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Benleştiren (Saf) Ben ve Benleşen (Ampirik) Ben

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 159 - 197, 30.12.2019

Abstract

Ben, benlik, kendilik, kişi, kişilik, kimlik gibi terimler, çeşitli katmanlarda olduğu varsayılan aynılık (sameness), süreklilik, özdeşlik (identity), süredurum (persistence) gibi olguları ifade etmek için kullanılır (özne ve nefis terimleri ancak bazı anlamları itibariyle bu gruba dahil edilebilirler). Felsefe ve psikolojide bu konulara yönelik ilgi sürekli artmaktadır. İnsan zihninde özdeşliğin kaynağı olan kalıcı bir prensibin varlığı düşünce tarihinde binlerce yıldır tartışılmıştır. Psikolojide ise kuramların nasıl bir benlik/kendilik anlayışı üzerine kurulması gerektiğine dair tartışmalar devam etmektedir. Bu tartışmalar psikoterapi okullarını da derinden etkilemektedir. Bugüne kadar büyük oranda psikopatoloji ile sınırlı olan tartışmalara son 40-50 yıl içinde büyük gelişmelerin kaydedildiği ve artık bağımsız bir disiplin haline gelen gelişim (development) konusunun da dahil olmasıyla bozuluş kadar oluşumun da göz önüne alındığı daha tamamlayıcı bakış açıları önerilebilmektedir.

Bu çalışmada insan zihnini düzenleyici bir öge olarak kendilik kavramına olan ihtiyaç; biri doğuşta mevcut olan (saf veya minimal) ve diğeri ilk dakikalardan itibaren gelişmeye başlayan (ampirik) iki temel kendilik kavramı; son yıllarda oldukça rağbet gören minimal kendilik ve öyküsel kendilik ikilisinin yerine, minimal kendilik ve ampirik kendilik ikilisinin önerilmesinin gerekçeleri incelenecektir. Minimal-ampirik kendilik ikilisinin, benliğin değişmeyen özü (essence) ve değişen özellikleri (accidents); deneyimle değişmeyen merkezî benlik ve deneyimle çeşitlenen benlik yapıları; bilen benlik ve bilinen benlik tartışmalarına getirebileceği çözüm tartışılacak ve bu ikilinin psikolojideki karşılığı ve psikoterapi anlayışına getirebileceği katkılar üzerinde durulacaktır.

