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The Relationship of Terms of Trade and Economic Growth: The Turkish Case

Year 2015, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, - , 26.06.2015
https://doi.org/10.17541/oeybd.53001

Abstract

This paper aims to analyze the influence of foreign trade sizes on economic growth. Theoretical framework of this study rests on Harberger-Laursen-Metzler (HLM) and Obstfeld-Razin-Svensson (ORS) effect approaches. Approach of HLM indicates that any setback in foreign trade size of a country causes a favorable effect on foreign trade deficit of that country. In accordance with improved growth rates generated by this positive effect HLM approach also provides information towards an increase of foreign trade deficits. This approach is known as S-Curve in academic literature. ORS approach on the other hand, opposes that improvements in foreign trade sizes become effective on economic growth with perceptions related with continuity of shock happening to foreign trade sizes.

With this context, positive and negative effects of foreign trade sizes on economic growth are examined via Markov Variation technique. In the analysis, manufacturing industry production index is taken as indicator of economic growth whereas foreign trade sizes are taken as regimen or transitional parameter. With findings of this study, outward-oriented growth strategy depends on the terms of trade are in favor of the country.

References

  • Akgül, I., Koç S., ve Koç S. Ö. (2007). Cari İşlemler Dengesi Rejim Değişim Modelleri İle Modellenebilir mi? 8. Türkiye Ekonometri ve İstatistik Kongresi, 24-25, Mayıs, Malatya.
  • Backus, D. K., Kehoe, P. J., & Kydland, F. E. (1994). Dynamics of the Trade Balance and the Terms of Trade: The J Curve. American Economic Review, Vol.84, No.1, pp. 84-103. http://www.clevelandfed.org/Research/Workpaper/1992/wp9211.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 10.08.2012
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Ratha, A. (2009). S-Curve Dynamics of Trade: Evidence from US-Canada Commodity Trade. Economic Issues Journal Articles, Economic Issues, vol. 14(1), pages 1-16.
  • Bean, C. (1986). The Terms of Trade, Labor Supply, and the Current Account. Economic Journal of Supplement, 96: 38-46.
  • Bleaney, M., & Greenaway, D. (2001). The Impact of Terms of Trade and Real Exchange Rate Volatility on Investment And Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Development Economics, 65, 491–500.
  • Bouakez, H., & Kano, T. (2008). Terms of trade and current account fluctuations: The Harberger–Laursen–Metzler effect revisited. Journal Of Macroeconomics, 30260-281.
  • Cakir, M. (2009, Kasım). Terms of Trade and Economic Growth of Emerging Market Economies.The International Conference on Administration and Business University of Bucharest.
  • Calderón, C., Chong A., & Loayza, N. (1999). Determinants of Current Account Deficits in Developing Countries. Working Paper 51, Central Bank of Chile.
  • Cashin, P., & McDermott, J. (1998). Terms of Trade and the Current Account. IMF Working Paper, Kasım, 177.
  • Davidson J. Time Series Modelling Version 4.24 , Main Document, University of Exeter.
  • Davies, N., & Joseph D. P. (1986). Detecting Non-Linearity In Time Series, The Statistician, C. XXXV, No:2, s. 274.
  • De Holanda, F. (2000). Taxa de Cambio e Poupanca: Um Ensaio sobre o Efeito Harberger-Laursen-Metzler. http://www.econofinance.com/papers/barbosa1.htm. Erişim tarihi: 05.08.2012
  • Edwards, S. (1989). Temporary Terms-of-trade Disturbances, the Real Exchange Rate and the Current Account. Economica 56: 343-57. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2554282.pdf?acceptTC=true, Erişim tarihi: 25.07.2012
  • Eicher T.S., Schubert S.F., & Turnovsky S.J. (2008). Dynamic Effects of Terms of Trade Shocks: The Impact on Debt and Growth. Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 27: 876-896.
  • Gavin, M. (1990). Structural Adjustment to a Terms of Trade Disturbance: The Role of Relative Prices. Journal of International Economics 28: 217-243.
  • Goldfeld, S. M., ve Quandt. R. E. (1973). A Markov model for switching regressions. Journal of Econometrics 1: 3–15
  • Granger, C. W. J. & Teräsvırta, T. (1993). Modelling Nonlinear Economic Relationships. Oxford University Pres.
  • Grosh,A. (2012). Is there an S-curve relationship between US trade balance and terms of trade? An analysis across industries and countries. Economics Bulletion, Volume 32, Issue 1, pp.325-337.
  • Hamilton, J. D. (1989). A New Approach to the Economic Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series and the Business Cycle. Econometrica, Vol. 57, No. 2.
  • Hamilton, J. D. (1993). Estimation, inference and forecasting of time series subject to changes in regime. In Handbook of Statistics 11: Econometrics, ed. G. S. Maddala, C. R. Rao, and H. D. Vinod, 231–260. San Diego, CA: Elseiver.
  • Hamilton, J. D. (1994). Time Series Analysis, Princeton Universities Press, New Jersey.
  • Hamilton, J. D. (1996). Specification Testing in Markov Switching Time Series Models. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 70.
  • Harberger, C. A. (1950). Currency Depreciation, Income, and the Balance of Trade. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 58, ss. 47-60.
