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The Relationship between Happiness and Social Indicators in Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 50 - 60, 27.12.2020

Abstract

The aim of this study is to present the theoretical background on happiness and to investigate the social indicators related to the happiness of the individual in Turkey through the ordered logit model. In the study, cross tables showing the connection of socioeconomic indicators with happiness were created and categorical variable econometric models that analyze the relationship between dependent variable happiness and social indicators as independent variables are estimated. Obtained findings have revealed which one is valid in Turkey from various happiness approach in the literature. The results suggest that women by gender, 65 and older individuals by age and married individuals based on marital status are happier in Turkey. It has been determined that individuals with the lowest and highest level according to the level of education, individuals working according to the working status, individuals who are interested in housework according to the way of working are happier. On the other hand, public employees were found to be happier compared to the private sector, and those who were unpaid family workers from working individuals compared to other individuals. In the evaluation made according to income groups, it was concluded that the highest level of happiness belongs to the highest income group.

References

  • Albert, C., & Davia, M. A. (2005). Education, Wages and Job Satisfaction. In Epunet Conference.
  • Alpaykut, S. (2017). Türkiye'de İllerin Yaşam Memnuniyetinin Temel Bileşkenler Analizi ve TOPSIS Yöntemiyle Ölçümü Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Journal of Suleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences, 29(4).
  • Azizi, M., Mohamadian, F., Ghajarieah, M., & Direkvand-Moghadam, A. (2017). The effect of individual factors, socioeconomic and social participation on individual happiness: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 11(6), 1-4.
  • Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2008). Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle?. Social science & medicine, 66(8), 1733-1749.
  • Bozkuş, S., Çevik, E. İ., & Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2006). Subjektif Refah ve Mutluluk Düzeyine Etki Eden Faktörlerin Sıralı Logit Model ile Modellenmesi: Türkiye Örneği. TÜİK, İstatistik Araştırma Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 93-116.
  • Chow, H. P. (2005). Life satisfaction among university students in a Canadian prairie city: A multivariate analysis. Social indicators research, 70(2), 139-150.
  • Clark, A. E., & Oswald, A. J. (1996). Satisfaction and Comparison Income. Journal of Public Economics, 61(3), 359-381.
  • Cuñado, J., & de Gracia, F. P. (2012). Does Education Affect Happiness? Evidence for Spain. Social Indicators Research, 108(1), 185-196.
  • Kırcı Çevik, N., Kuruoğlu, E., & Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2010). Education Levels and Household Location Preferences: A Case Study of Turkey. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences, 2(3), 174-180.
  • Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. (2008) Happiness Adaption to Income beyond ‘Basic Needs’. NBER, Working Paper No. 14539.
  • Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American psychologist, 55(1), 34.
  • Diener, E., & Ryan, K. (2009). Subjective well-being: A general overview. South African journal of psychology, 39(4), 391-406.
  • Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological science in the public interest, 5(1), 1-31.
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress. Psychological bulletin, 125 (2), 276-302.
  • Easterlin, R. (1974), Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence. İçinde: David, Paul Allan ve Melvin Warren Reder (Ed.), Nations and Households in Economic Growth, (89-125), New York: Academic Press.
  • Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2000). Maximising Happiness?. German Economic Review, 1(2), 145-167.
  • Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research?. Journal of Economic literature, 40(2), 402-435.
  • Gerdtham, U. G., & Johannesson, M. (2001). The relationship between happiness, health, and socio-economic factors: results based on Swedish microdata. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 30(6), 553-557.
  • Guillen-Royo, M., & Kasser, T. (2015). Personal goals, socio-economic context and happiness: Studying a diverse sample in Peru. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(2), 405-425.
  • Gürler, Ö. K., Turgutlu, T., Kırcı, N., & Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2007). Türkiye’de eğitim talebi belirleyicileri. Finans Politik Ekonomik Yorumlar, 44(512), 89-101.
  • Kalyuzhnova, Y., & Kambhampati, U. (2008). The determinants of individual happiness in Kazakhstan. Economic Systems, 32(3), 285-299.
  • Kırcı Çevik, N. & Çalışkan, H. (2018). Bireyin Yaşam Doyumu ve Eğitim Düzeyi Arasındaki İlişki: Bir Gözden Geçirme. ICOMEP’18 - International Congress of Management, Economy and Policy 2018 Autumn Istanbul/TURKIYE, 165-174.
  • Kırcı Çevik, N., & Korkmaz, O. (2014). Türkiye’de Yaşam Doyumu ve İş Doyumu Arasındaki İlişkinin İki Değişkenli Sıralı Probit Model Analizi. Academic Review of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 7(1).126-145.
  • Kırcı Çevik, N., Kantarcı, T., & Kırcı Altınkeski, B. (2019). Mutlu Gezegen Endeksi: Dünyanın En Mutlu Ülkelerinden Panel Veri Bulguları. ICOMEP’19 - International Congress of Management, Economy and Policy 2019 Autumn Istanbul/TURKIYE, 172-184.
  • Korkmaz, M., Germir, H. N., Yücel, A. S., & Gürkan, A. (2015). Yaşam memnuniyeti üzerinde etkili olan sosyodemografik bileşenler üzerine bir analiz. Uluslararası Hakemli Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi. 3(2), 78-111.
  • Mohammadi, E., Batvandi, Z., & Saberi, A. (2015). Relationship between happiness and different levels of physical activity. Trends in Sport Sciences, 22(1), 47-51. Morgan, J., Robinson, O., & Thompson, T. (2015). Happiness and age in European adults: The moderating role of gross domestic product per capita. Psychology and aging, 30(3), 544.
  • Müezzinoğlu, T. (2005). Yaşam Kalitesi. Üroonkoloji Derneği 2004 Güz Dönemi Konuşması. (1). 25-29.
  • Rojas, M. (2007). Heterogeneity in the relationship between income and happiness: A conceptual-referent-theory explanation. Journal of economic psychology, 28(1), 1-14.
  • Ruževičius, J. (2007). Quality of Life and its Components’ Measurement. Engineering Economics. January 2007, 317-334.
  • Schiffrin, H. H., & Nelson, S. K. (2010). Stressed and happy? Investigating the relationship between happiness and perceived stress. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(1), 33-39.
  • Sekhampu, T. J., & Muzindutsi, P. F. (2014). Association of happiness and socio-economic variables in a South African Township. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 6(1), 106-115.
  • Şeker, M. (2016). Mutluluk Ekonomisi – Kamu Ekonomisi Açısından Bir Analiz. Türkmen Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • Tenaglia, S. (2007). Testing theories on happiness: a questionnaire. University of Tor Vergata-Roma, WorkingPaper, 1-44.
  • Top, M. Ş., Özden, S. Y., & Sevim, M. E. (2003). Psikiyatride yaşam kalitesi. Düşünen Adam Dergisi, 16(1), 18-23.
  • Veenhoven, R. (1996). The study of life-satisfaction.
  • Veenhoven, R., & Dumludağ, D. (2015). Iktisat ve Mutluluk: Bugün Daha Mutlu muyuz?. İçinde: Dumladağ, D., Gökdemir, O., Neyse, L., & Ruben, E. (Ed.), İktisatta Davranışsal Yaklaşımlar (Behavioral Approaches In Economics), Imge Kitabevi, Ankara Turkey, 201-230.
  • Veenhoven, R., & Ehrhardt, J. (1995). The cross-national pattern of happiness: Test of predictions implied in three theories of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 34(1), 33-68.
  • Witter, R. A., Okun, M. A., Stock, W. A., & Haring, M. J. (1984). Education And Subjective Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 6(2), 165-173.

