Research Article
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İlişki Niteliği ve Bağışlamanın Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2019, Supplement 1, 1189 - 1204, 22.02.2019
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.478153

Abstract

Mutluluk, kişinin olumlu
duyguları daha fazla, negatif duyguları daha az yaşaması ve yaşamından yüksek
doyum alması olarak tanımlanır. İlişki niteliği, bir bireyin diğer bir bireye
ya da bireylere karşı sergilediği davranışların bütünü olarak tanımlanmaktadır.
Bağışlama ise, insanların, rasyonel olarak haksızlığa uğradıklarını
düşündüklerinde, öfke duymaktan ve karşı tepkilerden vazgeçerek, haksızlık
yapan kişiye karşı merhamet, koşulsuz değer verme, cömertlik ve yardımseverlik
temelinde tepki vermeleridir.

Bu araştırmanın amacı,
ilişki kalitesinin ve bağışlamanın ayrı ayrı ve birlikte mutluluğu ne derecede
açıklayabildiğini saptamaktır. İlişkisel tarama modelinde gerçekleştirilen
araştırmanın evreni 18-60 yaş arası yetişkinlerdir. Araştırmada, Pierce Vd.
(1991) tarafından geliştirilen “İlişki Niteliği Ölçeği, Thompson Vd. (2005)
tarafından geliştirilen “Heartland Bağışlama Ölçeği” ve Hills ve Argyle (2002)
tarafından geliştirilen Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği kullanılmıştır.





Araştırmada sonunda,
mutluluğun yaklaşık yarısının ilişki kalitesi ile açıklanabildiği tespit
edilmiştir. İlişki kalitesini oluşturan üç faktör mutluluğu açıklama gücü
açısından değerlendirildiğinde, çatışma boyutunun ilk sırayı, derinlik
boyutunun ise ikinci sırayı aldığı saptanmıştır. Bağışlama ise mutluluğun
dörtte birini açıklayabilmektedir. Ayrıca ilişki niteliği ve bağışlamanın
birlikte, mutluluğun yüzde 55’ini açıklayabildiği saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak
araştırma; insanların, ilişkilerinin kalitesi oranında mutlu olabileceğini
ortaya koymuştur. 