  • Jawaid, S.T., & Waheed, A. (2011). Effects of Terms of Trade and Its Volatility on Economic Growth: A Cross Country Empirical Investigation. Transition Studies Review 18 (2), 217–229.
  • Kaneko, A. (2000). Terms of Trade, Economic Growth, and Trade Patterns: A Small Openeconomy Case. Journal of International Economics 52, 169–181.
  • Keenan, D. M. (1985). A Tukey Nonadditivity-Type Test For Time Series Nonlinearity. Biometrika, C. LXXII, No:1, s. 39–44.
  • Kent, C. (1997). The Response of the Current Account to Terms of Trade Shocks: A Panel-data Study. Reserve Bank of Australia (September).
  • Krolzig, H. M. (1997). Markov-Switching Vector Autoregressions: Modeling, Statistical Inference, and Application to Business Cycle Analysis. Springer Verlag.
  • Laursen, S., & Metzler, L. A. (1950). Flexible Exchange Rates and the Theory of Employment. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 32, No. 4, ss. 281-299.
  • Machlup, F. (1965). International Trade and the National Income Multiplier. Augustus M. Kelley, Bookseller NewYork, http://library.mises.org/books/Fritz%20Machlup/International%20Trade%20and%20the%20National%20Income%20Multiplier.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 15.08.2012
  • Matsuyama, K. (1988). Terms of Trade, Factor Intensities and the Current Account in a Life-cycle Model. Review of Economic Studies 55:247-62.
  • Memdoza, E. G. (1995). The Terms of Trade, The Real Exchange Rate, and Economic Fluctuations. International Economic Review, Vol:63,1, pp.101-137.
  • Mendoza, E.G. (1997). Terms-of-trade uncertainty and economic growth. Journal of Development Economics 54, 323–356.
  • Misztal, P. (2010). The Harberger-Laursen-Metzler Effect. Theory and Practice in Poland. The Romanian Economic Journal, Vol:38,1, pp.129-146.
  • Mohsen, B.O., & Ratha A. (2009). S-Curve Dynamics of Trade: Evidence from US Canada Commodity Trade. Economic Issues, Vol. 14, Part 1.
  • Obstfeld, M. (1980). Intermediate Imports, the Terms of Trade, and the Dynamics of the Exchange Rate and Current Account. NBER Working Paper No:540, http://www.nber.org/papers/w0540.pdf?new_window=1, Erişim tarihi: 01.08.2012
  • Obstfeld, M. (1982a). Transitory Terms-Of- Trade Shocks and The Current Account: The Case of Costant Time Preference. NBER Working Paper, No:834 http://www.nber.org/papers/w0834.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 13.08.2012
  • Obstfeld, M. (1982b) “Aggregate Spending and the Terms of Trade: Is There a Laursen-Metzler Effect”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 97, No. 2, ss. 251-270. http://www.nber.org/papers/w0686.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 09.08.2012
  • Ostry, J. (1988). The Balance of Trade, Terms of Trade, and Real Exchange Rate: An Intertemporal Optimizing Framework. IMF Staff Papers 35: 541-73.
  • Ostry, J., & Reinhart, C. (1992). Private Saving and Terms of Trade Shocks. IMF Staff Papers 39(3): 495-517.
  • Otto, G. (2003). Terms of trade shocks and the balance of trade: there is a Harberger-Laursen-Metzler effect. Journal of International Money and Finance 22, pp. 155–184.
  • Persson, T., & Svensson, L. (1985). Current Account Dynamics and the Terms of Trade: Harberger-Laursen-Metzler Two Generations Later. Journal of Political Economy 93(1): 43-65.
  • Pfeifer, J., Born, B. & Müller, G.J. (2012). Terms of Trade Uncertainty and Business Cycle Fluctuations. Rhineland Macro Workshop. http://www.eeaesem.com/files/papers/eeaesem/2012/1254/Pfeifer%20Born%20Mueller%202011%20%20Terms%20of%20trade%20uncertainty%20and%20business%20cycle%20fluctuations.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 05.032013.
  • Quandt, R. E. (1972). A new approach to estimating switching regressions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 67: 306–310.
  • Sachs, J. (1981). The Current Account and Macroeconomic Adjustment in the 1970’s. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity 1: 201-68.
  • Sen, P., & Turnovsky, S. J. (1989). Deterioration of the Terms of Trade and Capital Accumulation: A Re-examination of the Laursen-Metzler Effect. Journal of International Economics 26:227-50.
  • Servén, L. (1999). Terms-of-trade Shocks and Optimal Investment: Another Look at the Laursen-Metzler effect. Journal of International Money and Finance 18: 337-65.
  • Svensson E. L. & Razin, A. (1983). The Terms Of Trade And The Current Account: The Harberger –Laursen – Metzler Effect. The Journal Of Political Economy, Vol.91, No.1, 97-125.
  • Tong, H. (1990). Non-Linear Time Series: A Dynamical System Approach. Oxford University Press.
  • Tornell, A. & Lane. P. (1994). Are Windfalls a Curse? A Non-representative Agent Model of the Current Account and Fiscal Policy. NBER Working Paper 4839.
  • Wong, H.T. (2004). Terms of Trade and Economic Growth in Malaysia. Labuan Bulletin of International Business and Finance 2 (2), 105–122.
  • Wong, H.T. (2010). Terms of Trade and Economic Growth in Japan and Korea: An Empirical Analysis, Empirical Economics 38, 139–158.
  • Yamak, R. ve Korkmaz, A. (2006). Harberger-Laursen-Metzler Etkisi: Literatürr ve Türkiye Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi iktisadi Ve idari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 20, Sayı l, 57-69.
  • Zortuk, D, ve Durman, M. (2008). Testing The Relationship Between Trade Balance And Terms Of Trade: The Case Of Turkey. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 6, 39-43.