References

  • Adorno, T. W. (2001). Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Akhtar, S. (2009). Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Londra: Karnac Books.
  • Allan, K. (1997). “The Postmodern Self: A Theoretical Consideration.” Quarterly Journal of Ideology, 20(1, 2): 3-24.
  • Allen, J. G. (2006). “Mentalizing in Practice.” J.G. Allen, P. Fonagy (Der.), The Handbook of Mentalization-Based Treatment içinde (s.3-30). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Araujo, H. F., Kaplan, J. ve Damasio, A. (2013). “Cortical Midline Structures and Autobiographical-Self Processes: An Activation-Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7: 1–10.
  • Bauer, F. (2009). William James on Common Sense: The foundation of all higher learning. ‎Bloomington: iUniverse.
  • Bandura A. (1999). “Social Cognitive Theory of Personality.” L. A. Pervin, O. P. John (Der.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (2. Baskı) içinde (s. 154-196). Londra: Elsevier.
  • Barresi, J. ve Martin, R. (2011). “History as Prologue: Western Theories of the Self.” S. Gallagher (Der.), The Oxford Handbook of The Self içinde (s. 33-56). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bayne, T. ve Chalmers, D. J. (2003). “What is the Unity of Consciousness?” A. Cleeremans (Der.), The Unity of Consciousness: Binding, integration, and dissociation içinde (s. 23-58). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Berne, E. (1957). “Ego states in psychotherapy.” American Journal of Psychotherapy, 11(2): 293-309.
  • Brett, G. S. (1963). Psychology, Ancient and Modern. New York: Cooper Square Publishers.
  • Brunschwig, J. ve Lloyd, G. E. R. (2000). Greek Thought: A Guide to Classical Knowledge. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Butler, J. (tarihsiz). “Of Personal Identity: Dissertation I.” J. Angus (Der.), The analogy of religion, to the constitution and course of nature içinde (s. 310-320). Londra: The Religious Tract Society.
  • Burkitt, I. (2008). Social Selves: Theories of Self and Socıety. Londra: Sage Publications.
  • Campbell, W. K. (2011). The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Carlsson, A. (1988). “The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.” Neuropsychopharmacology, 1(3): 179–186.
  • Chandler M., Lalonde C., Sokol B. ve Hallett D. (2003). “Personal Persistence, Identity Development, and Suicide: A Study of Native and Non-Native North American Adolescents.” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68(2): 1-130.
  • Conn, C. H. (2003). Locke on Essence and Identity. Philosophical Studies Series, No: 98. Londra: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Çorak, A. (2017). “Benlik Durumları (Ego States) ve Çekirdek Benlik.” Dinlenen Ben, 5: 24-44.
  • Çotuksöken, Y. (1988). Atasözlerimiz. İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
  • D’Argembeau, A. (2013). “On the Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Self-Processing: The Valuation Hypothesis.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7: 372. DOI: 10.3389/2013.00372
  • Dennett, D. (1991) Consciousness Explained. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Descartes, R. (2008). Meditations On First Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (1999). Descartes: Selected Philosophical Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dehaene, S. (2014). Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts. New York: Penguin.
  • Edmonds, D. ve Warburton, N. (2014). Philosophy Bites Again. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1995). A Way of Looking at Things: Selected Papers, 1930-1980. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Federn, P. (1952). Ego psychology and the psychoses. New York: Basic Books.
  • Gallagher, S. (2000). “Philosophical Conceptions of the Self: Implications for Cognitive Science.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(1): 14-21.
  • Gallois, A. (1998). Occasions of Identity: The Metaphysics of Persistence, Change, and Sameness. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Glover, E. (2017). On the Early Development of Mind. New York: Routledge.
  • Grimshaw, W. (1821). An Etymological Dictionary or Analysis of the English Language. Philadelphia.
  • Goffman, E. (1972). Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction. Londra: Penguin University Books.
  • Hartmann, H. (1958). Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation. Çev. David Rapaport. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Hopcke, R. H. (1999). A Guided Tour of the Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Boston: Shambala.
  • James, W. (1908[1890]). The principles of psychology (Cilt: I). New York: Henry Holt And Company.
  • Jorgensen, L. M. (2014). "Seventeenth-Century Theories of Consciousness.” E. N. Zalta (Der.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter, 2014) içinde. Alındığı URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/consciousness-17th/
  • Jung, C. (2014). The Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Der. H. Read, M. Fordham, G. Adler. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1998). Critique of Pure Reason. Çev. P. Guyer ve A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kenny, A. (2001). Essays on the Aristotelian Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Kernberg, O. F. (2012). The Inseparable Nature of Love and Aggression: Clinical and Theoretical Perspectives. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Kernberg, O. F. (1995). Object Relations Theory and Clinical Psychoanalysis. Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson.
