Research Article
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The Mediation Role Of Empathy In The Relationship Between Parents’ Attitudes And Altruism

Year 2021, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 22 - 31, 30.11.2021

Mustafa Özmen Abdullah Atli

https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.755209

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to test the models established for the mediating role of empathy in the relationship between parental attitudes and altruism in high school students.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was carried out with 401 participants [224 (55.9%) girls and 177 (44.1%) boys, age- range: = 14-20, Mage = 16.46 years] who are students from various Anatolian/Science High Schools in Elazığ. As a measurement tool, the “Empathy Tendency Scale,” “Parenting Attitude Scale,” and “Altruism Scale” were used. The data of the study were analyzed with structural equation modeling (SEM). In addition, the bootstrapping process was used to test the significance of the indirect effect.
Findings: Two models were determined within the framework of the structural equation model. It is determined that the model which states empathy as the partial mediation role between democratic, full mediation role between protective, authoritarian, attitudes of parents and altruism is the best model. After bootstrapping process, the indirect effects were seen as significant. The findings were discussed in the related literature, and suggestions were made for future researchers and educators.

Keywords

parental attitude empathy altruism high school students structural equation model

References

  • Akbaba, S. (1994). Grupla psikolojik danışmanın sosyal psikolojik bir kavram olan özgecilik üzerindeki etkisi (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
  • Akbaba, S. (2001). Özgecilik ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması, Atatürk Üniversitesi Erzincan Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 85-95.
  • Antonopoulou, K., Alexopoulos, D. A., & Maridaki-Kassotaki, K. (2012). Perceptions of father parenting style, empathy, and self-esteem among Greek preadolescents. Marriage & Family Review, 48(3), 293-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2012.665016
  • Barnett, M. A, King, L. M., Howard, J. A., & Dino, G. A. (1980). Empathy in young children: Relation to parents’empathy, affection, and emphasis on the feelings of others. Developmental Psychology, 16(3), 243-244.
  • Batson, C. D. (1990). How social an animal? The human capacity for caring. American Psychologist, 45(3), 336-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.3.336
  • Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Slingsby, J. K., Harrell, K. L., Peekna, H. M., & Todd, R. M. (1991). Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 413-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.413
  • Batson, C. D., Duncan, B. D., Ackerman, P., Buckley, T., & Birch, K. (1981). Is empathic emotion a source of altruistic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(2), 290-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.2.290
  • Bethlehem, R. A. I., Allison, C., van Andel, E. M., Coles, A. I., Neil, K., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2017). Does empathy predict altruism in the wild? Social Neuroscience, 12(6), 743-750.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303-316.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E.K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (18. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural equation modeling with mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32(6), 988-998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.6.988
  • Cotton, K. (2001). Developing empathy in children and youth. Retrieved from www. nwrel.org Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli ıstatistik: Spss ve lısrel uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Dökmen, Ü. (1988). Empatinin yeni bir modele dayanılarak ölçülmesi ve psikodrama ile geliştirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(21),155-190.
  • Eisenberg, N., & Mussen, P. (1989). The roots of prosocial behavior in children. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Eisenberg, N., Lennon, R., & Roth, K. (1983). Prosocial development: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 19(6), 846–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.19.6.846
  • Elmas, U. (1998). Bireylerin anne-baba tutumları ile özgecilik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiler. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Atatürk Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
  • FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., Evans, D., & Mobbs, D. (2015). Empathic concern drives costly altruism. NeuroImage, 105,347-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.043
  • Fultz, J., Batson, C. D., Fortenbach, V. A., McCarthy, P. M., & Varney, L. L. (1986). Social evaluation and the empathy–altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(4), 761–769. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.761
  • Guo, Q., & Feng, L. (2017). The associations between perceived parenting styles, empathy, and altruistic choices in economic games: A study of Chinese children. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article ID 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01843
  • Hastings, P. D., Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J. A., Usher, B., & Bridges, D. (2000). The development of concern for others in children with behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 531–546.
  • Henry, C. S., Sager, D. W., & Plunkett, S. W. (1996). Adolescents' perceptions of family system characteristics, parent-adolescent dyadic behaviors, adolescent qualities and adolescent empathy. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 45(3), 283-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/585500
  • Hoffman, M. L. (1970). Moral development. Carmichael’s Manual of Child Development, 2,261–359.
  • Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805851
  • Hower, J.T., & Edwards,K.J. (1979).The relationship between moral character and adolescents’ perception of parental behavior. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 135, 23-32.
  • Kim, S. I., & Rohner, R. P. (2003). Perceived Parental Acceptance and Emotional Empathy among University Students in Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(6), 723–735. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103257071
  • Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. NY: Guilford Press.
  • Krevans, J., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Parents' use of inductive discipline: Relations to children's empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67(6), 3263-3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131778
  • Kunce, L. J., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). An attachment-theoretical approach to caregiving in romantic relationships. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships, Vol. 5. Attachment processes in adulthood (pp. 205-237). London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Kuzgun, Y., & Bacanlı, F. (2005). Rehberlik ve psikolojik danışmada kullanılan ölçme araçları dizisi, Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kuzgun, Y., & Eldeklioğlu, J. (1999). Ana baba tutum ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 13(1), 69-77.
  • Maner, J. K., & Gailliot, M. T. (2007). Altruism and egoism: Prosocial motivations for helping depend on relationship context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(2), 347-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.364
  • Mehrabian, A., Young, A. L., & Sato, S. (1988). Emotional empathy and associated individual differences. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 7(3), 221-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02686670
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
  • Punjvani, M. B. (2015). Effect of parenting styles and different family ıncome on altruism in adolescents. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2(3), 126-140. ID: B00356V2I32015
  • Schaffer, M., Clark, S., & Jeglic, E. L. (2009). The role of empathy and parenting style in the development of antisocial behaviors. Crime & Delinquency, 55(4), 586-599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128708321359
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodnessof-Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Strayer, J., & Roberts, W. (2004). Children's anger, emotional expressiveness, and empathy: relations with parents' empathy, emotional expressiveness, and parenting practices. Social Development, 13(2), 229-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.000265.x
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th. Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
  • Tekeş, B., & Hasta, D. (2015). Özgecilik ölçeği: geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(6), 55-75.
  • Trommsdorff, G. (1991). Child-rearing and children's empathy. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72(2), 387-390.http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/PMS.72.2.387-390
  • Yavuzer, H. (2000). Anne-baba ve çocuk. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Yüksel, G. (2002). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin utangaçlık düzeylerini etkileyen faktörler. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 22(3), 37-57.
  • Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. (2012).The neuroscience of empathy: progress, pitfalls and promise. Nat. Neurosci, 15(5), 675–680.

