Economic Positioning and Integration of Afghan Immigrants Working in Agriculture and Livestock Sector: The Case of Thrace Region
Abstract
In recent years, the rapid increase in migration movements from Afghanistan to Turkey and its high media coverage have increased academic interest in Afghan migration. However, there is still a need for in-depth studies to understand the background of Afghan migration and the living, working conditions and integration tendencies of migrants in Turkey. This study aims to examine the working conditions and economic integration tendencies of Afghan migrants who have gained visibility in the agriculture and livestock sector in the Thrace region (Edirne, Tekirdağ, Kırklareli). The authors used qualitative research design to conduct the research. The data obtained from 18 in-depth interviews with Afghan migrants show that the Thrace region is primarily preferred by Afghan migrants. As it provides job opportunities similar to their past work experiences at the sectoral level, and there is no negative expectation gap in terms of working conditions and opportunities offered by employers. Although these conditions ensure a positive trend in integration tendencies, the uncertainty created by the irregular migration status and the restriction of access to basic services pose a risk for the integration process in the long term.
Keywords
Afghan Migrants Economic Positioning Integration Agriculture and Livestock Sector Thrace Region
References
- Alakuş, E. ve Uzan, Y. (2020). İnsan Ticaretine Konu Olma Potansiyeli Bakımından Türkiye’nin Afgan Düzensiz Göçmen Gerçeği. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 92-117.
- Bartram, D., Poros, M. V., and Monforte, P. (2017). Göç Meselesinde Temel Kavramlar. Itır Ağabeyoğlu Tuncay (Çev.), Ankara: Hece Yayınları.
- Becchetti, L., ve Rossetti, F. (2009). When money does not buy happiness: The case of “frustrated achievers”. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(1), 159-167.
- Boccagni, P. (2017). Aspirations and the subjective future of migration: Comparing views and desires of the “time ahead” through the narratives of immigrant domestic workers. Comparative Migration Studies, 5, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-016-0047-6
- Borselli, M. ve van Meijl, T. (2020). Linking migration aspirations to integration prospects: The experience of Syrian refugees in Sweden. Journal of Refugee Studies. 34(1), 579-595.
- Bozok, N. ve Bozok, M. (2018). “Göçmen İstekleri” Yaklaşımı Işığında Beykoz, Karasu Mahallesi’ndeki Refakatsiz Afgan Göçmen Çocukların Yaşamlarını Sürdürme Mücadeleleri. Moment Dergi, Yaratıcı Endüstriler ve Yaratıcı Emek, 416-440.
- Brzozowski, J. ve Coniglio, N. (2021). International migration and the (un)happiness push: Evidence from Polish longitudinal data. International Migration Review, 55(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183211004835
- Carling, J. (2002). Migration in the Age of Involuntary Immobility: Theoretical Reflections and Caper Verdean Experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2 (1), 5–42.
- Carling, J. (2014). The Role of Aspirations in Migration. Determinants of International Migration Conference, University of Oxford, 23–25 Eylül 2014. https://jorgencarling.org/2014/09/23/the-role-of-aspirations-in- migration/. Erişim Tarihi: 17 Temmuz 2023.
- Carling, J. ve Collins, F. (2018). Aspiration, Desire and Drivers of Migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 44(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384134. 909-926.
- Carling, J. ve Schewel, K. (2018). Revisiting aspiration and ability in international migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 945–963.
- Castles, S., Cubas, M. A., Kim, C. ve Ozkul, D. (2012). “Irregular migration: Causes, patterns, and strategies”. I. Omelaniuk (Ed.), Global perspectives on migration and development. Global Migration Issues,1, 117–151.
- Chen, J., Kosec, K. ve Mueller, V. (2019). Moving to despair? Migration and wellbeing in Pakistan. World Development, 113, 186–203
- Copestake, J. ve Camfeld, L. (2010). Measuring multidimensional aspiration gaps: A means to understanding cultural aspects of poverty. Development Policy Review, 28(5), 617–633.
- Cortes, K. E. (2004). Are Refugees Different from Economic Immigrants? Some Empirical Evidence on the Heterogeneity of Immigrant Groups in the United States. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(2), 465- 480.
- Çakırer Özservet, Y. (2013). İstanbul Zeytinburnu İlçesinde Afgan Türklerinin Ulusötesi Kentleşme Ağlarının Analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2013), 163-181.
