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THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMON HISTORY BETWEEN TURKS- GEORGIANS IN PRE-SECOND WORLD WAR PERIOD ON THE FUTURE RELATIONS

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 80, 1148 - 1170, 05.01.2024

Burak Şakir Şeker

https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1384290

Abstract

The present article provides an analysis of the longstanding relations between Türkiye and Georgia, encom-passing various dimensions such as diplomatic, economic, social, cultural, and military. The historical background of Turkish-Georgian relations can be traced back to the Seljuks Conquest and the period of Ottoman Empire’s rule in the Caucasus region through its diplomatic, economic, social, and cultural relations with Georgian region. The his-torical impact of the Seljuk and Ottoman Empires on Georgian's economic growth as a trading partner in the Black Sea, Caucasians and the Mediterranean is noteworthy. However, the extent of Ottoman’s influence was curtailed by the dominance and sway of Russia. Following the Independence War of Türkiye, diplomatic ties were restored through the establishment of the Republic of Türkiye before the annexation of Georgia by the Soviet Union. After the Soviet occupation of Georgia, Türkiye faced a challenging situation, as the political system recently established in Georgia exhibited a strong alignment with the Soviet Union, a geopolitical entity that Türkiye perceived as a possible menace to its own security. Georgia's independence ushered in a new era in Turkish-Georgian ties after the Cold War ended. The two nations now cooperate in political, economic, social, and cultural areas, with recent years seeing a rise in military ties as well. This article explores the correlation between political interdependence and cultural in-teractions, with a particular focus on historical events such as the Russo-Turkish War, the Battle of Sarikamish, and the Status of City of Batumi. In this context, it will be investigated whether the Turkish-Georgian relations in the pre-World War II period are the main determining factor in the following period. As an assumption, the hypothesis that well-founded Turkey-Georgia relations will help resolve regional crises will be defended.