  • Kernberg, O. F. (1982). “Self, Ego, Affects, and Drives.” Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association, 30(4): 893-917.
  • Klein, E. (1966). A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of The English Language: Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture, Cilt 1. New York: Elsevier Publishing Company.
  • Klein, M. (1977). Love, Guilt, and Reparation, and Other Works, 1921-1945. New York: Dell Publishing.
  • Kohut, H. (2011). The Search for the Self-III: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut 1978-1981. Der. P Ornstein. Londra: Karnac Books.
  • Kohut, H. (2009[1971]). The Analysis of the Self: A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Leary M. R. ve Tangney J. P. (2012a). “Preface.” M. R. Leary ve J. P. Tangney (Der.), Handbook of Self and Identity (2. Baskı) içinde (s. vii-x). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Leary M. R. ve Tangney J. P. (2012b). “The Self as an Organizing Construct in the Behavioral and Social Sciences.” M. R. Leary ve J. P. Tangney (Der.), Handbook of Self and Identity (2. Baskı) içinde (s. 1-21). New York: Guilford Press.
  • León, F., Szanto, T. ve Zahavi, D. (2019). “Emotional Sharing and the Extended Mind.” Synthese. 196(12): 4847–4867.
  • Lichtenberg, J. D., Lachmann, F. M. ve Fosshage, J. L. (2016). Enlivening the Self: The First Year, Clinical Enrichment, and The Wandering Mind. New York: Routledge.
  • Loftus, E. F., Doyle, J. M., Dysert, J. (2008). Eyewitness Testimony: Civil & Criminal (4. Baskı). Charlottesville: Lexis Law Publishing.
  • Loftus, E. F. (2003). “Our Changeable Memories: Legal and practical Implications.” Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 4: 231-234.
  • Loftus, E. F. ve Ketcham, K. (1994). The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Mahler, M., Pine, F. ve Bergman, A. (1975). The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant. New York: Basic Books.
  • Mashour, G. A. ve LaRock, E. (2008). “Inverse Zombies, Anesthesia Awareness, and the Hard Problem of Unconsciousness.” Consciousness and Cognition, 17: 1163–1168.
  • Masterson J. F. (2011). Search for The Real Self: Unmasking the Personality Disorders of Our Age. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Masterson J. F. (2000). The Personality Disorders: A New Look at the Developmental Self and Object Relations Approach. Phoenix: Zeig Tucker.
  • Masterson J. F. (1995). Disorders of the Self: New Therapeutic Horizons (The Masterson Approach). New York: Brunner-Mazel.
  • Masterson J. F. (1993). Emerging Self: A Developmental, Self, and Object Relations Approach to the Treatment of the Closet Narcissistic Disorder of the Self. New York: Brunner-Mazel.
  • Mauss, M. (1985). “A Category of the Human Mind: The Notion of Person.” M. Carruthers, S. Collins, S. Lukes (Der.), The Category of the Person: Anthropology, Philosophy, History içinde (s. 1-25). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McCormick, D. A. ve Bal, T. (1994). “Sensory Gating Mechanisms of the Thalamus.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 4: 550–556.
  • McCorry, L. K. (2008). Essentials of Human Physiology for Pharmacy (2. Baskı). Londra: CRC Press.
  • Metzinger, T. (2004). Being No One: The Self-Model Theory of Subjectivity. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Neisser, U. (1988). “Five Kinds of Self‐Knowledge.” Philosophical Psychology, 1(1): 35-59.
  • Northoff, G. (2016). “Is the Self a Higher-Order or Fundamental Function of the Brain? The Basis Model of Self-Specificity and Its Encoding by the Brain's Spontaneous Activity.” Cognitive Neuroscience, 7(1–4): 203–222.
  • Peters, F. E. (1967). Greek Philosophical Terms: A Historical Lexicon. New York: New York University Press.
  • Prat-Ortega, G. ve Rocha, J. (2018). “Selective Attention: A Plausible Mechanism Underlying Confirmation Bias.” Current Biology, 28(19): R1151-R1154.
  • Preus, A. (2015). Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Philosophy (2. Baskı). Londra: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Püsküllüoğlu, A. (2012). Öz Türkçe Kılavuzu. İstanbul: Arkadaş Yayıncılık.
  • Rochat, P. ve Hespos, S. J. (1997). “Differential Rooting Response by Neonates: Evidence for an Early Sense of Self.” Early Development and Parenting, 6: 105-112.
  • Stern, D. N. (1985). The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology. Londra: Karnac Books.
  • Strawson, G. ve Altobrando, A. (2018). Muddling Through: An Episodic Conversation on Self, Narrativity, Transience, and Other Pleasantries. A. Altobrando, T. Niikawa, R. Stone (Der.), The Realizations of the Self içinde (s. 135-166). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Strawson, G. (2009). Selves: An Essay in Revisionary Metaphysics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Tuan, Y. (1980). The Significance of the Artifact. Geographical Review, 70(4): 462–472.
  • Waibl, E. ve Herdina, P. (1997) German Dictionary of Philosophical Terms Vol I: German-English. Londra: Routledge.
  • Watkins, J. G. ve Watkins, H. H. (1997). Ego States: Theory and Therapy. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Weber, A., Perry, R. B. (1925). History of Philosophy. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  • Woodward, N. D., Karbasforoushan, H. ve Heckers, S. (2012). “Thalamocortical Dysconnectivity in Schizophrenia.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 169: 1092–1099.

