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Kadın Sporcuların Bikini Fitness Yoluyla Güçlenme ve Baskılanma Deneyimleri

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 289 - 307, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.633511

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı bikini fitnessın
kadın sporcuların
yaşantılarındaki güçlendirici ve baskı kurucu
yönlerini analiz etmektir.
Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden
fenomenoloji kullanılmıştır. On bikini fitness sporcusuyla yapılan
derinlemesine bireysel görüşmeler yoluyla toplanan veriler tematik analiz
yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları bikini fitnessçı kadınların
bedenlerinin toplumsal cinsiyetlendirilmiş normlar etrafında inşa edildiğini
göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte bu inşada iktidarın beden üzerindeki denetim
mekanizmalarına karşı sporcuların farklı güçlenme pratikleri olduğu
anlaşılmaktadır.
Araştırmanın sonunda bikini
fitness normları Foucault’nun (1977, 1980) modern iktidarı tanımlarken
başvurduğu kavramsal araçlarıyla birlikte analiz edilirken, bikini fitnessçıların
deneyimleri norma uyma/normalleşme ve iktidara karşı direniş pratikleri
bağlamında tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Alkan, A. (2015). Toplumsal cinsiyet anaakımlaştırma. Ankara: Berk.
  • Aspridis, A., O’Halloran, P., & Liamputtong, P. (2014). Female bodybuilding: perceived social and psychological effects of participating in the figure class. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 22(1), 24-29. DOI:10.1123/wspaj.2014-0008.
  • Ataman, B., ve Çoban, B. (2016). Gözetim toplumu [Panoptikon]. B. Çoban ve B. Ataman (Der.), İstanbul: Ege.
  • Baştürk, E. (2016). Gözetimin soykütüğü: Foucault'dan Deleuze'e postmodern bir arkeoloji. İstanbul: Kalkedon.
  • Bell, M. C. (2008). Strength in muscle and beauty in integrity: Building a body for her. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 35(1), 43-62. DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2008.9714726.
  • Berger, J. (2018). Görme biçimleri. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Boyle, L. (2005). Flexing the tensions of female muscularity: How female bodybuilders negotiate normative femininity in competitive bodybuilding. Women's Studies Quarterly, 33(1/2), 134-149. [Erişim adresi:https://www.jstor.org/stable/40005506].
  • Blinde, E. M., Taub, D. E., & Han, L. (1993). Sport participation and women's personal empowerment: Experiences of the college athlete. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 17(1), 47-60. DOI: 10.1177/019372359301700107.
  • Brace-Govan, J. (2004). Weighty matters: Control of women's access to physical strength. The Sociological Review, 52(4), 503-531. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00493.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
  • Bulgu, N., Koca Arıtan, C., ve Aşçı, F.H. (2007). Gündelik yaşam, kadın ve fiziksel aktivite. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(4), 167-181. [Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sbd/issue/16399/171450].
  • Cantor, D., Bernay, T., & Stones, J. (1992). Woman in power: The secrets of leadership. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Cole, C. L. (1993). Resisting the canon: Feminist cultural studies, sport, and technologies of the body. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 17(2), 77-97. DOI:10.1177/019372359301700202.
  • Cresswell, J.W. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. M. Bütün ve S.B. Demir (Çev.), Ankara: Siyasal.
  • Deem, R., & Gilroy, S. (1998). Physical activity, life‐long learning and empowerment—situating sport in women's leisure. Sport, Education and Society, 3(1), 89-104. DOI: 10.1080/1357332980030106.
  • Denzin, N. K. (2012). Triangulation 2.0. Journal of mixed methods research, 6(2),80-88. DOI: 10.1177/1558689812437186.
