Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Erkek Rolü Normlarının Psikolojik Yardım Arama Engelleriyle İlişkisi

Year 2024, Issue: 60, 316 - 336, 15.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1198597

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, erkek rolü normlarının psikolojik yardım arama engelleriyle ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmada nicel araştırma desenlerinden korelasyonel desen benimsenmiştir. Araştırmanın katılımcılarını 18-30 yaş aralığındaki üniversite öğrencileri ve mezunları oluşturmaktadır. Uygun örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmiş 505’i (%58) kadın ve 365’i (%42) erkek olmak üzere 870 genç yetişkin araştırmaya dahil edilmiştir. Veriler “Erkek Rolü Normları Ölçeği”, “Psikolojik Yardım Almaya İlişkin Engeller Ölçeği” ve kişisel bilgi formu aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, erkeklerin kadınlardan daha fazla geleneksel erkek rollerini benimsediğini göstermektedir. Yine erkekler, psikolojik yardım alırlarsa damgalanabileceklerinden kadınlardan daha fazla korkmakta, yardım alırlarsa kendilerini daha değersiz hissedeceklerini düşünmektedir. Erkeklerin, psikolojik yardım süreçleriyle ilgili bilgileri kadınlara kıyasla daha azdır. Kadın erkek fark etmeksizin geçmişte yardım alma durumlarına göre incelendiğinde, yardım almamış olan kişilerin yardım arama engellerinin daha fazla olduğu ve bu kişiler aynı zamanda erkek rolü normları bakımından da daha geleneksel rolleri benimsediği görülmüştür. Sonuçlar erkek rolü normlarının psikolojik yardım arama engelleriyle ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu ilişkinin en güçlü yordayıcılarıysa “Bir erkek kadınsılığı anımsatacak her şeyden kaçınmalıdır” düşüncesini yansıtan kadınsılık karşıtlığına ilişkin normlar ve “Bir erkek sert olmalıdır” düşüncesini yansıtan sertliğe ilişkin normlarıdır.