Keywords

Türkiye Georgia Ottoman Empire Russian Empire

References

  • Aksakal, M. (2013). The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War (pp. 238-240). Cambridge University Press.
  • Andrews, P. W. (2015). The battle of Chaldiran. In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Is-lamic World. Oxford University Press.
  • Aslan, I. (2021). Ottoman Cultural Influence on Georgia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 12(1), 26-37.
  • Babayan, K., & Aghajanian, L. (2004). Georgia and the Ottomans in the Sixteenth Century. Iranian Studies, 37(1), 65-82.
  • Balkan, N. (2017). Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: The founder of the Turkish Republic. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 5(3), 321-328.
  • Brox, H. (2017). The Turkish-Georgian relationship: An overview of historical and political factors. Caucasus Analytical Digest, (95), 5-9.
  • Duman, T. (2017). Georgian-Turkish relations: A brief history. Insight Türkiye, 19(3), 95-104.
  • Eldem, E. (2016). Georgia in the Ottoman context: Ottoman Georgian relations in the 19th century. Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, 3(1-2), 87-104.
  • Georgian National Tourism Administration. (2022). Georgian Tourism. https://geor-gia.travel/ (Retrieved: 18.05.2023)
  • Gönlübol, M. (2017). Türkiye’s Relations with the Soviet Union in the Early Cold War: The Turco-Soviet Pact of 1945. Journal of Cold War Studies, 19(2), 48-74.
  • Hanioglu, M. S. (2010). Atatürk: An intellectual biography. Princeton University Press.
  • Hansen, S. (2014). Small states in international relations. New York: Routledge.
  • Hewitt, B. (2013). The Abkhazians: A handbook. New York: Routledge.
  • Hitchins, K. (2023). On The Edge of Empires: Southeastern Europe and The Caucasus, 18th Century. In I. A. Jazi & T. Kahl (Eds.), Ethno-Cultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus (pp. 21–36). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (1994). The age of extremes: A history of the world, 1914-1991. Vintage.
  • International Trade Centre. (2022). Trade Map. https://www.trademap.org/ (Retrieved: 12.05.2023)
  • Janjgava, G. (2023). Türkiye, Georgia trade close to record $3 billion as ties grow. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/turkiye-georgia-trade-close-to-record-3-bil-lion-as-ties-grow-envoy/news (Retrieved: 30.05.2023)
  • Javakhishvili, I. (2018). Post-Soviet Georgia: A mixed legacy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jones, L. (2004). ʿAbbasid Suzerainty in the Medieval Caucasus: Appropriation and Adapta-tion of Iconography and Ideology. Gesta, 43(2), 143–150.
  • Jones, R. F. (2017). Georgia: A Political History since Independence. I. B. Tauris.
  • Jones, S. (2012). Ancient Georgia: A short history. London: I. B. Tauris.
  • Jones, S. F. (1987). Russian Imperial Administration and the Georgian Nobility: The Georgian Conspiracy of 1832. The Slavonic and East European Review, 65(1), 53–76.
  • Kakachia, K., & Kandelaki, S. (2016). Democratization in post-Soviet countries: An introduc-tion. New York: Routledge.
  • Kaplan, M. (2011). The Soviet Union and Türkiye, 1917–1945. In M. E. Yapp, & B. Balım-Har-ding (Eds.), The Making of Modern Türkiye (pp. 144-162). Routledge.
  • Karpat, K. H. (2018). The transformation of the Ottoman state, 1789-1908. Cambridge Uni-versity Press.
  • Kasaba, R. (2017). The Cambridge History of Türkiye. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kavakli, K. (2019). Türkiye-Georgia Relations:Historical Background and Future Prospects. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 1(1), 11-21.
  • Khalid, A. (2019). Ottoman Georgia: A History of Culture, Power, and Identity. University of California Press.
  • Kieser, H. J. (2017). Atatürk: An intellectual biography. Princeton University Press.
  • Kortepeter, C. M. (1966). Ottoman Imperial Policy and the Economy of the Black Sea Region in the Sixteenth Century. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 86(2), 86–113.
  • Koç, T.T. and Özer, Ç. (2023). Analysis Of Putin’s Foreign Policy Practices Within The Context of Political Psychology. International Journal of Eurasian Research, 11 (34), p: 414-431.
  • Kotchikian, A. (2004). The Perceived Roles of Russia and Turkey in Georgian Foreign Policy. Insight Turkey, 6(2), 33–44.
  • Lang, D. M. (2012). The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy: A Study of the 1903-1918 Pe-riod. Routledge.
  • Lough, J. (2021). The weight of history. In Germany’s Russia problem: The struggle for bal-ance in Europe (pp. 15–63). Manchester University Press.
  • McMeekin, S. (2017). The Russian Revolution: A New History. Basic Books.
  • Melvin, N. J. (2018). The evolution of the Black Sea as a security space. In Rebuilding Col-lective Security in the Black Sea Region (pp. 5–16). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
  • Oğuz, Ş. (2017). Türkiye-Georgia Relations: Historical, Political and Economic Perspectives. Insight Türkiye, 19(1), 9-29.
  • Piwko, A. (2021). Islamic architecture in Tbilisi and Batumi: Muslim heritage in Georgia. Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo, 9:4:69-83.
  • Rayfield, D. (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books.
  • Ruffin, M. H., McCarter, J., Upjohn, R., & Starr, S. F. (1996). Georgia. In The Post-Soviet Hand-book: A Guide to Grassroots Organizations and Internet Resources (pp. 130–140). Uni-versity of Washington Press.
  • Saari, S., Secrieru, S., & Bechev, D. (2021). Russia and Turkey in The Post-Soviet Neighbourhood: Uneasy tango. In Fire and Ice: The Russian-Turkish partnership (pp. 29–40). European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS).
  • Sakhuja, V. (2015). Georgia's security predicament in the South Caucasus. Strategic Analysis, 39(4), 341-353.
  • Shaw, S. J. (2016). The origins of the Ottoman Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Smith, J. (2009). The Caucasus: An Introduction. Routledge. Stromquist, S. (1992). Ottoman-Georgian diplomatic relations (1810-1872). Middle Eastern Studies, 28(2), 287-296.
  • Sturua, I. (2017). Georgia’s NATO Integration: From Words to Deeds. Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, 3(1), 39-54.
  • Suny, R. G. (2015). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Togan, Z. V. (2017). Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Turkish War of Independence. Routledge.
  • Toumanoff, C. (1971). Caucasia and Byzantium. Traditio, 27, 111–158.
  • Tsurtsumia, Z. (2009). Abkhazia in Russian-Ottoman Relations. Sokhumi State University. https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/164204/3/Avtoreferati%20ing.pdf (Re-trieved: 19.05.2023)
  • Westad, O. A. (2012). Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750. Basic Books.
  • World Bank. (2021). Doing Business 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/busi-nessready/doing-business-legacy (Retrieved: 08.05.2023)
  • Zviadadze, S. (2018). The Unbearable Lightness of Being Muslim and Georgian: Religious Transformation and Questions of Identity among Adjara’s Muslim Georgians. Re-gion, 7(1), 23–42.