References

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  • Bartholomew, K ve Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment Styles Among Young adults: A Test of a Four-Category Model. J Pers Soc Psychol. 61 (2), 226–244.
  • Baumeister, R. F. ve Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
  • Baumeister, R. F., Exline, J. J. ve Sommer, K. L. (1998). The victim role, grudge theory, ve two dimensions of forgiveness. In Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research ve theological forgiveness, ed. Everett L. Worthington, Jr., 79-104. Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.
  • Bergsma, A. (2008). Do self-help books help? Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 341-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9041-2
  • Berscheid, E., Snyder, M., ve Omoto, A. M. (1989). The Relationship Closeness Inventory: Assessing the closeness of interpersonal relationships. Journal of Personality ve Social Psychology, 57(5), 792-807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.792
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  • Dickerhoof, R. M. (2007). Expressing optimism ve gratitude: A longitudinal investigation of cognitive strategies to increase well-being. Dissertation Abstracts International, 68, 38-40, (UMI No. 3270426). http://gradworks.umi.com/32/70/3270426.html
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  • Fincham, F. D., Beach S. H. R. ve Davila J. (2007). Longitudinal Relations Between Forgiveness ve Conflict Resolution in Marriage. Journal of Family Psychology. 21(3), 542–545. DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.542
  • Fincham, F. D. ve Beach, S. R. (2010), Marriage in the New Millennium: A Decade in Review. Journal of Marriage ve Family, 72(3), 630-649. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00722.x
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  • Givertz, M., Woszidlo, A., Segrin, C. ve Knutson, K. (2013). Direct ve indirect effects of attachment orientation on relationship quality ve loneliness in married couples. Journal of Social ve Personal Relationships, 30(8), 1096 – 1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513482445
  • Hall, J. H., ve Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social ve Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621–637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.621
  • Hills P, Argyle M. (2002). The Oxford happiness questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality ve Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073-1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
  • Jasielska, D., Stolarski, M. ve Bilewicz, M. (2018). Biased, Therefore Unhappy: Disentangling the Collectivism-Happiness Relationship Globally, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(8), 1227-1246, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118784204
  • Kamp Dush, C. M., Taylor, M. ve Kroeger, R. (2008). Marital happiness ve psychological well-being across the life course. Family Relations, 57 (2), 211–226. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00495.x
  • Layous, K., ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The how, why, what, when, ve who of happiness: Mechanisms underlying the success of positive interventions. In J. Gruber ve J. T. Moskowitz (Eds.), Positive emotion: Integrating the light sides ve dark sides (pp. 473–495). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Layous, K., Sweeny, K., Armenta, C. N., Na, S., Choi, I., ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). The proximal experience of gratitude. PLOS ONE, 12(7), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179123
  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. A., ve Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
  • Maltby, J., Day, L. ve Barber, L. (2005). Forgiveness ve happiness. the differing contexts of forgiveness using the distinction between hedonic ve eudaimonic happiness, Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, 6(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-004-0924-9
  • Maltby, J., Macaskill, A., ve Day, L. (2001). Failure to forgive self ve others: A replication ve extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability ve general health. Personality ve Individual Differences, 30(5), 881-885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00080-5
  • Maniaci, M. R. ve Reis, H. T. (2010). The Marriage of Positive Psychology ve Relationship Science: A Reply to Fincham ve Beach. Journal of Family Theory ve Review, 2(1), 47-53. doi:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00037.x
  • McShall, J. R. ve Johnson, M. D. (2015). The Association Between Relationship Quality ve Physical Health Across Racial ve Ethnic Groups, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(6), 789–804. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115587026
  • Murphy, J. G. ve Hampton, J. (1988). Forgiveness ve Mercy. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 194. https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/21595694
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The Influence of Relationship Quality and Forgiveness on Happiness

Year 2019, Supplement 1, 1189 - 1204, 22.02.2019
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.478153

Abstract

Happiness is described as; a state when a person experiencing positive emotions more, negative emotions less and having a high satisfactory life.  A relationship quality is defined as; an individual’s behaviors as a whole, towards another individual or individuals people. Whereas, forgiveness means: when a person is observes that he/she has been treated rationally with injustice, they act to their offenders with a basis of mercy, unconditional value, generousness towards and help instead of feeling anger and revenge.  The aim of this research is; to determine the effect levels of relationship quality and forgiveness on happiness, individually as well as together. This research was carried out by the use of, relationship scan model among adults who are 18 to 60 years old. In this research 3 instruments were used; “Relationship Quality Scale” that has was developed by Pierce et al., (1991), “Heartland Forgiveness Scale” that was developed by Thompson et al., (2005) and Hills and Argyle’s (2002) “Oxford Happiness Scale”. As a result of the research, it was determined; at least half of the person’s happiness can be explained by the individual’s quality of relationship. When the three factors of the quality of relationship were evaluated in terms of explaining their effect of happiness; dimension of conflict came first while dimension of depth came second. Forgiveness can explain 25 % of happiness. Also, quality of relationship and forgiveness were found to be effecting happiness 55 % together. As a conclusion, this research proved that; quality of relationship can effect an individual’s happiness in direct proportion.