Dış Ticaret Hadleri Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama

Year 2015, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, - , 26.06.2015
https://doi.org/10.17541/oeybd.53001

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı dış ticaret hadlerinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmektir. Bu çalışmanın teorik temeli Harberger-Laursen-Metzler (HLM) ve Obstfeld-Razin-Svensson (ORS) etkisi yaklaşımlarına dayanmaktadır. HLM yaklaşımı dış ticaret hadlerindeki bir kötüleşmenin ülkenin dış ticaret açıkları üzerinde olumlu bir etkiye yol açacağını belirtmekte, bu olumlu gelişmenin ülkenin ekonomik büyümesi üzerinde yaratacağı etkiye bağlı olarak da dış ticaret açıklarında bir artışa neden olacağı yönünde bilgi sunmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım literatürde S Eğrisi olarak bilinmektedir. ORS yaklaşımı ise dış ticaret hadlerindeki bir şokun devamlılığı yönündeki algıya bağlı olarak dış ticaret hadlerindeki gelişmelerin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde etkili olacağını belirtmektedir.

Bu kapsamda dış ticaret hadlerinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki pozitif ve negatif etkisi Markov Değişim Tekniği yaklaşımıyla incelenmektedir. Analizde ekonomik büyümenin göstergesi olarak imalat sanayi üretim endeksi, rejim veya geçiş değişkeni olarak da dış ticaret hadleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre dışa açık ekonomik büyüme stratejisi dış ticaret hadlerinin ülke lehine olmasına bağlıdır. 

