Research Article
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SELF-COMPASSION SCALE-ATHLETE VERSION-SHORT FORM: ADAPTATION TO TURKISH AND INVESTIGATION OF PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES

Year 2021, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 305 - 318, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.903116

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to create the short form of the Self-Compassion Scale-Athlete Version developed by Killham, Mosewich, Mack, Gunnell, and Ferguson (2018), to adapt it into Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties. After the linguistic equivalence study, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and criterion-related validity were conducted. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and test-retest were used for reliability. As a result of the linguistic equivalence study, the agreement between the English and Turkish forms was good (ICC=.806). The factor analysis was conducted among 205 student-athletes (Meanage=22.70, SD=6.09, 62.9% male, 36.6% female, 0.5% nonbinary). EFA showed that the factor loads of the items were in the range of .582-.845, and the item-scale correlation values were in the range of .411-.633. Second-order CFA supported one factor solution, corresponding to the two components. Goodness-of-fit indices were acceptable or good fit (RMSEA=.063, SRMR=.058, GFI=.933, AGFI=.902). The Self Compassion Scale-Athlete Version-Short Form (SCS-AV-SF) was positively correlated with Mindfulness Inventory for Sport and the Self-Compassion Scale. The SCS-AV-SF demonstrated reliable internal consistency (α=849). The intra-class correlation coefficient indicated excellent reliability for the measure at a two-week interval (ICC=.980). Overall, the present study suggests that the one factor and 12-item SCS-AV-SF is a valid and reliable instrument.

References

  • Atalay, Z. (2019). Mindfulness-Bilinçli Farkındalık: Farkındalıkla Anda Kalabilme Sanatı. İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınevi.
  • Avşar, F. (2007). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve Beck Depresyon Envanteri üzerine bir uygulama. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Campbell, W. K., Miller, J. D. (2011). The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Comrey, A. L., Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis. (2nd ed). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Costello, A. B., Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Deniz, M., Kesici, Ş., Sümer, A. S. (2008). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Self-Compassion Scale. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(9): 1151-1160. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.9.1151
  • Ferguson, L. J., Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., Sabiston, C. M. (2015). Self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being during emotionally difficult times in sport. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(5): 1263-1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9558-8
  • Ferketich, S. (1991). Focus on psychometrics. Aspects of item analysis. Research in Nursing & Health, 14(2): 165-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770140211
  • Fonteyn, M. E., Kuipers, B., Grobe, S. J. (1993). A description of think aloud method and protocol analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 3(4): 430-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239300300403
  • Gençöz, T. (2000). Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: Validity and reliability study. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46): 19-26. .
  • Germer, C. K. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: Freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Hambleton, R. K. (2005). Issues, designs, and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures. R. K. Hambleton, P. F. Merenda, C. D. Spielberger (ed.), Adapting educational and psychological tests for crosscultural assessment (s. 3–38). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Jeon, H., Lee, K., Kwon, S. (2016). Investigation of the structural relationships between social support, self-compassion, and subjective well-being in Korean elite student athletes. Psychological Reports, 119(1): 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116658226
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
  • Killham, M. E., Mosewich, A. D., Mack, D. E., Gunnell, K. E., Ferguson, L. J. (2018). Women athletes’ self-compassion, self-criticism, and perceived sport performance. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7(3): 297-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spy0000127
  • Köker, S. (1991). Normal ve Sorunlu Ergenlerin Yasam Doyumu Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Koo, T. K., Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
  • Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. (2nd ed). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R., Kowalski, K. C., DeLongis, A. (2013). Applying self-compassion in sport: An intervention with women athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(5): 514-524. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.5.514
  • Neff K.D., Dahm K.A. (2015). Self-Compassion: What It Is, What It Does, and How It Relates to Mindfulness. In: Ostafin B., Robinson M., Meier B. (eds) Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation. Springer.
  • Neff, K. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2): 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
  • Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3): 223-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
  • Neff, K. D. (2016). The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7(1), 264-274. DOI: 10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3
  • Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, Ş., Deniz, M. E. (2011). Bilinçli farkındalık ölçeği’ni Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(160): 224-235.
  • Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3): 250-255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702
  • Reis, N. A., Kowalski, K. C., Ferguson, L. J., Sabiston, C. M., Sedgwick, W. A., Crocker, P. R. (2015). Self-compassion and women athletes' responses to emotionally difficult sport situations: An evaluation of a brief induction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16: 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.011
  • Reis, N. A., Kowalski, K. C., Mosewich, A. D., Ferguson, L. J. (2019). Exploring self-compassion and versions of masculinity in men athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 41(6): 368-379. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0061
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2): 23-74.
  • Schober, P., Boer, C., Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5): 1763-1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864
  • Tabachnick, B.G., Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
  • Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6): 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
  • Thienot, E., Jackson, B., Dimmock, J., Grove, J. R., Bernier, M., Fournier, J. F. (2014). Development and preliminary validation of the mindfulness inventory for sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1): 72-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.003
  • Tingaz, E. O. (2020a). Sporcu bilinçli farkındalık (Mindfulness) ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(1): 71-80. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.642682
  • Tingaz, E. O. (2020b). Spor bilimleri fakültesindeki sporcu öğrencilerde bilinçli farkındalık ve öz şefkatin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Mersin.
  • Tingaz, E. O. (2020c). The mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between the cognitive flexibility and irrational performance beliefs of university student-athletes. Current Psychology, 39(4): 1208-1214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00891-1
  • Tingaz, E. O., Ekiz, M. A., Çakmak, S. (2020). Examination of mindfulness and impulsiveness in university student-athletes in terms of sports injury development history. Current Psychology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01024-4
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46: 74-85. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuisletme/issue/32177/357061 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Yıldırım, M., Sarı, T. (2018). Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmasıı. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18 (4): 2502-2517. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.41844-452171