Anne Baba Tutumlarının Özgecilikle Olan İlişkisinde Empatinin Aracılık Rolü

Year 2021, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 22 - 31, 30.11.2021

Mustafa Özmen Abdullah Atli

https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.755209

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, lise öğrencilerinde anne baba tutumları, empati ve özgecilik arasındaki ilişkilere dair kurulan modeller test edilmiştir. Çalışma, Elazığ ilinde çeşitli Anadolu/Fen Liselerinde öğrenim görmekte olan 401 [224’ü (% 55.9) kız ve 177’si (%44.1) erkek, Yaşranjı = 14-20, Yaşort = 16.46] öğrencinin katılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçme aracı olarak; “Empati Eğilim Ölçeği”, “Anne Baba Tutumları Ölçeği” ve “Özgecilik Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri, yapısal eşitlik modeliyle (YEM) analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca dolaylı etkinin anlamlılığını test etmek için bootstrapping işlemi kullanılmıştır. Yapısal eşitlik modeli kapsamında iki model belirlenmiştir. Empatinin; lise öğrencilerinin anne baba tutumlarından demokratik ile özgecilik arasında kısmi, koruyucu-istekçi ve otoriter anne baba tutumu ile özgecilik arasında tam aracı role sahip olduğunu belirten modelin en iyi model olduğu saptanmıştır. Bootstrapping işlemi sonrasında da dolaylı etkilerin anlamlı olduğu sonucu görülmüştür. Bulgular ilgili alanyazında tartışılmış ve gelecekte yapılacak olan çalışmalara ilişkin araştırmacılara ve eğitimcilere önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Keywords