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 80, 1148 - 1170, 05.01.2024

Burak Şakir Şeker

https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1384290

Abstract

References

  • Aksakal, M. (2013). The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War (pp. 238-240). Cambridge University Press.
  • Andrews, P. W. (2015). The battle of Chaldiran. In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Is-lamic World. Oxford University Press.
  • Aslan, I. (2021). Ottoman Cultural Influence on Georgia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 12(1), 26-37.
  • Babayan, K., & Aghajanian, L. (2004). Georgia and the Ottomans in the Sixteenth Century. Iranian Studies, 37(1), 65-82.
  • Balkan, N. (2017). Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: The founder of the Turkish Republic. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 5(3), 321-328.
  • Brox, H. (2017). The Turkish-Georgian relationship: An overview of historical and political factors. Caucasus Analytical Digest, (95), 5-9.
  • Duman, T. (2017). Georgian-Turkish relations: A brief history. Insight Türkiye, 19(3), 95-104.
  • Eldem, E. (2016). Georgia in the Ottoman context: Ottoman Georgian relations in the 19th century. Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, 3(1-2), 87-104.
  • Georgian National Tourism Administration. (2022). Georgian Tourism. https://geor-gia.travel/ (Retrieved: 18.05.2023)
  • Gönlübol, M. (2017). Türkiye’s Relations with the Soviet Union in the Early Cold War: The Turco-Soviet Pact of 1945. Journal of Cold War Studies, 19(2), 48-74.
  • Hanioglu, M. S. (2010). Atatürk: An intellectual biography. Princeton University Press.
  • Hansen, S. (2014). Small states in international relations. New York: Routledge.
  • Hewitt, B. (2013). The Abkhazians: A handbook. New York: Routledge.
  • Hitchins, K. (2023). On The Edge of Empires: Southeastern Europe and The Caucasus, 18th Century. In I. A. Jazi & T. Kahl (Eds.), Ethno-Cultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus (pp. 21–36). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (1994). The age of extremes: A history of the world, 1914-1991. Vintage.
  • International Trade Centre. (2022). Trade Map. https://www.trademap.org/ (Retrieved: 12.05.2023)
  • Janjgava, G. (2023). Türkiye, Georgia trade close to record $3 billion as ties grow. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/turkiye-georgia-trade-close-to-record-3-bil-lion-as-ties-grow-envoy/news (Retrieved: 30.05.2023)
  • Javakhishvili, I. (2018). Post-Soviet Georgia: A mixed legacy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jones, L. (2004). ʿAbbasid Suzerainty in the Medieval Caucasus: Appropriation and Adapta-tion of Iconography and Ideology. Gesta, 43(2), 143–150.
  • Jones, R. F. (2017). Georgia: A Political History since Independence. I. B. Tauris.
  • Jones, S. (2012). Ancient Georgia: A short history. London: I. B. Tauris.
  • Jones, S. F. (1987). Russian Imperial Administration and the Georgian Nobility: The Georgian Conspiracy of 1832. The Slavonic and East European Review, 65(1), 53–76.
  • Kakachia, K., & Kandelaki, S. (2016). Democratization in post-Soviet countries: An introduc-tion. New York: Routledge.
  • Kaplan, M. (2011). The Soviet Union and Türkiye, 1917–1945. In M. E. Yapp, & B. Balım-Har-ding (Eds.), The Making of Modern Türkiye (pp. 144-162). Routledge.
  • Karpat, K. H. (2018). The transformation of the Ottoman state, 1789-1908. Cambridge Uni-versity Press.
  • Kasaba, R. (2017). The Cambridge History of Türkiye. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kavakli, K. (2019). Türkiye-Georgia Relations:Historical Background and Future Prospects. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 1(1), 11-21.
  • Khalid, A. (2019). Ottoman Georgia: A History of Culture, Power, and Identity. University of California Press.
  • Kieser, H. J. (2017). Atatürk: An intellectual biography. Princeton University Press.
  • Kortepeter, C. M. (1966). Ottoman Imperial Policy and the Economy of the Black Sea Region in the Sixteenth Century. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 86(2), 86–113.
  • Koç, T.T. and Özer, Ç. (2023). Analysis Of Putin’s Foreign Policy Practices Within The Context of Political Psychology. International Journal of Eurasian Research, 11 (34), p: 414-431.
  • Kotchikian, A. (2004). The Perceived Roles of Russia and Turkey in Georgian Foreign Policy. Insight Turkey, 6(2), 33–44.
  • Lang, D. M. (2012). The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy: A Study of the 1903-1918 Pe-riod. Routledge.
  • Lough, J. (2021). The weight of history. In Germany’s Russia problem: The struggle for bal-ance in Europe (pp. 15–63). Manchester University Press.
  • McMeekin, S. (2017). The Russian Revolution: A New History. Basic Books.
  • Melvin, N. J. (2018). The evolution of the Black Sea as a security space. In Rebuilding Col-lective Security in the Black Sea Region (pp. 5–16). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
  • Oğuz, Ş. (2017). Türkiye-Georgia Relations: Historical, Political and Economic Perspectives. Insight Türkiye, 19(1), 9-29.
  • Piwko, A. (2021). Islamic architecture in Tbilisi and Batumi: Muslim heritage in Georgia. Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo, 9:4:69-83.
  • Rayfield, D. (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books.
  • Ruffin, M. H., McCarter, J., Upjohn, R., & Starr, S. F. (1996). Georgia. In The Post-Soviet Hand-book: A Guide to Grassroots Organizations and Internet Resources (pp. 130–140). Uni-versity of Washington Press.
  • Saari, S., Secrieru, S., & Bechev, D. (2021). Russia and Turkey in The Post-Soviet Neighbourhood: Uneasy tango. In Fire and Ice: The Russian-Turkish partnership (pp. 29–40). European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS).
  • Sakhuja, V. (2015). Georgia's security predicament in the South Caucasus. Strategic Analysis, 39(4), 341-353.
  • Shaw, S. J. (2016). The origins of the Ottoman Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Smith, J. (2009). The Caucasus: An Introduction. Routledge. Stromquist, S. (1992). Ottoman-Georgian diplomatic relations (1810-1872). Middle Eastern Studies, 28(2), 287-296.
  • Sturua, I. (2017). Georgia’s NATO Integration: From Words to Deeds. Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, 3(1), 39-54.
  • Suny, R. G. (2015). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Togan, Z. V. (2017). Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Turkish War of Independence. Routledge.
  • Toumanoff, C. (1971). Caucasia and Byzantium. Traditio, 27, 111–158.
  • Tsurtsumia, Z. (2009). Abkhazia in Russian-Ottoman Relations. Sokhumi State University. https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/164204/3/Avtoreferati%20ing.pdf (Re-trieved: 19.05.2023)
  • Westad, O. A. (2012). Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750. Basic Books.
  • World Bank. (2021). Doing Business 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/busi-nessready/doing-business-legacy (Retrieved: 08.05.2023)
  • Zviadadze, S. (2018). The Unbearable Lightness of Being Muslim and Georgian: Religious Transformation and Questions of Identity among Adjara’s Muslim Georgians. Re-gion, 7(1), 23–42.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Regional Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Burak Şakir Şeker 0000-0002-8536-1790