SPORCU ÖZ ŞEFKAT ÖLÇEĞİ-KISA FORMU: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLANMASI VE PSİKOMETRİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2021, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 305 - 318, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.903116

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Killham, Mosewich, Mack, Gunnell ve Ferguson (2018) tarafından geliştirilen Sporcu Öz Şefkat Ölçeği’nin kısa formunu oluşturarak Türkçeye uyarlamak ve psikometrik özelliklerini incelemektir. Bu doğrultuda, ölçeğin dilsel eşdeğerlik çalışması, açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA), doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ve ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik çalışması yapılmıştır. Güvenirlik amacıyla Cronbach’s alpha iç tutarlık katsayısı ve test-tekrar test yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Dilsel eşdeğerlik çalışması sonucuna göre, İngilizce ve Türkçe formlar arasındaki uyum iyi düzeydedir (ICC=.806). Faktör analizi amacıyla 205 sporcu çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir (Yaşort=22.70, SS=6.09, %62.9 erkek, %36.6 kadın, %0.5 kendini kadın ya da erkek olarak tanımlamayan). AFA sonucunda maddelere ait faktör yüklerinin .582-.845 arasında, madde-ölçek korelasyon değerlerinin ise .411-.633 arasında olduğu görülmüştür. İkinci düzey DFA neticesinde ölçeğin iki alt bileşenden oluşan tek faktörlü bir yapı gösterdiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Uyum iyiliği indekslerinin kabul edilebilir ya da iyi uyum aralığında olduğu görülmüştür (RMSEA=.063, SRMR=.058, GFI =.933, AGFI=.902). Sporcu Öz Şefkat Ölçeği-Kısa Formu, Sporcu Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği ve Öz Şefkat Ölçeği ile pozitif yönde ilişkilidir. Ölçek, güvenilir düzeyde iç tutarlık göstermiştir (α=849). İki hafta aralıklı olarak uygulanan ölçeğin sınıf içi korelasyon katsayısı mükemmel düzeydedir (ICC=.980). En nihayetinde, 12 maddelik tek faktörlü Sporcu Öz Şefkat Ölçeği-Kısa Formu’nun geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • Atalay, Z. (2019). Mindfulness-Bilinçli Farkındalık: Farkındalıkla Anda Kalabilme Sanatı. İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınevi.
  • Avşar, F. (2007). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve Beck Depresyon Envanteri üzerine bir uygulama. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Campbell, W. K., Miller, J. D. (2011). The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Comrey, A. L., Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis. (2nd ed). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Costello, A. B., Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Deniz, M., Kesici, Ş., Sümer, A. S. (2008). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Self-Compassion Scale. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(9): 1151-1160. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.9.1151
  • Ferguson, L. J., Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., Sabiston, C. M. (2015). Self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being during emotionally difficult times in sport. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(5): 1263-1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9558-8
  • Ferketich, S. (1991). Focus on psychometrics. Aspects of item analysis. Research in Nursing & Health, 14(2): 165-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770140211
  • Fonteyn, M. E., Kuipers, B., Grobe, S. J. (1993). A description of think aloud method and protocol analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 3(4): 430-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239300300403
  • Gençöz, T. (2000). Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: Validity and reliability study. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46): 19-26. .
  • Germer, C. K. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: Freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Hambleton, R. K. (2005). Issues, designs, and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures. R. K. Hambleton, P. F. Merenda, C. D. Spielberger (ed.), Adapting educational and psychological tests for crosscultural assessment (s. 3–38). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Jeon, H., Lee, K., Kwon, S. (2016). Investigation of the structural relationships between social support, self-compassion, and subjective well-being in Korean elite student athletes. Psychological Reports, 119(1): 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116658226
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