References

  • Akgül, I., Koç S., ve Koç S. Ö. (2007). Cari İşlemler Dengesi Rejim Değişim Modelleri İle Modellenebilir mi? 8. Türkiye Ekonometri ve İstatistik Kongresi, 24-25, Mayıs, Malatya.
  • Backus, D. K., Kehoe, P. J., & Kydland, F. E. (1994). Dynamics of the Trade Balance and the Terms of Trade: The J Curve. American Economic Review, Vol.84, No.1, pp. 84-103. http://www.clevelandfed.org/Research/Workpaper/1992/wp9211.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 10.08.2012
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Ratha, A. (2009). S-Curve Dynamics of Trade: Evidence from US-Canada Commodity Trade. Economic Issues Journal Articles, Economic Issues, vol. 14(1), pages 1-16.
  • Bean, C. (1986). The Terms of Trade, Labor Supply, and the Current Account. Economic Journal of Supplement, 96: 38-46.
  • Bleaney, M., & Greenaway, D. (2001). The Impact of Terms of Trade and Real Exchange Rate Volatility on Investment And Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Development Economics, 65, 491–500.
  • Bouakez, H., & Kano, T. (2008). Terms of trade and current account fluctuations: The Harberger–Laursen–Metzler effect revisited. Journal Of Macroeconomics, 30260-281.
  • Cakir, M. (2009, Kasım). Terms of Trade and Economic Growth of Emerging Market Economies.The International Conference on Administration and Business University of Bucharest.
  • Calderón, C., Chong A., & Loayza, N. (1999). Determinants of Current Account Deficits in Developing Countries. Working Paper 51, Central Bank of Chile.
  • Cashin, P., & McDermott, J. (1998). Terms of Trade and the Current Account. IMF Working Paper, Kasım, 177.
  • Davidson J. Time Series Modelling Version 4.24 , Main Document, University of Exeter.
  • Davies, N., & Joseph D. P. (1986). Detecting Non-Linearity In Time Series, The Statistician, C. XXXV, No:2, s. 274.
  • De Holanda, F. (2000). Taxa de Cambio e Poupanca: Um Ensaio sobre o Efeito Harberger-Laursen-Metzler. http://www.econofinance.com/papers/barbosa1.htm. Erişim tarihi: 05.08.2012
  • Edwards, S. (1989). Temporary Terms-of-trade Disturbances, the Real Exchange Rate and the Current Account. Economica 56: 343-57. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2554282.pdf?acceptTC=true, Erişim tarihi: 25.07.2012
  • Eicher T.S., Schubert S.F., & Turnovsky S.J. (2008). Dynamic Effects of Terms of Trade Shocks: The Impact on Debt and Growth. Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 27: 876-896.
  • Gavin, M. (1990). Structural Adjustment to a Terms of Trade Disturbance: The Role of Relative Prices. Journal of International Economics 28: 217-243.
  • Goldfeld, S. M., ve Quandt. R. E. (1973). A Markov model for switching regressions. Journal of Econometrics 1: 3–15
  • Granger, C. W. J. & Teräsvırta, T. (1993). Modelling Nonlinear Economic Relationships. Oxford University Pres.
  • Grosh,A. (2012). Is there an S-curve relationship between US trade balance and terms of trade? An analysis across industries and countries. Economics Bulletion, Volume 32, Issue 1, pp.325-337.
  • Hamilton, J. D. (1989). A New Approach to the Economic Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series and the Business Cycle. Econometrica, Vol. 57, No. 2.
  • Hamilton, J. D. (1993). Estimation, inference and forecasting of time series subject to changes in regime. In Handbook of Statistics 11: Econometrics, ed. G. S. Maddala, C. R. Rao, and H. D. Vinod, 231–260. San Diego, CA: Elseiver.
  • Hamilton, J. D. (1994). Time Series Analysis, Princeton Universities Press, New Jersey.
  • Hamilton, J. D. (1996). Specification Testing in Markov Switching Time Series Models. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 70.
  • Harberger, C. A. (1950). Currency Depreciation, Income, and the Balance of Trade. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 58, ss. 47-60.
  • Jawaid, S.T., & Waheed, A. (2011). Effects of Terms of Trade and Its Volatility on Economic Growth: A Cross Country Empirical Investigation. Transition Studies Review 18 (2), 217–229.
  • Kaneko, A. (2000). Terms of Trade, Economic Growth, and Trade Patterns: A Small Openeconomy Case. Journal of International Economics 52, 169–181.
  • Keenan, D. M. (1985). A Tukey Nonadditivity-Type Test For Time Series Nonlinearity. Biometrika, C. LXXII, No:1, s. 39–44.
  • Kent, C. (1997). The Response of the Current Account to Terms of Trade Shocks: A Panel-data Study. Reserve Bank of Australia (September).
  • Krolzig, H. M. (1997). Markov-Switching Vector Autoregressions: Modeling, Statistical Inference, and Application to Business Cycle Analysis. Springer Verlag.