References

  • Addis, M. E., & Mahalik, J. R. (2003). Men, masculinity and the context of help seeking. American Psychologist, 58(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.5
  • Akgül, İ. (2021). Roman kadını gözüyle erkeklik: İzmir örneği. Yıldız Social Science Review, 7(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.51803/yssr.901983
  • Andersson, L. M. C., Moore, C. D., Hensing, G., Krantz, G., & Staland-Nyman, C. (2014). General self-efficacy and its relationship to self-reported mental illness and barriers to care: a general population study. Community Mental Health Journal, 50(6), 721–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-014-9722-y
  • Andrews, G., Issıdakis, C., & Carter, G. (2001). Shortfall in mental health service utilisation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 417-425. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.5.417
  • Arslantaş, H., Dereboy, İ. F., Aştı, N., ve Pektekin, Ç. (2011). Yetişkinlerde profesyonel psikolojik yardım arama tutumu ve bunu etkileyen faktörler. ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 17- 23.
  • Aydın, M. (2017). Lisans öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya gönüllülüklerinin incelenmesi. Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), 76-94.
  • Berger, J. M., Levant, R., McMillan, K. K., Kelleher, W., & Sellers, A. (2005). Impact of gender role conflict, traditional masculinity ideology, alexithymia, and age on men's attitudes toward psychological help seeking. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6(1), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.6.1.73
  • Boettcher, N., Mitchell, J., Lashewicz, B., Jones, E., Wang, J., & Gundu, S. (2019). Men’s work-related stress and mental health: Illustrating the workings of masculine role norms. American Journal of Men’s Health, 13(2) 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319838416
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., ve Demirel, F. (2014). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Curtis, E. A., Comiskey, C., & Dempsey, O. (2016). Importance and use of correlational research. Nurse Researcher, 23(6), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2016.e1382
  • Davies, M. (2004). Correlates of negative attitudes toward gay men: Sexism, male role norms, and male sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, 41(3), 259-266. http://doi.org/10.1080/00224490409552233
  • Deane, F. P., & Chamberlian, K. (1994). Treatment fearfulness and distress as predictors of professional psychological help-seeking. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 22(2), 207-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069889400760211
  • Dökmen, Z. Y. (2009). Toplumsal cinsiyet (4. baskı). Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Eggenberger, L., Fordschmid, C., Ludwig, C., Weber, S., Grub, J., & Komlenac, N. (2021). Men’s psychotherapy use, male role norms, and male-typical depression symptoms: Examining 716 men and women experiencing psychological distress. Behavioral Sciences, 11(6), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11060083
  • Eisler, R. M., & Skidmore, J. R. (1987). Masculine gender role stress: scale development and component factors in the appraisal of stressful situations. Behavior Modification, 11(2), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/01454455870112001
  • Erkan, S., Özbay, Y., Cihangir-Çankaya, Z., ve Terzi, Ş. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya gönüllülük düzeylerinin yordanması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 25-42. https://www.gonulluhikayeleri.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2009-UNIVERSITE-OGRENCILERININ-PSIKOLOJIK-YARDIM-ARAMAYA-GONULLULUK-DUZEYLERININ-YORDANMASI.pdf
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5. baskı). Sage Publication.
  • Goffman, E. (1986). Stigma (1st edition). Simon & Schuster.
  • Goldbeg, H. (2018). Erkek olmanın tehlikeleri (1. baskı). Totem Yayınları.
  • Güneş, H. N. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin erkeklik rolleri algısının farklı değişkenlere göre değerlendirilmesi: Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(45), 461-470.
  • Heath, P. J., Brenner, R. E., Vogel, D. L., Lannin, D. G., & Strass, H. A. (2017). Masculinity and barriers to seeking counseling: the buffering role of self-compassion. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 94-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000185
  • Jakubowski, T. D., & Sitko-Dominik, M. M. (2021). The impact of the traditional male role norms on the posttraumatic stress disorder among Polish male firefighters. PLoS ONE, 16(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259025
  • Johnson, R. B., & Christensen L. (2014). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publication.
  • Kierski, W., & Blazina, C. (2009). The male fear of feminine and its effects on counselling and psychotherapy. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 17(2), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1702.155
  • Kimmel, M. S. (1997). Masculinity as homophobia: fear, shame and silence in the 467 construction of gender identity, M.M. Gergen & S. N. Davis. (Eds.), Toward a new psychology of gender. Taylor & Francis/Routledge.
  • Koçyiğit, M., ve Pamukçu, B. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışmadan beklentileri: cinsiyet, psikolojik yardım alma deneyimi, psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutum ve kişilik özelliklerinin rolü. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(4), 2148-2171. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/611382
  • Koydemir-Özden, S., ve Erel, Ö. (2010). Psychological help-seeking: role of socio-demographic variables, previous help-seeking experience and presence of a problem. Procedia Social and Behavioral Science, 5, 688-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.166
  • Köse, A., & Beşer, A. (2007). Kadının değiştirilebilir yazgısı “şiddet''. Atatürk Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 10(4), 114-121.
  • Kuhl, J., Jarkon-Horlick, L., & Morrissey, R. F. (1997). Measuring barriers to help-seeking behavior in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(6), 637–650. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022367807715
  • Lease, S. H., Çiftçi, A., Demir, A., ve Boyraz, G. (2009). Structural validity of Turkish versions of the Gender Role Conflict Scale and Male Role Norms Scale. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10(4), 273-287. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017044