  • Killham, M. E., Mosewich, A. D., Mack, D. E., Gunnell, K. E., Ferguson, L. J. (2018). Women athletes’ self-compassion, self-criticism, and perceived sport performance. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7(3): 297-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spy0000127
  • Köker, S. (1991). Normal ve Sorunlu Ergenlerin Yasam Doyumu Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Koo, T. K., Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
  • Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. (2nd ed). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R., Kowalski, K. C., DeLongis, A. (2013). Applying self-compassion in sport: An intervention with women athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(5): 514-524. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.5.514
  • Neff K.D., Dahm K.A. (2015). Self-Compassion: What It Is, What It Does, and How It Relates to Mindfulness. In: Ostafin B., Robinson M., Meier B. (eds) Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation. Springer.
  • Neff, K. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2): 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
  • Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3): 223-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
  • Neff, K. D. (2016). The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7(1), 264-274. DOI: 10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3
  • Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, Ş., Deniz, M. E. (2011). Bilinçli farkındalık ölçeği’ni Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(160): 224-235.
  • Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3): 250-255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702
  • Reis, N. A., Kowalski, K. C., Ferguson, L. J., Sabiston, C. M., Sedgwick, W. A., Crocker, P. R. (2015). Self-compassion and women athletes' responses to emotionally difficult sport situations: An evaluation of a brief induction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16: 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.011
  • Reis, N. A., Kowalski, K. C., Mosewich, A. D., Ferguson, L. J. (2019). Exploring self-compassion and versions of masculinity in men athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 41(6): 368-379. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0061
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2): 23-74.
  • Schober, P., Boer, C., Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5): 1763-1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864
  • Tabachnick, B.G., Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
  • Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6): 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
  • Thienot, E., Jackson, B., Dimmock, J., Grove, J. R., Bernier, M., Fournier, J. F. (2014). Development and preliminary validation of the mindfulness inventory for sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1): 72-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.003
  • Tingaz, E. O. (2020a). Sporcu bilinçli farkındalık (Mindfulness) ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(1): 71-80. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.642682
  • Tingaz, E. O. (2020b). Spor bilimleri fakültesindeki sporcu öğrencilerde bilinçli farkındalık ve öz şefkatin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Mersin.
  • Tingaz, E. O. (2020c). The mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between the cognitive flexibility and irrational performance beliefs of university student-athletes. Current Psychology, 39(4): 1208-1214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00891-1
  • Tingaz, E. O., Ekiz, M. A., Çakmak, S. (2020). Examination of mindfulness and impulsiveness in university student-athletes in terms of sports injury development history. Current Psychology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01024-4
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46: 74-85. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuisletme/issue/32177/357061 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Yıldırım, M., Sarı, T. (2018). Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmasıı. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18 (4): 2502-2517. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.41844-452171
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Emre Ozan Tingaz 0000-0002-7048-2055

Zümra Atalay 0000-0002-7736-1846

Publication Date December 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Tingaz, E. O., & Atalay, Z. (2021). SPORCU ÖZ ŞEFKAT ÖLÇEĞİ-KISA FORMU: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLANMASI VE PSİKOMETRİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 305-318. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.903116