  • Duncan, M. C. (1994). The politics of women's body images and practices: Foucault, the panopticon, and Shape magazine. Journal of sport and social issues, 18(1), 48-65. DOI: 10.1177/019372394018001004.
  • Forbes, G. B., Adams-Curtis, L. E., Holmgren, K. M., & White, K. B. (2004). Perceptions of the social and personal characteristics of hypermuscular women and of the men who love them. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(5), 487-506. DOI:10.3200/SOCP.144.5.487-506.
  • Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972–1977. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1990). The history of sexuality: An introduction. Vintage.
  • Foucault, M. (2006). Deliliğin tarihi. M.A. Kılıçbay (Çev.), İstanbul: İmge.
  • Foucault, M. (2012). İktidarın Gözü. Seçme Yazılar 4. I. Ergüden (Çev.), İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Foucault, M. (2014). Özne ve iktidar. Seçme yazılar 2. I. Ergüden ve O. Akınbay (Çev.), İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • George, M. (2005). Making sense of muscle: The body experiences of collegiate women athletes. Sociological Inquiry, 75(3), 317-345.
  • Glesne, C. (2013). Nitel araştırmaya giriş. A. Ersoy ve P. Yalçınoğlu (Çev.), Ankara: Anı.
  • Grogan, S., Evans, R., Wright, S., & Hunter, G. (2004). Femininity and muscularity: Accounts of seven women body builders. Journal of Gender Studies, 13(1), 49-61. DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2004.10599914.
  • Guthrie, S. R., & Castelnuovo, S. (1992). Elite women bodybuilders: Models of resistance or compliance? Play & Culture, 5(4), 401-408. [Erişim adresi: https:// https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-15707-001].
  • Ian, M. (2001). The primitive subject of female bodybuilding: Transgression and other postmodern myths. Differences: a journal of feminist cultural studies, 12(3), 69-100. [Erişim adresi: https://english.rutgers.edu/images/documents/faculty/ian-ja-2001b.pdf].
  • Johnston, L. (1996). Flexing femininity: Female body-builders refiguring 'the body'. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 3(3), 327-340. DOI: 10.1080/09663699625595.
  • Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women's empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13-24. DOI: 10.1080/13552070512331332273.
  • Kalav, A. (2015). Değişen ve dönüşen sosyal bir olgu olarak namus ve toplumsal cinsiyet. Yüksek lisans tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Anabilim Dalı, Antalya.
  • Kavasoğlu, İ. ve Koca, C. (2018). Bikini fitnessta toplumsal cinsiyetlendirilmiş beden. 16. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi bildiriler kitabı içinde (ss.1062). Antalya.
  • Kavasoğlu, İ. ve Macit, A. (2018). Denetimdeki bedenler: Bikini fitnessta üretilen kadınlık kimliği. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 42-67. DOI: 10.30769/usbd.425447.
  • Koca, C. (2006). Beden eğitimi ve spor alanında toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkileri. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Hacettepe, 17 (2): 81-99. [Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sbd/issue/16401/171459].
  • Koca, C. (2017). Spor bilimlerinde nitel araştırma yaklaşımı. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(1), 30-48.
  • Koca, C., ve Bulgu, N. (2005). Spor ve toplumsal cinsiyet: Genel bir bakış. Toplum ve Bilim, 103, 163- 181.
  • Krane, V. (2001). We can be athletic and feminine, but do we want to? Challenging hegemonic femininity in women's sport. Quest, 53(1), 115-133.
  • Krane, V., Choi, P. Y., Baird, S. M., Aimar, C. M., & Kauer, K. J. (2004). Living the paradox: Female athletes negotiate femininity and muscularity. Sex roles, 50(5-6), 315-329. DOI: 10.1023/B:SERS.0000018888.48437.4f.