  • Levant, R. F., Cuthbert, A., Richmond, K., Sellers, A., Matveev, A., Mitina, O., Sokolovsky, & M., Heesacker, M. (2003). Masculinity ideology among Russian and U.S. young men and women and its relationship to unhealthy lifestyle habits among young Russian men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 4(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.26
  • Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L. H., Diemer, M. A., Scott, R. P. J., Gottfried, M., & Freitas, G. (2003). Development of the conformity to masculine norms inventory. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 4(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3
  • Mansfield, A. K., Addis, M. E., & Courtenay, W. (2005). Measurement of men’s help seeking: development and evaluation of the barriers to help seeking scale. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6(2), 95. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.6.2.95
  • Nicholas, J., Oliver, K., & O’Brien, M. (2014). Help-seeking behaviour and the internet: An investigation among Australian adolescents. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 3(1), 16-23. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.3.1.16
  • Pederson, E. L., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). Male gender role conflict and willingness to seek counseling: testing a mediation model on college-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology 54(4), 373–384. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.373
  • Powlishta, K. K. (2000). The effect of target ace and activation of gender stereotypes. Sex Roles, 42(3), 271-282. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007095307977
  • Rice, S. M., Aucote, H. M., Parker, A. G., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Filia, K. M. & Amminger, G. P. (2017). Men’s perceived barriers to help seeking for depression: Longitudinal findings relative to symptom onset and duration. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(5), 529-536. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315605655
  • Seiffge-Kranke, I., & Gelhaar, T. (2008). Does succesful attaintment of developmental tasks lead to happiness success in later developmental tasks? A test of Havighurst theses. Journal of Adolescence, 31(1), 33-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.04.002
  • Serim, F., ve Cihangir-Çankaya, Z. (2015). Yetişkinlerin psikolojik yardım arama tutumlarının yordanması. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 16(1), 178-198. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/57188
  • Sezer, S., ve Gülleroğlu, D. (2016). Psikolojik yardım arama tutumunu yordayan değişkenler: kendini damgalama, öz saygı, psikolojik yardım almış olma. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(1), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.19171/uuefd.52149
  • Sileo, K. M., & Kershaw, T. S. (2020). Dimensions of masculine norms, depression, and mental health service utilization: results from a prospective cohort study among emerging adult men in the United States. American Journal of Men’s Health, 14(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988320906980
  • Stanhope, J. L. (2002). Barriers to adolescent help seeking: Who’s not seeking help and why? [Master Thesis, University of Windsor]. Leddy Library. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/1269/
  • Sultana, A. (2011). Patriarchy and women’s subordination: a theoretical analysis. The Arts Faculty Journal, 4, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3329/afj.v4i0.12929
  • Thompson, E. H., & Pleck, J. H. (1986). The Structure of male role norms. American Behavioral Scientist, 29(5), 531-543. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000276486029005003
  • Tarsuslu, B. (2018). Erkek üniversite öğrencilerinde depresyon, rol normları ve psikolojik yardım arama tutumu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yayın no. 516706) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi] https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=hcgrYffRbz0Z44UJEuLtwf_H3sH_1o68jibYVu3w044rd13DeDNG_P3_v_07fvcp
  • Topkaya, N., ve Meydan, B. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin problem yaşadıkları alanlar, yardım kaynakları ve psikolojik yardım alma niyetleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 25-37. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/200355
  • Topkaya, N., Şahin, E., ve Meydan, B. (2017). The devlopment, validity and reliability of the barriers to seeking psychological help scale for college students. International Journal of Higher Education, 6(1), 48-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v6n1p48
  • Vogel, D. L., Wade, N., & Haake, S. (2006). Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Joumal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 325-337. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.325
  • Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Hackler, A. H. (2007). Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: the mediating roles of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.40
  • Wilson, C. J., & Deane, F. P. (2001). Adolescent opinions about reducing help-seeking barriers and ıncreasing appropriate help engagement. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 12(4), 345-364, https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532768XJEPC1204_03
  • Wilson, C. J., & Deane, F. P. (2012). Brief report: Need for autonomy and other perceived barriers relating to adolescents’ intentions to seek professional mental health care. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2010.06.011
  • Wong, Y. J., Ho, M.-H. R., Wang, S.-Y., & Miller, I. S. K. (2016). Meta-analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000176
  • Yeşilyaprak, B. (Ed.). (2020). Eğitim psikolojisi. Pegem Akademi.
  • Yeung, N. C. Y., Zhang, Y., Ji, L., Lu, G., & Lu, Q. (2018). Guilt among husband caregivers of Chinese women with breast cancer: The roles of male gender-role norm, caregiving burden and coping processes. European Journal of Cancer Care, 27(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12872
  • Yıldırım, T., Atlı, A., ve Çitil, C. (2014). Lise öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya gönüllülükleri ile psikolojik belirtileri arasındaki ilişki. e-International Journal of Educational Research, 5(2), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.97616
  • Zara, A. ve Özdemir, B. (2013). Cinsiyet rolleri. İçinde Yüksel, Ş., Gülseren, L,. ve Başterzi, A. D. (Editörler). Kadınların yaşamı ve kadınların ruh sağlığı. Psikiyatri Derneği Yayınları.
  • Zastrow, C., & Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2007). Understanding human behaviour and the social environment (7th ed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole.