- Çörtoğlu Koca, S. (2022). Türkiye’de Düzensiz Göçmen Olarak Bulunan Afganların Hukuki Statülerine İlişkin Değerlendirmeler. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 42(2), 873-912.
- de Haas, H. (2014). Migration theory, Quo Vadis. Oxforsd University International Migration Institute Workin Papers. https://www.migrationinstitute.org/publications/wp-100-14. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Haziran 2023.
- Genicot, G., ve Ray, D. (2017). Aspirations and Inequality. Econometrica, 85(2), 489–519.
- Geyik Yıldırım, S. (2018). Göç ve Afganlar: “İstikrarlı Mülteciler”. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 128-159.
- Gosselin A, Desgrées du Loû A, Lelièvre E, Lert F, Dray-Spira R, Lydié N; Parcours Study Group (2018). Understanding Settlement Pathways of African Immigrants in France Through a Capability Approach: Do Pre- migratory Characteristics Matter? Eur J Popul., 34(5), 849-871.
- Güler, H. (2020). Afganlı Göçmenlerin Göç Süreçleri ve İşçilik Deneyimleri: Uşak İli Örneği. Çalışma ve Toplum, 3(66), 1461-1482.
- Karadağ, S. (2021). İstanbul’un Hayaletleri Güvencesizliğin Kıyısında Afganlar. Göç Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını. https://gocarastirmalaridernegi.org/tr/calismalar/arastirmalar/istanbul-un-hayaletleri-guvencesizligin- kiyisinda-afganlar/192-istanbul-un-hayaletleri-guvencesizligin-kiyisinda-afganlar-raporu-yayinlandi. Erişim Tarihi: 1 Ağustos 2023
- Knight, J. ve Gunatilaka, R. (2010). Great expectations? The subjective wellbeing of rural-urban migrants in China. World Development, 38(1), 113–124.
- Maqul, S. A., Güneş, S., and Akin, T. (2021). The Comparative Analysis of Life Satisfaction Among Syrian, Iranian, and Afghan refugees in Turkey: The case of Denizli. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(2), 2376-2393.
- Mayblin, L. (2019). Imagining asylum, governing asylum seekers: Complexity reduction and policy making in the UK Home Office. Migration Studies, 7(1), 1–20.
- Mähönen, T. A., Leinonen, E. ve Jasinskaja-Lahti, I. (2013). Met expectations and the wellbeing of diaspora immigrants: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Psychology, 48(3), 324–333.
- Obi, C., Slosse, W., Bartolini, F., Dessein, J., and D’Haese, M. (2023). Understanding Integration Experience and Wellbeing of Economic-Asylum Seekers in Italy: the Case of Nigerian Immigrants. Int. Migration & Integration 24, 189–210 (2023).
- Schunk, R. (2014). “Immigrant Integration, Transnational Activities and the Life Course”. M. Wingens, M. Windzio,H. d. Valk ve C. M. Aybek içinde (Ed.), A Life-Course Perspective on Migration and Integration, pp. 259- 282, Dordrecht:Springer.
- Stillman, S., Gibson, J., McKenzie, D. ve Rohorua, H. (2015). Miserable migrants? Natural experiment evidence on international migration and objective and subjective wellbeing. World Development, 65, 79–93.
- Tümtaş, M. S. (2022). Nöbetleşe Dışlanma Zincirinde Son Halka: Düzensiz Afgan Göçmenler. Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi, 12, 217-228.
- van Heelsum, A. (2017). Aspirations and frustrations: Experiences of recent refugees in the Netherlands. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(13), 2137–2150.
- Wang, M., Ning, Y. (2016). The Social Integration of Migrants in Shangai's Urban Villages. China Review, 16(3), 93-120.