  • Kyei, S. (2019). Empowering rural women for gender equality in Ashanti region of Ghana through programmes and projects. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(1), 830-840. DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.9.01.2019.p85104.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. California: Sage.
  • Markula, P. (1995). Firm but shapely, fit but sexy, strong but thin: The postmodern aerobicizing female bodies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 424-453.
  • Markula, P. (2004). “Tuning into one’s self:” Foucault’s technologies of the self and mindful fitness. Sociology of sport journal, 21(3), 302-321.
  • Martin, L. S., & Gavey, N. (1996). Women's bodybuilding: feminist resistance and/or femininity's recuperation? Body & Society, 2(4), 45-57. DOI: 10.1177/1357034X96002004003.
  • McGrath, S. A., &Chananie-Hill, R. A. (2009). “Big freaky-looking women”: Normalizing gender transgression through bodybuilding. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26(2), 235-254. DOI: 10.1123/ssj.26.2.235.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2015). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber. Ankara: Nobel.
  • Obel, C. (1996). Collapsing gender in competitive bodybuilding: researching contradictions and ambiguity in sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 31(2), 185-202. DOI: 10.1177/101269029603100205.
  • Öztürk, P., ve Koca, C. (2014). Egzersiz ve performans sporunda beden politikaları. Toplum ve Hekim, 29(5), 333-343.
  • Rahbari, L. (2019). Pushing gender to its limits: Iranian women bodybuilders on instagram. Journal of Gender Studies, 28(5), 591-602. DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2019.1597582.
  • Rail, G., & Harvey, J. (1995). Body at work: Michel Foucault and the sociology of sport. Sociology of sport journal, 12(2), 164-179.
  • Rowlands, J. (1995). Empowerment examined. Development in practice, 5(2), 101-107. DOI: 10.1080/0961452951000157074
  • Schulze, L., (1990). On the muscle. Gaines, J. & Herzog, C. (Eds.), In Fabrications: Costume and the Female Body (59–78). New York: Routledge.
  • Schur, E. M. (1984). Labeling women deviant: Gender, stigma, and social control. New York: Random House.
  • Scott, A. (2011). Pumping up the pomp: An exploration of femininity and female bodybuilding. Vis-à-vis: Explorations in Anthropology, 11(1), 70-88. [Erişim adresi: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org ].
  • Shea, B. C. (2001). The paradox of pumping iron: Female bodybuilding as resistance and compliance. Women and Language, 24(2), 42-47. DOI: 10.1215/10407391-12-3-69.
  • Shaffer, D. R., & Wittes, E. (2006). Women’s precollege sports participation, enjoyment of sports, and self-esteem. Sex Roles, 55(3-4), 225-232. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-006-9074-3.
  • Shilling, C., & Bunsell, T. (2009). The female bodybuilder as a gender outlaw. Qualitative research in sport and exercise, 1(2), 141-159. DOI: 10.1080/2159676X.2014.928897.
  • Strandberg, N. (2002). Conceptualising empowerment as a transformative strategy for poverty eradication and the implications for measuring progress. Empowerment of women as a transformative strategy for poverty eradication. New Delhi: UN-DAW Expert Group Meetings.
  • Tajrobehkar, B. (2016). Flirting with the judges: Bikini fitness competitors’ negotiations of femininity in bodybuilding competitions. Sociology of Sport Journal, 33(4), 294-304. DOI: 10.1123/ssj.2015-0152.
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  • ELEKTRONIK KAYNAKLAR
  • https://ifbb.com/our-disciplines/ 10.01.2019.
  • https://www.ifbbwa.com/bikini-rules/ 06.05.2019
  • http://ifbb.com/wp-content/uploads/RULES/Women-Bikini-Fitness-Rules-2019.pdf 21.11.2019
  • http://npcnewsonline.com/2017-npc-usa-womens-overall-winners-photos-gallery-bikini-figure-physique-bodybuilding/370015/ 21.11.2019