References

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709-716.
  • Argyle, M., ve Martin, M. (1991). The psychological causes of happiness. In F. Strack, M. Argyle, ve N. Schwarz (Eds.), International series in experimental social psychology, 21. Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective ,77-100. Elmsford, NY, US: Pergamon Press.
  • Bao, K. (2012). The course of well-being in romantic relationships: Predicting positive affect in dating participants. Psychology, 3(12A), 1091–1099. http://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.312A161
  • Bartholomew, K ve Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment Styles Among Young adults: A Test of a Four-Category Model. J Pers Soc Psychol. 61 (2), 226–244.
  • Baumeister, R. F. ve Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
  • Baumeister, R. F., Exline, J. J. ve Sommer, K. L. (1998). The victim role, grudge theory, ve two dimensions of forgiveness. In Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research ve theological forgiveness, ed. Everett L. Worthington, Jr., 79-104. Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.
  • Bergsma, A. (2008). Do self-help books help? Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 341-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9041-2
  • Berscheid, E., Snyder, M., ve Omoto, A. M. (1989). The Relationship Closeness Inventory: Assessing the closeness of interpersonal relationships. Journal of Personality ve Social Psychology, 57(5), 792-807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.792
  • Bradbury, Y. ve Lavner, J. (2011). How can we improve preventive ve education interventions for intimate relationships? Behaviour Therapy, 43(1), 113-122. DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.008
  • Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect ve prospect. In I. Bretherton ve F. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory ve research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2), 3-35. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3333824
  • Bugay, A. ve Demir, A. (2010). A turkish version of heartlve forgiveness scale. Procedia Social ve Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927-1931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390
  • Dickerhoof, R. M. (2007). Expressing optimism ve gratitude: A longitudinal investigation of cognitive strategies to increase well-being. Dissertation Abstracts International, 68, 38-40, (UMI No. 3270426). http://gradworks.umi.com/32/70/3270426.html
  • DiDonato, T. E., McIlwee, L.J. ve Carlucci, M. E. (2014). The fallout of forgiveness: How forgiveness predicts third-party perceptions of the forgiver ve the forgiver’s relationships. Journal of Social ve Personal Relationships, 32(4), 417 – 440. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514536291
  • Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness ve a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
  • Diener, E. ve Tay, L. (2015), Subjective well‐being ve human welfare around the world as reflected in the Gallup World. Poll. Int J Psychol, 50(2), 135-149. doi:10.1002/ijop.12136
  • Doğan, T. ve Sapmaz, F. (2012). Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Üniversite Öğrencilerinde İncelenmesi. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 25, 297-304. DOI: 10.5350/DAJPN2012250401
  • Dolan, P. (2014). Happiness by design: Change what you do, not how you think. New York: Hudson Stress Press.Dunn, E. W., Aknin, L. B., ve Norton, M. I. (2008). Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science, 319, 1687–1688. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5870/1687.full
  • Enfield, R. E. (2010). Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory. In The Corsini. Encyclopedia of Psychology (eds I. B. Weiner ve W. E. Craighead), 387-399. doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0964
  • Enright, R. D. ve Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger ve restoring hope. (2. Baskı), p. 20-21, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10381-000
  • Fincham, F. D., Paleari, F. G. ve Regalia, C. (2002), Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, ve empathy. Personal Relationships, 9(1), 27-37 doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00002
  • Fincham, F. D., Beach S. H. R. ve Davila J. (2007). Longitudinal Relations Between Forgiveness ve Conflict Resolution in Marriage. Journal of Family Psychology. 21(3), 542–545. DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.542
  • Fincham, F. D. ve Beach, S. R. (2010), Marriage in the New Millennium: A Decade in Review. Journal of Marriage ve Family, 72(3), 630-649. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00722.x
  • Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., ve Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality ve Social Psychology, 95,1045–1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013262
  • Frost, D. M. (2012). The narrative construction of intimacy ve affect in relationship stories: Implications for relationship quality, stability, ve mental health. Journal of Social ve Personal Relationships, 30(3), 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512454463
  • Givertz, M., Woszidlo, A., Segrin, C. ve Knutson, K. (2013). Direct ve indirect effects of attachment orientation on relationship quality ve loneliness in married couples. Journal of Social ve Personal Relationships, 30(8), 1096 – 1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513482445
  • Hall, J. H., ve Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social ve Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621–637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.621
  • Hills P, Argyle M. (2002). The Oxford happiness questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality ve Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073-1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
  • Jasielska, D., Stolarski, M. ve Bilewicz, M. (2018). Biased, Therefore Unhappy: Disentangling the Collectivism-Happiness Relationship Globally, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(8), 1227-1246, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118784204
  • Kamp Dush, C. M., Taylor, M. ve Kroeger, R. (2008). Marital happiness ve psychological well-being across the life course. Family Relations, 57 (2), 211–226. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00495.x
  • Layous, K., ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The how, why, what, when, ve who of happiness: Mechanisms underlying the success of positive interventions. In J. Gruber ve J. T. Moskowitz (Eds.), Positive emotion: Integrating the light sides ve dark sides (pp. 473–495). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Layous, K., Sweeny, K., Armenta, C. N., Na, S., Choi, I., ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). The proximal experience of gratitude. PLOS ONE, 12(7), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179123
  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. A., ve Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
  • Maltby, J., Day, L. ve Barber, L. (2005). Forgiveness ve happiness. the differing contexts of forgiveness using the distinction between hedonic ve eudaimonic happiness, Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, 6(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-004-0924-9
  • Maltby, J., Macaskill, A., ve Day, L. (2001). Failure to forgive self ve others: A replication ve extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability ve general health. Personality ve Individual Differences, 30(5), 881-885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00080-5
  • Maniaci, M. R. ve Reis, H. T. (2010). The Marriage of Positive Psychology ve Relationship Science: A Reply to Fincham ve Beach. Journal of Family Theory ve Review, 2(1), 47-53. doi:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00037.x
  • McShall, J. R. ve Johnson, M. D. (2015). The Association Between Relationship Quality ve Physical Health Across Racial ve Ethnic Groups, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(6), 789–804. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115587026
  • Murphy, J. G. ve Hampton, J. (1988). Forgiveness ve Mercy. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 194. https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/21595694
  • Nelson, S. K., Della Porta, M. D., Jacobs Bao, K., Lee, H. C., Choi, I. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2015). ‘It’s up to you’: Experimentally manipulated autonomy support for prosocial behavior improves well-being in two cultures over six weeks. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10, 463-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.983959
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There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hasan YILMAZ 0000-0002-9069-1524

