations Between Altruism, Empathy, and Spirituality. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 52(2), 206–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167811399442
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri [SPSS Applied Multivariate Statistics Techniques]. Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2000). Kültürel psikoloji: Kültür bağlamında insan ve aile [Cultural psychology: Man and family in the context of culture]. Evrim Yayınevi.
  • Koçak, C., & Önen, A. S. (2013). Öğretmen adayları için empatik yönelimler ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Emphatic tendency scale for student teachers: Validity and reliability studies] . Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(2), 947-964.
  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4), 563-575. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x retrieved from http://caepnet.org/~/media/Files/caep/knowledge-center/lawshe-content-validity.pdf
  • Maibom, H. L. (2014). Introduction: (Almost) Everything you ever wanted to know about empathy. In H. L. Maibom (Eds.), Empathy and morality (pp. 1-40). Oxford University Press
  • Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C., & Fincham, F. (2005). Marital quality, forgiveness, empathy, and rumination: a longitudinal analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271597 Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167204271597#articleCitationDownloadContainer
  • Ridley, C. R., & Lingle, D. W. (1996). Cultural empathy in multicultural counseling: A multidimensional process model. In P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, W. J. Lonner, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (p. 21–46). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Test of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures [Online]. Methods of Psychological Research-Online, 8 (2), 23–74.
  • Soylu, Y., ve Kağnıcı, D. Y. (2015). Evlilik uyumunun empatik eğilim, iletişim ve çatışma çözme stillerine göre yordanması [Predicting Marital Adjustment According To Empathic Tendency, Communication and Conflict Resolution Styles]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(43). 44-54 Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/21463/230061
  • Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484381 Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00223890802484381
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapisal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Ekinoks Yayınları
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measuring attitudes and data analysis with SPSS]. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Topçu, Ç. (2008). The relationship of cyber bullying to emphaty,gender,traditional bullying,internet use and adult monitoring (Unpublished master's thesis). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Totan, T., Doğan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2012). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Evaluation of psychometric properties among Turkish university students. Egitim Arastirmaları-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 46, 179-198 Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1057315
  • Tutarel-Kışlak, Ş., & Göztepe, I. (2017). Duygu dışavurumu, empati, depresyon ve evlilik uyumu arasındaki ilişkiler [The relation among expressed emotion, depression, empathy and marital adjustment]. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2)., 27-46. DOI: 10.1501/sbeder_0000000044 Retrieved from http://sobild.ankara.edu.tr/index.php/sobild/article/view/796/171
  • Yeşilkayalı, H. D. (2015). Koruyucu aile bireylerinin sosyodemografik özellikleri ile empatik becerileri ve özgecilik durumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Sociodemografic attributes of foster families and it's relationship between their empathic skills and altruism conditions] (Unpublished master's thesis). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Yılmaz-Yüksel, A. (2003). Empati eğitim programının ilköğretim öğrencilerinin empatik becerilerine etkisi [The Effects of the empathy training programme upon the emphatic ability levels of primary school students] (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yahya Şahin This is me 0000-0003-0647-4605

Ahmet Şirin 0000-0003-1582-0493

Publication Date June 15, 2021
Submission Date March 16, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Şahin, Y., & Şirin, A. (2021). Development and Validation of the Empathy Scale in Marriage for Turkish Cultural Context. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 6(2), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2021.6.2.136