Women Athletes’ Experiences of Empower and Oppression through Bikini Fitness

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 289 - 307, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.633511

Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyze empowering and
oppressesing aspects of bikini fitness in women athletes' lives. In our study,
we used phenomenology, one of the qualitative research methods. We collected
data through in-depth individual interviews with ten bikini fitness athletes
selected according to the criterion sampling method and analyzed them with
thematic analysis method. Research findings show that the body of bikini
fitness women is built around gendered norms. However, in this construction, it
is understood that the athletes have different empowering practices against the
control mechanisms of power on the body. When analyzing bikini fitness norms
with Foucault's (1977, 1980) conceptual tools that he used to describe modern
power, we discussed the experiences of bikini fitness athletes in the context
of normalization and resistance to power practices.

References

  • Alkan, A. (2015). Toplumsal cinsiyet anaakımlaştırma. Ankara: Berk.
  • Aspridis, A., O’Halloran, P., & Liamputtong, P. (2014). Female bodybuilding: perceived social and psychological effects of participating in the figure class. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 22(1), 24-29. DOI:10.1123/wspaj.2014-0008.
  • Ataman, B., ve Çoban, B. (2016). Gözetim toplumu [Panoptikon]. B. Çoban ve B. Ataman (Der.), İstanbul: Ege.
  • Baştürk, E. (2016). Gözetimin soykütüğü: Foucault'dan Deleuze'e postmodern bir arkeoloji. İstanbul: Kalkedon.
  • Bell, M. C. (2008). Strength in muscle and beauty in integrity: Building a body for her. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 35(1), 43-62. DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2008.9714726.
  • Berger, J. (2018). Görme biçimleri. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Boyle, L. (2005). Flexing the tensions of female muscularity: How female bodybuilders negotiate normative femininity in competitive bodybuilding. Women's Studies Quarterly, 33(1/2), 134-149. [Erişim adresi:https://www.jstor.org/stable/40005506].
  • Blinde, E. M., Taub, D. E., & Han, L. (1993). Sport participation and women's personal empowerment: Experiences of the college athlete. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 17(1), 47-60. DOI: 10.1177/019372359301700107.
  • Brace-Govan, J. (2004). Weighty matters: Control of women's access to physical strength. The Sociological Review, 52(4), 503-531. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00493.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
  • Bulgu, N., Koca Arıtan, C., ve Aşçı, F.H. (2007). Gündelik yaşam, kadın ve fiziksel aktivite. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(4), 167-181. [Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sbd/issue/16399/171450].
  • Cantor, D., Bernay, T., & Stones, J. (1992). Woman in power: The secrets of leadership. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Cole, C. L. (1993). Resisting the canon: Feminist cultural studies, sport, and technologies of the body. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 17(2), 77-97. DOI:10.1177/019372359301700202.
  • Cresswell, J.W. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. M. Bütün ve S.B. Demir (Çev.), Ankara: Siyasal.
  • Deem, R., & Gilroy, S. (1998). Physical activity, life‐long learning and empowerment—situating sport in women's leisure. Sport, Education and Society, 3(1), 89-104. DOI: 10.1080/1357332980030106.
  • Denzin, N. K. (2012). Triangulation 2.0. Journal of mixed methods research, 6(2),80-88. DOI: 10.1177/1558689812437186.
  • Duncan, M. C. (1994). The politics of women's body images and practices: Foucault, the panopticon, and Shape magazine. Journal of sport and social issues, 18(1), 48-65. DOI: 10.1177/019372394018001004.
  • Forbes, G. B., Adams-Curtis, L. E., Holmgren, K. M., & White, K. B. (2004). Perceptions of the social and personal characteristics of hypermuscular women and of the men who love them. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(5), 487-506. DOI:10.3200/SOCP.144.5.487-506.
  • Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972–1977. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1990). The history of sexuality: An introduction. Vintage.
  • Foucault, M. (2006). Deliliğin tarihi. M.A. Kılıçbay (Çev.), İstanbul: İmge.
  • Foucault, M. (2012). İktidarın Gözü. Seçme Yazılar 4. I. Ergüden (Çev.), İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Foucault, M. (2014). Özne ve iktidar. Seçme yazılar 2. I. Ergüden ve O. Akınbay (Çev.), İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • George, M. (2005). Making sense of muscle: The body experiences of collegiate women athletes. Sociological Inquiry, 75(3), 317-345.
  • Glesne, C. (2013). Nitel araştırmaya giriş. A. Ersoy ve P. Yalçınoğlu (Çev.), Ankara: Anı.
  • Grogan, S., Evans, R., Wright, S., & Hunter, G. (2004). Femininity and muscularity: Accounts of seven women body builders. Journal of Gender Studies, 13(1), 49-61. DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2004.10599914.
  • Guthrie, S. R., & Castelnuovo, S. (1992). Elite women bodybuilders: Models of resistance or compliance? Play & Culture, 5(4), 401-408. [Erişim adresi: https:// https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-15707-001].