The Relationship Between Male Role Norms and Psychological Help Seeking Barriers

Year 2024, Issue: 60, 316 - 336, 15.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1198597

Abstract

This research aims to investigate the relationship between male role norms and psychological help seeking barriers. In this quantitative research, correlational design was adopted. The participants of the study consisted of university students and graduates between the ages of 18-30. A total of 870 young adults, 505 (58%) females and 365 (42%) males, were selected via convenient sampling method. The data were collected through the "Male Role Norms Scale", "The Barriers to Seeking Psychological Help Scale" and a personal information form. The results show that males adopt more traditional male role norms than females. At the same time, males fear being stigmatized by society more than females, and perceive themselves as devalued more in case of receiving psychological help. Also, they have less knowledge about the processes of receiving psychological help compared to females. Regardless of gender, when it comes to previous help seeking experiences, it was seen that the ones who had never received psychological help had more barriers to seek psychological help, and adopted more traditional male role norms. The results show that male role norms are associated with barriers to seeking psychological help. The strongest predictors of this association are the norms of anti-femininity that reflect the idea that “a man should avoid anything reminiscent of femininity” and the norms of toughness that reflect the idea that “a man should always be tough/strong.”

References

  • Addis, M. E., & Mahalik, J. R. (2003). Men, masculinity and the context of help seeking. American Psychologist, 58(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.5
  • Akgül, İ. (2021). Roman kadını gözüyle erkeklik: İzmir örneği. Yıldız Social Science Review, 7(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.51803/yssr.901983
  • Andersson, L. M. C., Moore, C. D., Hensing, G., Krantz, G., & Staland-Nyman, C. (2014). General self-efficacy and its relationship to self-reported mental illness and barriers to care: a general population study. Community Mental Health Journal, 50(6), 721–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-014-9722-y
  • Andrews, G., Issıdakis, C., & Carter, G. (2001). Shortfall in mental health service utilisation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 417-425. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.5.417
  • Arslantaş, H., Dereboy, İ. F., Aştı, N., ve Pektekin, Ç. (2011). Yetişkinlerde profesyonel psikolojik yardım arama tutumu ve bunu etkileyen faktörler. ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 17- 23.
  • Aydın, M. (2017). Lisans öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya gönüllülüklerinin incelenmesi. Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), 76-94.
  • Berger, J. M., Levant, R., McMillan, K. K., Kelleher, W., & Sellers, A. (2005). Impact of gender role conflict, traditional masculinity ideology, alexithymia, and age on men's attitudes toward psychological help seeking. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6(1), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.6.1.73
  • Boettcher, N., Mitchell, J., Lashewicz, B., Jones, E., Wang, J., & Gundu, S. (2019). Men’s work-related stress and mental health: Illustrating the workings of masculine role norms. American Journal of Men’s Health, 13(2) 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319838416
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., ve Demirel, F. (2014). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Curtis, E. A., Comiskey, C., & Dempsey, O. (2016). Importance and use of correlational research. Nurse Researcher, 23(6), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2016.e1382
  • Davies, M. (2004). Correlates of negative attitudes toward gay men: Sexism, male role norms, and male sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, 41(3), 259-266. http://doi.org/10.1080/00224490409552233
  • Deane, F. P., & Chamberlian, K. (1994). Treatment fearfulness and distress as predictors of professional psychological help-seeking. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 22(2), 207-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069889400760211
  • Dökmen, Z. Y. (2009). Toplumsal cinsiyet (4. baskı). Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Eggenberger, L., Fordschmid, C., Ludwig, C., Weber, S., Grub, J., & Komlenac, N. (2021). Men’s psychotherapy use, male role norms, and male-typical depression symptoms: Examining 716 men and women experiencing psychological distress. Behavioral Sciences, 11(6), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11060083
  • Eisler, R. M., & Skidmore, J. R. (1987). Masculine gender role stress: scale development and component factors in the appraisal of stressful situations. Behavior Modification, 11(2), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/01454455870112001