Publication Date February 22, 2019
Submission Date November 2, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Supplement 1

Cite

APA YILMAZ, H. (2019). İlişki Niteliği ve Bağışlamanın Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 1189-1204. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.478153
AMA YILMAZ H. İlişki Niteliği ve Bağışlamanın Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisi. MJSS. February 2019;8(1):1189-1204. doi:10.33206/mjss.478153
Chicago YILMAZ, Hasan. “İlişki Niteliği Ve Bağışlamanın Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisi”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8, no. 1 (February 2019): 1189-1204. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.478153.
EndNote YILMAZ H (February 1, 2019) İlişki Niteliği ve Bağışlamanın Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8 1 1189–1204.
IEEE H. YILMAZ, “İlişki Niteliği ve Bağışlamanın Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisi”, MJSS, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1189–1204, 2019, doi: 10.33206/mjss.478153.
ISNAD YILMAZ, Hasan. “İlişki Niteliği Ve Bağışlamanın Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisi”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8/1 (February 2019), 1189-1204. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.478153.
JAMA YILMAZ H. İlişki Niteliği ve Bağışlamanın Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisi. MJSS. 2019;8:1189–1204.
MLA YILMAZ, Hasan. “İlişki Niteliği Ve Bağışlamanın Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisi”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2019, pp. 1189-04, doi:10.33206/mjss.478153.
Vancouver YILMAZ H. İlişki Niteliği ve Bağışlamanın Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisi. MJSS. 2019;8(1):1189-204.

MANAS Journal of Social Studies