  • Ian, M. (2001). The primitive subject of female bodybuilding: Transgression and other postmodern myths. Differences: a journal of feminist cultural studies, 12(3), 69-100. [Erişim adresi: https://english.rutgers.edu/images/documents/faculty/ian-ja-2001b.pdf].
  • Johnston, L. (1996). Flexing femininity: Female body-builders refiguring 'the body'. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 3(3), 327-340. DOI: 10.1080/09663699625595.
  • Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women's empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13-24. DOI: 10.1080/13552070512331332273.
  • Kalav, A. (2015). Değişen ve dönüşen sosyal bir olgu olarak namus ve toplumsal cinsiyet. Yüksek lisans tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Anabilim Dalı, Antalya.
  • Kavasoğlu, İ. ve Koca, C. (2018). Bikini fitnessta toplumsal cinsiyetlendirilmiş beden. 16. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi bildiriler kitabı içinde (ss.1062). Antalya.
  • Kavasoğlu, İ. ve Macit, A. (2018). Denetimdeki bedenler: Bikini fitnessta üretilen kadınlık kimliği. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 42-67. DOI: 10.30769/usbd.425447.
  • Koca, C. (2006). Beden eğitimi ve spor alanında toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkileri. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Hacettepe, 17 (2): 81-99. [Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sbd/issue/16401/171459].
  • Koca, C. (2017). Spor bilimlerinde nitel araştırma yaklaşımı. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(1), 30-48.
  • Koca, C., ve Bulgu, N. (2005). Spor ve toplumsal cinsiyet: Genel bir bakış. Toplum ve Bilim, 103, 163- 181.
  • Krane, V. (2001). We can be athletic and feminine, but do we want to? Challenging hegemonic femininity in women's sport. Quest, 53(1), 115-133.
  • Krane, V., Choi, P. Y., Baird, S. M., Aimar, C. M., & Kauer, K. J. (2004). Living the paradox: Female athletes negotiate femininity and muscularity. Sex roles, 50(5-6), 315-329. DOI: 10.1023/B:SERS.0000018888.48437.4f.
  • Kyei, S. (2019). Empowering rural women for gender equality in Ashanti region of Ghana through programmes and projects. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(1), 830-840. DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.9.01.2019.p85104.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. California: Sage.
  • Markula, P. (1995). Firm but shapely, fit but sexy, strong but thin: The postmodern aerobicizing female bodies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 424-453.
  • Markula, P. (2004). “Tuning into one’s self:” Foucault’s technologies of the self and mindful fitness. Sociology of sport journal, 21(3), 302-321.
  • Martin, L. S., & Gavey, N. (1996). Women's bodybuilding: feminist resistance and/or femininity's recuperation? Body & Society, 2(4), 45-57. DOI: 10.1177/1357034X96002004003.
  • McGrath, S. A., &Chananie-Hill, R. A. (2009). “Big freaky-looking women”: Normalizing gender transgression through bodybuilding. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26(2), 235-254. DOI: 10.1123/ssj.26.2.235.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2015). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber. Ankara: Nobel.
  • Obel, C. (1996). Collapsing gender in competitive bodybuilding: researching contradictions and ambiguity in sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 31(2), 185-202. DOI: 10.1177/101269029603100205.
  • Öztürk, P., ve Koca, C. (2014). Egzersiz ve performans sporunda beden politikaları. Toplum ve Hekim, 29(5), 333-343.
  • Rahbari, L. (2019). Pushing gender to its limits: Iranian women bodybuilders on instagram. Journal of Gender Studies, 28(5), 591-602. DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2019.1597582.
  • Rail, G., & Harvey, J. (1995). Body at work: Michel Foucault and the sociology of sport. Sociology of sport journal, 12(2), 164-179.
  • Rowlands, J. (1995). Empowerment examined. Development in practice, 5(2), 101-107. DOI: 10.1080/0961452951000157074
  • Schulze, L., (1990). On the muscle. Gaines, J. & Herzog, C. (Eds.), In Fabrications: Costume and the Female Body (59–78). New York: Routledge.
  • Schur, E. M. (1984). Labeling women deviant: Gender, stigma, and social control. New York: Random House.
  • Scott, A. (2011). Pumping up the pomp: An exploration of femininity and female bodybuilding. Vis-à-vis: Explorations in Anthropology, 11(1), 70-88. [Erişim adresi: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org ].
  • Shea, B. C. (2001). The paradox of pumping iron: Female bodybuilding as resistance and compliance. Women and Language, 24(2), 42-47. DOI: 10.1215/10407391-12-3-69.
  • Shaffer, D. R., & Wittes, E. (2006). Women’s precollege sports participation, enjoyment of sports, and self-esteem. Sex Roles, 55(3-4), 225-232. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-006-9074-3.
  • Shilling, C., & Bunsell, T. (2009). The female bodybuilder as a gender outlaw. Qualitative research in sport and exercise, 1(2), 141-159. DOI: 10.1080/2159676X.2014.928897.
  • Strandberg, N. (2002). Conceptualising empowerment as a transformative strategy for poverty eradication and the implications for measuring progress. Empowerment of women as a transformative strategy for poverty eradication. New Delhi: UN-DAW Expert Group Meetings.
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There are 69 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