  • Erkan, S., Özbay, Y., Cihangir-Çankaya, Z., ve Terzi, Ş. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya gönüllülük düzeylerinin yordanması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 25-42. https://www.gonulluhikayeleri.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2009-UNIVERSITE-OGRENCILERININ-PSIKOLOJIK-YARDIM-ARAMAYA-GONULLULUK-DUZEYLERININ-YORDANMASI.pdf
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5. baskı). Sage Publication.
  • Goffman, E. (1986). Stigma (1st edition). Simon & Schuster.
  • Goldbeg, H. (2018). Erkek olmanın tehlikeleri (1. baskı). Totem Yayınları.
  • Güneş, H. N. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin erkeklik rolleri algısının farklı değişkenlere göre değerlendirilmesi: Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(45), 461-470.
  • Heath, P. J., Brenner, R. E., Vogel, D. L., Lannin, D. G., & Strass, H. A. (2017). Masculinity and barriers to seeking counseling: the buffering role of self-compassion. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 94-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000185
  • Jakubowski, T. D., & Sitko-Dominik, M. M. (2021). The impact of the traditional male role norms on the posttraumatic stress disorder among Polish male firefighters. PLoS ONE, 16(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259025
  • Johnson, R. B., & Christensen L. (2014). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publication.
  • Kierski, W., & Blazina, C. (2009). The male fear of feminine and its effects on counselling and psychotherapy. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 17(2), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1702.155
  • Kimmel, M. S. (1997). Masculinity as homophobia: fear, shame and silence in the 467 construction of gender identity, M.M. Gergen & S. N. Davis. (Eds.), Toward a new psychology of gender. Taylor & Francis/Routledge.
  • Koçyiğit, M., ve Pamukçu, B. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışmadan beklentileri: cinsiyet, psikolojik yardım alma deneyimi, psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutum ve kişilik özelliklerinin rolü. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(4), 2148-2171. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/611382
  • Koydemir-Özden, S., ve Erel, Ö. (2010). Psychological help-seeking: role of socio-demographic variables, previous help-seeking experience and presence of a problem. Procedia Social and Behavioral Science, 5, 688-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.166
  • Köse, A., & Beşer, A. (2007). Kadının değiştirilebilir yazgısı “şiddet''. Atatürk Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 10(4), 114-121.
  • Kuhl, J., Jarkon-Horlick, L., & Morrissey, R. F. (1997). Measuring barriers to help-seeking behavior in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(6), 637–650. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022367807715
  • Lease, S. H., Çiftçi, A., Demir, A., ve Boyraz, G. (2009). Structural validity of Turkish versions of the Gender Role Conflict Scale and Male Role Norms Scale. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10(4), 273-287. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017044
  • Levant, R. F., Cuthbert, A., Richmond, K., Sellers, A., Matveev, A., Mitina, O., Sokolovsky, & M., Heesacker, M. (2003). Masculinity ideology among Russian and U.S. young men and women and its relationship to unhealthy lifestyle habits among young Russian men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 4(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.26
  • Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L. H., Diemer, M. A., Scott, R. P. J., Gottfried, M., & Freitas, G. (2003). Development of the conformity to masculine norms inventory. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 4(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3
  • Mansfield, A. K., Addis, M. E., & Courtenay, W. (2005). Measurement of men’s help seeking: development and evaluation of the barriers to help seeking scale. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6(2), 95. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.6.2.95
  • Nicholas, J., Oliver, K., & O’Brien, M. (2014). Help-seeking behaviour and the internet: An investigation among Australian adolescents. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 3(1), 16-23. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.3.1.16
  • Pederson, E. L., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). Male gender role conflict and willingness to seek counseling: testing a mediation model on college-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology 54(4), 373–384. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.373
  • Powlishta, K. K. (2000). The effect of target ace and activation of gender stereotypes. Sex Roles, 42(3), 271-282. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007095307977
  • Rice, S. M., Aucote, H. M., Parker, A. G., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Filia, K. M. & Amminger, G. P. (2017). Men’s perceived barriers to help seeking for depression: Longitudinal findings relative to symptom onset and duration. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(5), 529-536. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315605655