‘Pure I’ That Makes Me and ‘Empirical I’ That Has Become Me

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 159 - 197, 30.12.2019

Abstract

Terms such as ego, self, person, personality, identity are used to refer to phenomena such as sameness, continuity, identity, persistence (subject and nafs can be included in this group only in some sense) at different levels. The interest in these issues in philosophy and psychology is constantly increasing. The existence of a permanent principle as a source of identity in the human mind, has been discussed in the history of thought for thousands of years. In psychology, the debate about what kind of ego/self the theories should be based on continues. These debates have a profound effect on psychotherapy schools. With the inclusion of developmental theories which have become an independent discipline after their progress in the last 40-50 years, a more complementary points of view, considering formation as well as ‘dis-order’ are possible to be proposed in the debates, which have been limited to a great extent to psychopathology to date.

In this study, the need for the concept of self as an organizing element of the human mind; two fundamental concepts of self, one at birth (pure or minimal) and the other starting to develop from the first minutes (empirical); the reasons for proposing a minimal self and empirical self pair instead of the minimal self and narrative self pair which have become very popular in recent years, will be examined. The solution that brings minimal-empirical self pairing in the debates regarding, the unchanged essence and the changing properties of the self; the central self structure that do not change with experience and the self structures that is diversified with experience; and in the debates about knowing self and known self, will be discussed. Corresponding entities and the facts of these selves in psychology, and the contributions to the understanding of psychotherapy will also be noted.