İrem Kavasoğlu 0000-0003-3969-1163

Canan Koca 0000-0001-7484-0545

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Acceptance Date December 13, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kavasoğlu, İ., & Koca, C. (2019). Kadın Sporcuların Bikini Fitness Yoluyla Güçlenme ve Baskılanma Deneyimleri. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 289-307. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.633511
AMA Kavasoğlu İ, Koca C. Kadın Sporcuların Bikini Fitness Yoluyla Güçlenme ve Baskılanma Deneyimleri. JSSR. December 2019;4(2):289-307. doi:10.25307/jssr.633511
Chicago Kavasoğlu, İrem, and Canan Koca. “Kadın Sporcuların Bikini Fitness Yoluyla Güçlenme Ve Baskılanma Deneyimleri”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 4, no. 2 (December 2019): 289-307. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.633511.
EndNote Kavasoğlu İ, Koca C (December 1, 2019) Kadın Sporcuların Bikini Fitness Yoluyla Güçlenme ve Baskılanma Deneyimleri. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 2 289–307.
IEEE İ. Kavasoğlu and C. Koca, “Kadın Sporcuların Bikini Fitness Yoluyla Güçlenme ve Baskılanma Deneyimleri”, JSSR, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 289–307, 2019, doi: 10.25307/jssr.633511.
ISNAD Kavasoğlu, İrem - Koca, Canan. “Kadın Sporcuların Bikini Fitness Yoluyla Güçlenme Ve Baskılanma Deneyimleri”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/2 (December 2019), 289-307. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.633511.
JAMA Kavasoğlu İ, Koca C. Kadın Sporcuların Bikini Fitness Yoluyla Güçlenme ve Baskılanma Deneyimleri. JSSR. 2019;4:289–307.
MLA Kavasoğlu, İrem and Canan Koca. “Kadın Sporcuların Bikini Fitness Yoluyla Güçlenme Ve Baskılanma Deneyimleri”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 2, 2019, pp. 289-07, doi:10.25307/jssr.633511.
Vancouver Kavasoğlu İ, Koca C. Kadın Sporcuların Bikini Fitness Yoluyla Güçlenme ve Baskılanma Deneyimleri. JSSR. 2019;4(2):289-307.

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