Anne baba tutumu Empati özgecilik lise öğrencileri yapısal eşitlik modeli

References

  • Akbaba, S. (1994). Grupla psikolojik danışmanın sosyal psikolojik bir kavram olan özgecilik üzerindeki etkisi (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
  • Akbaba, S. (2001). Özgecilik ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması, Atatürk Üniversitesi Erzincan Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 85-95.
  • Antonopoulou, K., Alexopoulos, D. A., & Maridaki-Kassotaki, K. (2012). Perceptions of father parenting style, empathy, and self-esteem among Greek preadolescents. Marriage & Family Review, 48(3), 293-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2012.665016
  • Barnett, M. A, King, L. M., Howard, J. A., & Dino, G. A. (1980). Empathy in young children: Relation to parents’empathy, affection, and emphasis on the feelings of others. Developmental Psychology, 16(3), 243-244.
  • Batson, C. D. (1990). How social an animal? The human capacity for caring. American Psychologist, 45(3), 336-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.3.336
  • Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Slingsby, J. K., Harrell, K. L., Peekna, H. M., & Todd, R. M. (1991). Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 413-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.413
  • Batson, C. D., Duncan, B. D., Ackerman, P., Buckley, T., & Birch, K. (1981). Is empathic emotion a source of altruistic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(2), 290-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.2.290
  • Bethlehem, R. A. I., Allison, C., van Andel, E. M., Coles, A. I., Neil, K., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2017). Does empathy predict altruism in the wild? Social Neuroscience, 12(6), 743-750.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303-316.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E.K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (18. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural equation modeling with mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32(6), 988-998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.6.988
  • Cotton, K. (2001). Developing empathy in children and youth. Retrieved from www. nwrel.org Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli ıstatistik: Spss ve lısrel uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Dökmen, Ü. (1988). Empatinin yeni bir modele dayanılarak ölçülmesi ve psikodrama ile geliştirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(21),155-190.
  • Eisenberg, N., & Mussen, P. (1989). The roots of prosocial behavior in children. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Eisenberg, N., Lennon, R., & Roth, K. (1983). Prosocial development: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 19(6), 846–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.19.6.846
  • Elmas, U. (1998). Bireylerin anne-baba tutumları ile özgecilik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiler. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Atatürk Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
  • FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., Evans, D., & Mobbs, D. (2015). Empathic concern drives costly altruism. NeuroImage, 105,347-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.043
  • Fultz, J., Batson, C. D., Fortenbach, V. A., McCarthy, P. M., & Varney, L. L. (1986). Social evaluation and the empathy–altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(4), 761–769. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.761
  • Guo, Q., & Feng, L. (2017). The associations between perceived parenting styles, empathy, and altruistic choices in economic games: A study of Chinese children. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article ID 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01843
  • Hastings, P. D., Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J. A., Usher, B., & Bridges, D. (2000). The development of concern for others in children with behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 531–546.
  • Henry, C. S., Sager, D. W., & Plunkett, S. W. (1996). Adolescents' perceptions of family system characteristics, parent-adolescent dyadic behaviors, adolescent qualities and adolescent empathy. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 45(3), 283-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/585500
  • Hoffman, M. L. (1970). Moral development. Carmichael’s Manual of Child Development, 2,261–359.
  • Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805851
  • Hower, J.T., & Edwards,K.J. (1979).The relationship between moral character and adolescents’ perception of parental behavior. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 135, 23-32.
  • Kim, S. I., & Rohner, R. P. (2003). Perceived Parental Acceptance and Emotional Empathy among University Students in Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(6), 723–735. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103257071
  • Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. NY: Guilford Press.
  • Krevans, J., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Parents' use of inductive discipline: Relations to children's empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67(6), 3263-3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131778
  • Kunce, L. J., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). An attachment-theoretical approach to caregiving in romantic relationships. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships, Vol. 5. Attachment processes in adulthood (pp. 205-237). London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Kuzgun, Y., & Bacanlı, F. (2005). Rehberlik ve psikolojik danışmada kullanılan ölçme araçları dizisi, Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kuzgun, Y., & Eldeklioğlu, J. (1999). Ana baba tutum ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 13(1), 69-77.
  • Maner, J. K., & Gailliot, M. T. (2007). Altruism and egoism: Prosocial motivations for helping depend on relationship context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(2), 347-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.364
  • Mehrabian, A., Young, A. L., & Sato, S. (1988). Emotional empathy and associated individual differences. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 7(3), 221-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02686670
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
  • Punjvani, M. B. (2015). Effect of parenting styles and different family ıncome on altruism in adolescents. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2(3), 126-140. ID: B00356V2I32015
  • Schaffer, M., Clark, S., & Jeglic, E. L. (2009). The role of empathy and parenting style in the development of antisocial behaviors. Crime & Delinquency, 55(4), 586-599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128708321359
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodnessof-Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Strayer, J., & Roberts, W. (2004). Children's anger, emotional expressiveness, and empathy: relations with parents' empathy, emotional expressiveness, and parenting practices. Social Development, 13(2), 229-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.000265.x
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th. Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
  • Tekeş, B., & Hasta, D. (2015). Özgecilik ölçeği: geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(6), 55-75.
  • Trommsdorff, G. (1991). Child-rearing and children's empathy. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72(2), 387-390.http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/PMS.72.2.387-390
  • Yavuzer, H. (2000). Anne-baba ve çocuk. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Yüksel, G. (2002). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin utangaçlık düzeylerini etkileyen faktörler. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 22(3), 37-57.
  • Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. (2012).The neuroscience of empathy: progress, pitfalls and promise. Nat. Neurosci, 15(5), 675–680.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Özmen 0000-0001-9621-7498

Abdullah Atli 0000-0001-7504-484X

Publication Date November 30, 2021
Acceptance Date December 3, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 29 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Özmen, M., & Atli, A. (2021). The Mediation Role Of Empathy In The Relationship Between Parents’ Attitudes And Altruism. Kastamonu Education Journal, 29(4), 22-31. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.755209
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