References

  • Adorno, T. W. (2001). Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Akhtar, S. (2009). Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Londra: Karnac Books.
  • Allan, K. (1997). “The Postmodern Self: A Theoretical Consideration.” Quarterly Journal of Ideology, 20(1, 2): 3-24.
  • Allen, J. G. (2006). “Mentalizing in Practice.” J.G. Allen, P. Fonagy (Der.), The Handbook of Mentalization-Based Treatment içinde (s.3-30). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Araujo, H. F., Kaplan, J. ve Damasio, A. (2013). “Cortical Midline Structures and Autobiographical-Self Processes: An Activation-Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7: 1–10.
  • Bauer, F. (2009). William James on Common Sense: The foundation of all higher learning. ‎Bloomington: iUniverse.
  • Bandura A. (1999). “Social Cognitive Theory of Personality.” L. A. Pervin, O. P. John (Der.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (2. Baskı) içinde (s. 154-196). Londra: Elsevier.
  • Barresi, J. ve Martin, R. (2011). “History as Prologue: Western Theories of the Self.” S. Gallagher (Der.), The Oxford Handbook of The Self içinde (s. 33-56). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bayne, T. ve Chalmers, D. J. (2003). “What is the Unity of Consciousness?” A. Cleeremans (Der.), The Unity of Consciousness: Binding, integration, and dissociation içinde (s. 23-58). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Berne, E. (1957). “Ego states in psychotherapy.” American Journal of Psychotherapy, 11(2): 293-309.
  • Brett, G. S. (1963). Psychology, Ancient and Modern. New York: Cooper Square Publishers.
  • Brunschwig, J. ve Lloyd, G. E. R. (2000). Greek Thought: A Guide to Classical Knowledge. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Butler, J. (tarihsiz). “Of Personal Identity: Dissertation I.” J. Angus (Der.), The analogy of religion, to the constitution and course of nature içinde (s. 310-320). Londra: The Religious Tract Society.
  • Burkitt, I. (2008). Social Selves: Theories of Self and Socıety. Londra: Sage Publications.
  • Campbell, W. K. (2011). The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Carlsson, A. (1988). “The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.” Neuropsychopharmacology, 1(3): 179–186.
  • Chandler M., Lalonde C., Sokol B. ve Hallett D. (2003). “Personal Persistence, Identity Development, and Suicide: A Study of Native and Non-Native North American Adolescents.” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68(2): 1-130.
  • Conn, C. H. (2003). Locke on Essence and Identity. Philosophical Studies Series, No: 98. Londra: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Çorak, A. (2017). “Benlik Durumları (Ego States) ve Çekirdek Benlik.” Dinlenen Ben, 5: 24-44.
  • Çotuksöken, Y. (1988). Atasözlerimiz. İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
  • D’Argembeau, A. (2013). “On the Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Self-Processing: The Valuation Hypothesis.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7: 372. DOI: 10.3389/2013.00372
  • Dennett, D. (1991) Consciousness Explained. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Descartes, R. (2008). Meditations On First Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (1999). Descartes: Selected Philosophical Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dehaene, S. (2014). Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts. New York: Penguin.
  • Edmonds, D. ve Warburton, N. (2014). Philosophy Bites Again. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1995). A Way of Looking at Things: Selected Papers, 1930-1980. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Federn, P. (1952). Ego psychology and the psychoses. New York: Basic Books.
  • Gallagher, S. (2000). “Philosophical Conceptions of the Self: Implications for Cognitive Science.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(1): 14-21.
  • Gallois, A. (1998). Occasions of Identity: The Metaphysics of Persistence, Change, and Sameness. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Glover, E. (2017). On the Early Development of Mind. New York: Routledge.
  • Grimshaw, W. (1821). An Etymological Dictionary or Analysis of the English Language. Philadelphia.
  • Goffman, E. (1972). Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction. Londra: Penguin University Books.
  • Hartmann, H. (1958). Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation. Çev. David Rapaport. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Hopcke, R. H. (1999). A Guided Tour of the Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Boston: Shambala.
  • James, W. (1908[1890]). The principles of psychology (Cilt: I). New York: Henry Holt And Company.
  • Jorgensen, L. M. (2014). "Seventeenth-Century Theories of Consciousness.” E. N. Zalta (Der.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter, 2014) içinde. Alındığı URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/consciousness-17th/
  • Jung, C. (2014). The Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Der. H. Read, M. Fordham, G. Adler. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1998). Critique of Pure Reason. Çev. P. Guyer ve A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kenny, A. (2001). Essays on the Aristotelian Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Kernberg, O. F. (2012). The Inseparable Nature of Love and Aggression: Clinical and Theoretical Perspectives. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Kernberg, O. F. (1995). Object Relations Theory and Clinical Psychoanalysis. Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson.