  • Laursen, S., & Metzler, L. A. (1950). Flexible Exchange Rates and the Theory of Employment. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 32, No. 4, ss. 281-299.
  • Machlup, F. (1965). International Trade and the National Income Multiplier. Augustus M. Kelley, Bookseller NewYork, http://library.mises.org/books/Fritz%20Machlup/International%20Trade%20and%20the%20National%20Income%20Multiplier.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 15.08.2012
  • Matsuyama, K. (1988). Terms of Trade, Factor Intensities and the Current Account in a Life-cycle Model. Review of Economic Studies 55:247-62.
  • Memdoza, E. G. (1995). The Terms of Trade, The Real Exchange Rate, and Economic Fluctuations. International Economic Review, Vol:63,1, pp.101-137.
  • Mendoza, E.G. (1997). Terms-of-trade uncertainty and economic growth. Journal of Development Economics 54, 323–356.
  • Misztal, P. (2010). The Harberger-Laursen-Metzler Effect. Theory and Practice in Poland. The Romanian Economic Journal, Vol:38,1, pp.129-146.
  • Mohsen, B.O., & Ratha A. (2009). S-Curve Dynamics of Trade: Evidence from US Canada Commodity Trade. Economic Issues, Vol. 14, Part 1.
  • Obstfeld, M. (1980). Intermediate Imports, the Terms of Trade, and the Dynamics of the Exchange Rate and Current Account. NBER Working Paper No:540, http://www.nber.org/papers/w0540.pdf?new_window=1, Erişim tarihi: 01.08.2012
  • Obstfeld, M. (1982a). Transitory Terms-Of- Trade Shocks and The Current Account: The Case of Costant Time Preference. NBER Working Paper, No:834 http://www.nber.org/papers/w0834.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 13.08.2012
  • Obstfeld, M. (1982b) “Aggregate Spending and the Terms of Trade: Is There a Laursen-Metzler Effect”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 97, No. 2, ss. 251-270. http://www.nber.org/papers/w0686.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 09.08.2012
  • Ostry, J. (1988). The Balance of Trade, Terms of Trade, and Real Exchange Rate: An Intertemporal Optimizing Framework. IMF Staff Papers 35: 541-73.
  • Ostry, J., & Reinhart, C. (1992). Private Saving and Terms of Trade Shocks. IMF Staff Papers 39(3): 495-517.
  • Otto, G. (2003). Terms of trade shocks and the balance of trade: there is a Harberger-Laursen-Metzler effect. Journal of International Money and Finance 22, pp. 155–184.
  • Persson, T., & Svensson, L. (1985). Current Account Dynamics and the Terms of Trade: Harberger-Laursen-Metzler Two Generations Later. Journal of Political Economy 93(1): 43-65.
  • Pfeifer, J., Born, B. & Müller, G.J. (2012). Terms of Trade Uncertainty and Business Cycle Fluctuations. Rhineland Macro Workshop. http://www.eeaesem.com/files/papers/eeaesem/2012/1254/Pfeifer%20Born%20Mueller%202011%20%20Terms%20of%20trade%20uncertainty%20and%20business%20cycle%20fluctuations.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 05.032013.
  • Quandt, R. E. (1972). A new approach to estimating switching regressions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 67: 306–310.
  • Sachs, J. (1981). The Current Account and Macroeconomic Adjustment in the 1970’s. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity 1: 201-68.
  • Sen, P., & Turnovsky, S. J. (1989). Deterioration of the Terms of Trade and Capital Accumulation: A Re-examination of the Laursen-Metzler Effect. Journal of International Economics 26:227-50.
  • Servén, L. (1999). Terms-of-trade Shocks and Optimal Investment: Another Look at the Laursen-Metzler effect. Journal of International Money and Finance 18: 337-65.
  • Svensson E. L. & Razin, A. (1983). The Terms Of Trade And The Current Account: The Harberger –Laursen – Metzler Effect. The Journal Of Political Economy, Vol.91, No.1, 97-125.
  • Tong, H. (1990). Non-Linear Time Series: A Dynamical System Approach. Oxford University Press.
  • Tornell, A. & Lane. P. (1994). Are Windfalls a Curse? A Non-representative Agent Model of the Current Account and Fiscal Policy. NBER Working Paper 4839.
  • Wong, H.T. (2004). Terms of Trade and Economic Growth in Malaysia. Labuan Bulletin of International Business and Finance 2 (2), 105–122.
  • Wong, H.T. (2010). Terms of Trade and Economic Growth in Japan and Korea: An Empirical Analysis, Empirical Economics 38, 139–158.
  • Yamak, R. ve Korkmaz, A. (2006). Harberger-Laursen-Metzler Etkisi: Literatürr ve Türkiye Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi iktisadi Ve idari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 20, Sayı l, 57-69.
  • Zortuk, D, ve Durman, M. (2008). Testing The Relationship Between Trade Balance And Terms Of Trade: The Case Of Turkey. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 6, 39-43.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ramazan Ekinci