Tarım ve Hayvancılık Sektöründe Çalışan Afgan Göçmenlerde Ekonomik Konumlanma ve Entegrasyon: Trakya Bölgesi Örneği
Abstract
Son yıllarda Afganistan’dan Türkiye’ye yönelik gerçekleşen göç hareketlerinde yaşanan hızlı artış ve medyanın gündeminde fazlaca yer alması, Afgan göçüne yönelik akademik ilgiyi de arttırmaya başlamıştır. Ancak halen Afgan göçünün arka planını ve göçmenlerin Türkiye’deki yaşam ve çalışma koşulları ile entegrasyon eğilimlerini anlamaya dönük derinlikli çalışmalara olan ihtiyaç sürmektedir. Bu çalışma, Trakya bölgesinde (Edirne, Tekirdağ, Kırklareli) tarım ve hayvancılık sektöründe görünürlük kazanan Afgan göçmenlerin çalışma dinamiklerini ve ekonomik entegrasyon eğilimlerini incelemeyi amaç edinmektedir. Bu amaçla gerçekleştirilen araştırmada, yöntembilimsel olarak nitel araştırma deseni kullanılmıştır. 18 Afgan göçmenle gerçekleştirilen derinlemesine görüşmelerden elde veriler, Trakya bölgesinin sektörel düzeyde geçmiş çalışma deneyimlerine benzer iş olanakları sağladığı için Afgan göçmenler tarafından öncelikli olarak tercih edildiğini, çalışma koşulları ve işverenlerce sunulan olanaklar açısından negatif beklenti boşluğunun oluşmadığını göstermektedir. Bu koşullar, entegrasyon eğilimlerinin olumlu seyretmesini sağlasa da düzensiz göçmenlik statüsünün yarattığı belirsizlik ve temel hizmetlere erişim kısıtı, uzun vadede entegrasyon süreci açısından risk oluşturmaktadır.
Keywords
Afgan Göçmenler Ekonomik Konumlanma Entegrasyon Tarım ve Hayvancılık Sektörü Trakya Bölgesi
References
- Alakuş, E. ve Uzan, Y. (2020). İnsan Ticaretine Konu Olma Potansiyeli Bakımından Türkiye’nin Afgan Düzensiz Göçmen Gerçeği. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 92-117.
- Bartram, D., Poros, M. V., and Monforte, P. (2017). Göç Meselesinde Temel Kavramlar. Itır Ağabeyoğlu Tuncay (Çev.), Ankara: Hece Yayınları.
- Becchetti, L., ve Rossetti, F. (2009). When money does not buy happiness: The case of “frustrated achievers”. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(1), 159-167.
- Boccagni, P. (2017). Aspirations and the subjective future of migration: Comparing views and desires of the “time ahead” through the narratives of immigrant domestic workers. Comparative Migration Studies, 5, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-016-0047-6
- Borselli, M. ve van Meijl, T. (2020). Linking migration aspirations to integration prospects: The experience of Syrian refugees in Sweden. Journal of Refugee Studies. 34(1), 579-595.
- Bozok, N. ve Bozok, M. (2018). “Göçmen İstekleri” Yaklaşımı Işığında Beykoz, Karasu Mahallesi’ndeki Refakatsiz Afgan Göçmen Çocukların Yaşamlarını Sürdürme Mücadeleleri. Moment Dergi, Yaratıcı Endüstriler ve Yaratıcı Emek, 416-440.
- Brzozowski, J. ve Coniglio, N. (2021). International migration and the (un)happiness push: Evidence from Polish longitudinal data. International Migration Review, 55(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183211004835
- Carling, J. (2002). Migration in the Age of Involuntary Immobility: Theoretical Reflections and Caper Verdean Experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2 (1), 5–42.
- Carling, J. (2014). The Role of Aspirations in Migration. Determinants of International Migration Conference, University of Oxford, 23–25 Eylül 2014. https://jorgencarling.org/2014/09/23/the-role-of-aspirations-in- migration/. Erişim Tarihi: 17 Temmuz 2023.
- Carling, J. ve Collins, F. (2018). Aspiration, Desire and Drivers of Migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 44(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384134. 909-926.
- Carling, J. ve Schewel, K. (2018). Revisiting aspiration and ability in international migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 945–963.
- Castles, S., Cubas, M. A., Kim, C. ve Ozkul, D. (2012). “Irregular migration: Causes, patterns, and strategies”. I. Omelaniuk (Ed.), Global perspectives on migration and development. Global Migration Issues,1, 117–151.
- Chen, J., Kosec, K. ve Mueller, V. (2019). Moving to despair? Migration and wellbeing in Pakistan. World Development, 113, 186–203
- Copestake, J. ve Camfeld, L. (2010). Measuring multidimensional aspiration gaps: A means to understanding cultural aspects of poverty. Development Policy Review, 28(5), 617–633.