Publication Date January 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 20 Issue: 80

Cite

APA Şeker, B. Ş. (2024). THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMON HISTORY BETWEEN TURKS- GEORGIANS IN PRE-SECOND WORLD WAR PERIOD ON THE FUTURE RELATIONS. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 20(80), 1148-1170. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1384290
AMA Şeker BŞ. THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMON HISTORY BETWEEN TURKS- GEORGIANS IN PRE-SECOND WORLD WAR PERIOD ON THE FUTURE RELATIONS. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. January 2024;20(80):1148-1170. doi:10.56694/karadearas.1384290
Chicago Şeker, Burak Şakir. “THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMON HISTORY BETWEEN TURKS- GEORGIANS IN PRE-SECOND WORLD WAR PERIOD ON THE FUTURE RELATIONS”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 20, no. 80 (January 2024): 1148-70. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1384290.
EndNote Şeker BŞ (January 1, 2024) THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMON HISTORY BETWEEN TURKS- GEORGIANS IN PRE-SECOND WORLD WAR PERIOD ON THE FUTURE RELATIONS. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 20 80 1148–1170.
IEEE B. Ş. Şeker, “THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMON HISTORY BETWEEN TURKS- GEORGIANS IN PRE-SECOND WORLD WAR PERIOD ON THE FUTURE RELATIONS”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, vol. 20, no. 80, pp. 1148–1170, 2024, doi: 10.56694/karadearas.1384290.
ISNAD Şeker, Burak Şakir. “THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMON HISTORY BETWEEN TURKS- GEORGIANS IN PRE-SECOND WORLD WAR PERIOD ON THE FUTURE RELATIONS”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 20/80 (January 2024), 1148-1170. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1384290.
JAMA Şeker BŞ. THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMON HISTORY BETWEEN TURKS- GEORGIANS IN PRE-SECOND WORLD WAR PERIOD ON THE FUTURE RELATIONS. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2024;20:1148–1170.
MLA Şeker, Burak Şakir. “THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMON HISTORY BETWEEN TURKS- GEORGIANS IN PRE-SECOND WORLD WAR PERIOD ON THE FUTURE RELATIONS”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, vol. 20, no. 80, 2024, pp. 1148-70, doi:10.56694/karadearas.1384290.
Vancouver Şeker BŞ. THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMON HISTORY BETWEEN TURKS- GEORGIANS IN PRE-SECOND WORLD WAR PERIOD ON THE FUTURE RELATIONS. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2024;20(80):1148-70.
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