Osman Tüzün

Hakan Kahyaoğlu

Publication Date June 26, 2015
Submission Date May 13, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ekinci, R., Tüzün, O., & Kahyaoğlu, H. (2015). Dış Ticaret Hadleri Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.17541/oeybd.53001
AMA Ekinci R, Tüzün O, Kahyaoğlu H. Dış Ticaret Hadleri Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama. OJEMS. July 2015;2(2). doi:10.17541/oeybd.53001
Chicago Ekinci, Ramazan, Osman Tüzün, and Hakan Kahyaoğlu. “Dış Ticaret Hadleri Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama”. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 2, no. 2 (July 2015). https://doi.org/10.17541/oeybd.53001.
EndNote Ekinci R, Tüzün O, Kahyaoğlu H (July 1, 2015) Dış Ticaret Hadleri Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 2 2
IEEE R. Ekinci, O. Tüzün, and H. Kahyaoğlu, “Dış Ticaret Hadleri Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, OJEMS, vol. 2, no. 2, 2015, doi: 10.17541/oeybd.53001.
ISNAD Ekinci, Ramazan et al. “Dış Ticaret Hadleri Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama”. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 2/2 (July 2015). https://doi.org/10.17541/oeybd.53001.
JAMA Ekinci R, Tüzün O, Kahyaoğlu H. Dış Ticaret Hadleri Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama. OJEMS. 2015;2. doi:10.17541/oeybd.53001.
MLA Ekinci, Ramazan et al. “Dış Ticaret Hadleri Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama”. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 2, 2015, doi:10.17541/oeybd.53001.
Vancouver Ekinci R, Tüzün O, Kahyaoğlu H. Dış Ticaret Hadleri Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama. OJEMS. 2015;2(2).

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