  • Seiffge-Kranke, I., & Gelhaar, T. (2008). Does succesful attaintment of developmental tasks lead to happiness success in later developmental tasks? A test of Havighurst theses. Journal of Adolescence, 31(1), 33-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.04.002
  • Serim, F., ve Cihangir-Çankaya, Z. (2015). Yetişkinlerin psikolojik yardım arama tutumlarının yordanması. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 16(1), 178-198. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/57188
  • Sezer, S., ve Gülleroğlu, D. (2016). Psikolojik yardım arama tutumunu yordayan değişkenler: kendini damgalama, öz saygı, psikolojik yardım almış olma. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(1), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.19171/uuefd.52149
  • Sileo, K. M., & Kershaw, T. S. (2020). Dimensions of masculine norms, depression, and mental health service utilization: results from a prospective cohort study among emerging adult men in the United States. American Journal of Men’s Health, 14(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988320906980
  • Stanhope, J. L. (2002). Barriers to adolescent help seeking: Who’s not seeking help and why? [Master Thesis, University of Windsor]. Leddy Library. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/1269/
  • Sultana, A. (2011). Patriarchy and women’s subordination: a theoretical analysis. The Arts Faculty Journal, 4, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3329/afj.v4i0.12929
  • Thompson, E. H., & Pleck, J. H. (1986). The Structure of male role norms. American Behavioral Scientist, 29(5), 531-543. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000276486029005003
  • Tarsuslu, B. (2018). Erkek üniversite öğrencilerinde depresyon, rol normları ve psikolojik yardım arama tutumu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yayın no. 516706) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi] https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=hcgrYffRbz0Z44UJEuLtwf_H3sH_1o68jibYVu3w044rd13DeDNG_P3_v_07fvcp
  • Topkaya, N., ve Meydan, B. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin problem yaşadıkları alanlar, yardım kaynakları ve psikolojik yardım alma niyetleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 25-37. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/200355
  • Topkaya, N., Şahin, E., ve Meydan, B. (2017). The devlopment, validity and reliability of the barriers to seeking psychological help scale for college students. International Journal of Higher Education, 6(1), 48-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v6n1p48
  • Vogel, D. L., Wade, N., & Haake, S. (2006). Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Joumal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 325-337. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.325
  • Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Hackler, A. H. (2007). Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: the mediating roles of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.40
  • Wilson, C. J., & Deane, F. P. (2001). Adolescent opinions about reducing help-seeking barriers and ıncreasing appropriate help engagement. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 12(4), 345-364, https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532768XJEPC1204_03
  • Wilson, C. J., & Deane, F. P. (2012). Brief report: Need for autonomy and other perceived barriers relating to adolescents’ intentions to seek professional mental health care. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2010.06.011
  • Wong, Y. J., Ho, M.-H. R., Wang, S.-Y., & Miller, I. S. K. (2016). Meta-analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000176
  • Yeşilyaprak, B. (Ed.). (2020). Eğitim psikolojisi. Pegem Akademi.
  • Yeung, N. C. Y., Zhang, Y., Ji, L., Lu, G., & Lu, Q. (2018). Guilt among husband caregivers of Chinese women with breast cancer: The roles of male gender-role norm, caregiving burden and coping processes. European Journal of Cancer Care, 27(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12872
  • Yıldırım, T., Atlı, A., ve Çitil, C. (2014). Lise öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya gönüllülükleri ile psikolojik belirtileri arasındaki ilişki. e-International Journal of Educational Research, 5(2), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.97616
  • Zara, A. ve Özdemir, B. (2013). Cinsiyet rolleri. İçinde Yüksel, Ş., Gülseren, L,. ve Başterzi, A. D. (Editörler). Kadınların yaşamı ve kadınların ruh sağlığı. Psikiyatri Derneği Yayınları.
  • Zastrow, C., & Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2007). Understanding human behaviour and the social environment (7th ed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychological Counseling and Guidance (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İbrahim Gültekin 0000-0003-1902-5753

Emine Durmuş 0000-0002-7102-5833

Early Pub Date November 21, 2023
Publication Date January 15, 2024
Submission Date November 2, 2022
Acceptance Date November 7, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 60

Cite

APA Gültekin, İ., & Durmuş, E. (2024). Erkek Rolü Normlarının Psikolojik Yardım Arama Engelleriyle İlişkisi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi(60), 316-336. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1198597