  • Kernberg, O. F. (1982). “Self, Ego, Affects, and Drives.” Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association, 30(4): 893-917.
  • Klein, E. (1966). A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of The English Language: Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture, Cilt 1. New York: Elsevier Publishing Company.
  • Klein, M. (1977). Love, Guilt, and Reparation, and Other Works, 1921-1945. New York: Dell Publishing.
  • Kohut, H. (2011). The Search for the Self-III: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut 1978-1981. Der. P Ornstein. Londra: Karnac Books.
  • Kohut, H. (2009[1971]). The Analysis of the Self: A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Leary M. R. ve Tangney J. P. (2012a). “Preface.” M. R. Leary ve J. P. Tangney (Der.), Handbook of Self and Identity (2. Baskı) içinde (s. vii-x). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Leary M. R. ve Tangney J. P. (2012b). “The Self as an Organizing Construct in the Behavioral and Social Sciences.” M. R. Leary ve J. P. Tangney (Der.), Handbook of Self and Identity (2. Baskı) içinde (s. 1-21). New York: Guilford Press.
  • León, F., Szanto, T. ve Zahavi, D. (2019). “Emotional Sharing and the Extended Mind.” Synthese. 196(12): 4847–4867.
  • Lichtenberg, J. D., Lachmann, F. M. ve Fosshage, J. L. (2016). Enlivening the Self: The First Year, Clinical Enrichment, and The Wandering Mind. New York: Routledge.
  • Loftus, E. F., Doyle, J. M., Dysert, J. (2008). Eyewitness Testimony: Civil & Criminal (4. Baskı). Charlottesville: Lexis Law Publishing.
  • Loftus, E. F. (2003). “Our Changeable Memories: Legal and practical Implications.” Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 4: 231-234.
  • Loftus, E. F. ve Ketcham, K. (1994). The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Mahler, M., Pine, F. ve Bergman, A. (1975). The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant. New York: Basic Books.
  • Mashour, G. A. ve LaRock, E. (2008). “Inverse Zombies, Anesthesia Awareness, and the Hard Problem of Unconsciousness.” Consciousness and Cognition, 17: 1163–1168.
  • Masterson J. F. (2011). Search for The Real Self: Unmasking the Personality Disorders of Our Age. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Masterson J. F. (2000). The Personality Disorders: A New Look at the Developmental Self and Object Relations Approach. Phoenix: Zeig Tucker.
  • Masterson J. F. (1995). Disorders of the Self: New Therapeutic Horizons (The Masterson Approach). New York: Brunner-Mazel.
  • Masterson J. F. (1993). Emerging Self: A Developmental, Self, and Object Relations Approach to the Treatment of the Closet Narcissistic Disorder of the Self. New York: Brunner-Mazel.
  • Mauss, M. (1985). “A Category of the Human Mind: The Notion of Person.” M. Carruthers, S. Collins, S. Lukes (Der.), The Category of the Person: Anthropology, Philosophy, History içinde (s. 1-25). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McCormick, D. A. ve Bal, T. (1994). “Sensory Gating Mechanisms of the Thalamus.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 4: 550–556.
  • McCorry, L. K. (2008). Essentials of Human Physiology for Pharmacy (2. Baskı). Londra: CRC Press.
  • Metzinger, T. (2004). Being No One: The Self-Model Theory of Subjectivity. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Neisser, U. (1988). “Five Kinds of Self‐Knowledge.” Philosophical Psychology, 1(1): 35-59.
  • Northoff, G. (2016). “Is the Self a Higher-Order or Fundamental Function of the Brain? The Basis Model of Self-Specificity and Its Encoding by the Brain's Spontaneous Activity.” Cognitive Neuroscience, 7(1–4): 203–222.
  • Peters, F. E. (1967). Greek Philosophical Terms: A Historical Lexicon. New York: New York University Press.
  • Prat-Ortega, G. ve Rocha, J. (2018). “Selective Attention: A Plausible Mechanism Underlying Confirmation Bias.” Current Biology, 28(19): R1151-R1154.
  • Preus, A. (2015). Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Philosophy (2. Baskı). Londra: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Püsküllüoğlu, A. (2012). Öz Türkçe Kılavuzu. İstanbul: Arkadaş Yayıncılık.
  • Rochat, P. ve Hespos, S. J. (1997). “Differential Rooting Response by Neonates: Evidence for an Early Sense of Self.” Early Development and Parenting, 6: 105-112.
  • Stern, D. N. (1985). The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology. Londra: Karnac Books.
  • Strawson, G. ve Altobrando, A. (2018). Muddling Through: An Episodic Conversation on Self, Narrativity, Transience, and Other Pleasantries. A. Altobrando, T. Niikawa, R. Stone (Der.), The Realizations of the Self içinde (s. 135-166). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Strawson, G. (2009). Selves: An Essay in Revisionary Metaphysics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Tuan, Y. (1980). The Significance of the Artifact. Geographical Review, 70(4): 462–472.
  • Waibl, E. ve Herdina, P. (1997) German Dictionary of Philosophical Terms Vol I: German-English. Londra: Routledge.
  • Watkins, J. G. ve Watkins, H. H. (1997). Ego States: Theory and Therapy. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Weber, A., Perry, R. B. (1925). History of Philosophy. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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There are 79 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy, Psychology
Journal Section Research/Review Articles
Authors

Ahmet Çorak

Publication Date December 30, 2019
Acceptance Date December 28, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çorak, A. (2019). Benleştiren (Saf) Ben ve Benleşen (Ampirik) Ben. MetaZihin: Yapay Zeka Ve Zihin Felsefesi Dergisi, 2(2), 159-197.