- Cortes, K. E. (2004). Are Refugees Different from Economic Immigrants? Some Empirical Evidence on the Heterogeneity of Immigrant Groups in the United States. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(2), 465- 480.
- Çakırer Özservet, Y. (2013). İstanbul Zeytinburnu İlçesinde Afgan Türklerinin Ulusötesi Kentleşme Ağlarının Analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2013), 163-181.
- Çörtoğlu Koca, S. (2022). Türkiye’de Düzensiz Göçmen Olarak Bulunan Afganların Hukuki Statülerine İlişkin Değerlendirmeler. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 42(2), 873-912.
- de Haas, H. (2014). Migration theory, Quo Vadis. Oxforsd University International Migration Institute Workin Papers. https://www.migrationinstitute.org/publications/wp-100-14. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Haziran 2023.
- Genicot, G., ve Ray, D. (2017). Aspirations and Inequality. Econometrica, 85(2), 489–519.
- Geyik Yıldırım, S. (2018). Göç ve Afganlar: “İstikrarlı Mülteciler”. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 128-159.
- Gosselin A, Desgrées du Loû A, Lelièvre E, Lert F, Dray-Spira R, Lydié N; Parcours Study Group (2018). Understanding Settlement Pathways of African Immigrants in France Through a Capability Approach: Do Pre- migratory Characteristics Matter? Eur J Popul., 34(5), 849-871.
- Güler, H. (2020). Afganlı Göçmenlerin Göç Süreçleri ve İşçilik Deneyimleri: Uşak İli Örneği. Çalışma ve Toplum, 3(66), 1461-1482.
- Karadağ, S. (2021). İstanbul’un Hayaletleri Güvencesizliğin Kıyısında Afganlar. Göç Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını. https://gocarastirmalaridernegi.org/tr/calismalar/arastirmalar/istanbul-un-hayaletleri-guvencesizligin- kiyisinda-afganlar/192-istanbul-un-hayaletleri-guvencesizligin-kiyisinda-afganlar-raporu-yayinlandi. Erişim Tarihi: 1 Ağustos 2023
- Knight, J. ve Gunatilaka, R. (2010). Great expectations? The subjective wellbeing of rural-urban migrants in China. World Development, 38(1), 113–124.
- Maqul, S. A., Güneş, S., and Akin, T. (2021). The Comparative Analysis of Life Satisfaction Among Syrian, Iranian, and Afghan refugees in Turkey: The case of Denizli. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(2), 2376-2393.
- Mayblin, L. (2019). Imagining asylum, governing asylum seekers: Complexity reduction and policy making in the UK Home Office. Migration Studies, 7(1), 1–20.
- Mähönen, T. A., Leinonen, E. ve Jasinskaja-Lahti, I. (2013). Met expectations and the wellbeing of diaspora immigrants: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Psychology, 48(3), 324–333.
- Obi, C., Slosse, W., Bartolini, F., Dessein, J., and D’Haese, M. (2023). Understanding Integration Experience and Wellbeing of Economic-Asylum Seekers in Italy: the Case of Nigerian Immigrants. Int. Migration & Integration 24, 189–210 (2023).
- Schunk, R. (2014). “Immigrant Integration, Transnational Activities and the Life Course”. M. Wingens, M. Windzio,H. d. Valk ve C. M. Aybek içinde (Ed.), A Life-Course Perspective on Migration and Integration, pp. 259- 282, Dordrecht:Springer.
- Stillman, S., Gibson, J., McKenzie, D. ve Rohorua, H. (2015). Miserable migrants? Natural experiment evidence on international migration and objective and subjective wellbeing. World Development, 65, 79–93.
- Tümtaş, M. S. (2022). Nöbetleşe Dışlanma Zincirinde Son Halka: Düzensiz Afgan Göçmenler. Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi, 12, 217-228.
- van Heelsum, A. (2017). Aspirations and frustrations: Experiences of recent refugees in the Netherlands. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(13), 2137–2150.
- Wang, M., Ning, Y. (2016). The Social Integration of Migrants in Shangai's Urban Villages. China Review, 16(3), 93-120.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, Disabled Groups, Migration Sociology, International Migration |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | October 11, 2023 |
| Submission Date | August 13, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 |
Cite
MANAS Journal of Social Studies