Türkiye’de Eğitim ve Sosyal Göstergelerin Mutluluk ile İlişkisi

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 50 - 60, 27.12.2020

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı mutluluğa dair teorik altyapı sunarak, bireyin mutluluğu ile ilişkili sosyal göstergelerin sıralı logit model aracılığıyla Türkiye özelinde araştırmaktır. Çalışmada, sosyoekonomik göstergelerin mutlulukla bağlantısını gösteren çapraz tablolar oluşturulmuş ve bağımlı değişken mutluluk ile bağımsız değişkenler olarak yer verilen sosyal göstergeler arasındaki ilişkiyi çözümleyen kategorik değişkenli ekonometrik modeller tahmin edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular aracılığıyla, literatürde yer alan çeşitli eğitim-mutluluk yaklaşımlarından hangisinin Türkiye özelinde geçerli olduğunun saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Tahmin sonuçları, Türkiye’de cinsiyete göre kadınların, yaşa göre 65 ve üzeri bireylerin, medeni duruma göre evli bireylerin daha mutlu olduğunu göstermiştir. Eğitim düzeyine göre en düşük ve en yüksek düzeye sahip bireylerin, çalışma durumuna göre çalışan bireylerin, çalışma şekline göre ev işleri ile ilgilenen bireylerin daha mutlu olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öte yandan kamu çalışanlarının özel sektöre kıyasla ve çalışan bireylerden ücretsiz aile işçisi olanların diğer bireylere kıyasla daha mutlu olduğu görülmüştür. Gelir gruplarına göre yapılan değerlendirmede ise, en yüksek mutluluk düzeyinin en yüksek gelir grubuna ait olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • Albert, C., & Davia, M. A. (2005). Education, Wages and Job Satisfaction. In Epunet Conference.
  • Alpaykut, S. (2017). Türkiye'de İllerin Yaşam Memnuniyetinin Temel Bileşkenler Analizi ve TOPSIS Yöntemiyle Ölçümü Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Journal of Suleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences, 29(4).
  • Azizi, M., Mohamadian, F., Ghajarieah, M., & Direkvand-Moghadam, A. (2017). The effect of individual factors, socioeconomic and social participation on individual happiness: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 11(6), 1-4.
  • Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2008). Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle?. Social science & medicine, 66(8), 1733-1749.
  • Bozkuş, S., Çevik, E. İ., & Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2006). Subjektif Refah ve Mutluluk Düzeyine Etki Eden Faktörlerin Sıralı Logit Model ile Modellenmesi: Türkiye Örneği. TÜİK, İstatistik Araştırma Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 93-116.
  • Chow, H. P. (2005). Life satisfaction among university students in a Canadian prairie city: A multivariate analysis. Social indicators research, 70(2), 139-150.
  • Clark, A. E., & Oswald, A. J. (1996). Satisfaction and Comparison Income. Journal of Public Economics, 61(3), 359-381.
  • Cuñado, J., & de Gracia, F. P. (2012). Does Education Affect Happiness? Evidence for Spain. Social Indicators Research, 108(1), 185-196.
  • Kırcı Çevik, N., Kuruoğlu, E., & Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2010). Education Levels and Household Location Preferences: A Case Study of Turkey. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences, 2(3), 174-180.
  • Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. (2008) Happiness Adaption to Income beyond ‘Basic Needs’. NBER, Working Paper No. 14539.
  • Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American psychologist, 55(1), 34.
  • Diener, E., & Ryan, K. (2009). Subjective well-being: A general overview. South African journal of psychology, 39(4), 391-406.
  • Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological science in the public interest, 5(1), 1-31.
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress. Psychological bulletin, 125 (2), 276-302.
  • Easterlin, R. (1974), Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence. İçinde: David, Paul Allan ve Melvin Warren Reder (Ed.), Nations and Households in Economic Growth, (89-125), New York: Academic Press.
  • Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2000). Maximising Happiness?. German Economic Review, 1(2), 145-167.
  • Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research?. Journal of Economic literature, 40(2), 402-435.
  • Gerdtham, U. G., & Johannesson, M. (2001). The relationship between happiness, health, and socio-economic factors: results based on Swedish microdata. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 30(6), 553-557.
  • Guillen-Royo, M., & Kasser, T. (2015). Personal goals, socio-economic context and happiness: Studying a diverse sample in Peru. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(2), 405-425.
  • Gürler, Ö. K., Turgutlu, T., Kırcı, N., & Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2007). Türkiye’de eğitim talebi belirleyicileri. Finans Politik Ekonomik Yorumlar, 44(512), 89-101.
  • Kalyuzhnova, Y., & Kambhampati, U. (2008). The determinants of individual happiness in Kazakhstan. Economic Systems, 32(3), 285-299.
  • Kırcı Çevik, N. & Çalışkan, H. (2018). Bireyin Yaşam Doyumu ve Eğitim Düzeyi Arasındaki İlişki: Bir Gözden Geçirme. ICOMEP’18 - International Congress of Management, Economy and Policy 2018 Autumn Istanbul/TURKIYE, 165-174.
  • Kırcı Çevik, N., & Korkmaz, O. (2014). Türkiye’de Yaşam Doyumu ve İş Doyumu Arasındaki İlişkinin İki Değişkenli Sıralı Probit Model Analizi. Academic Review of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 7(1).126-145.
  • Kırcı Çevik, N., Kantarcı, T., & Kırcı Altınkeski, B. (2019). Mutlu Gezegen Endeksi: Dünyanın En Mutlu Ülkelerinden Panel Veri Bulguları. ICOMEP’19 - International Congress of Management, Economy and Policy 2019 Autumn Istanbul/TURKIYE, 172-184.
  • Korkmaz, M., Germir, H. N., Yücel, A. S., & Gürkan, A. (2015). Yaşam memnuniyeti üzerinde etkili olan sosyodemografik bileşenler üzerine bir analiz. Uluslararası Hakemli Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi. 3(2), 78-111.
  • Mohammadi, E., Batvandi, Z., & Saberi, A. (2015). Relationship between happiness and different levels of physical activity. Trends in Sport Sciences, 22(1), 47-51. Morgan, J., Robinson, O., & Thompson, T. (2015). Happiness and age in European adults: The moderating role of gross domestic product per capita. Psychology and aging, 30(3), 544.
  • Müezzinoğlu, T. (2005). Yaşam Kalitesi. Üroonkoloji Derneği 2004 Güz Dönemi Konuşması. (1). 25-29.
  • Rojas, M. (2007). Heterogeneity in the relationship between income and happiness: A conceptual-referent-theory explanation. Journal of economic psychology, 28(1), 1-14.
  • Ruževičius, J. (2007). Quality of Life and its Components’ Measurement. Engineering Economics. January 2007, 317-334.
  • Schiffrin, H. H., & Nelson, S. K. (2010). Stressed and happy? Investigating the relationship between happiness and perceived stress. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(1), 33-39.
  • Sekhampu, T. J., & Muzindutsi, P. F. (2014). Association of happiness and socio-economic variables in a South African Township. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 6(1), 106-115.
  • Şeker, M. (2016). Mutluluk Ekonomisi – Kamu Ekonomisi Açısından Bir Analiz. Türkmen Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • Tenaglia, S. (2007). Testing theories on happiness: a questionnaire. University of Tor Vergata-Roma, WorkingPaper, 1-44.
  • Top, M. Ş., Özden, S. Y., & Sevim, M. E. (2003). Psikiyatride yaşam kalitesi. Düşünen Adam Dergisi, 16(1), 18-23.
  • Veenhoven, R. (1996). The study of life-satisfaction.
  • Veenhoven, R., & Dumludağ, D. (2015). Iktisat ve Mutluluk: Bugün Daha Mutlu muyuz?. İçinde: Dumladağ, D., Gökdemir, O., Neyse, L., & Ruben, E. (Ed.), İktisatta Davranışsal Yaklaşımlar (Behavioral Approaches In Economics), Imge Kitabevi, Ankara Turkey, 201-230.
  • Veenhoven, R., & Ehrhardt, J. (1995). The cross-national pattern of happiness: Test of predictions implied in three theories of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 34(1), 33-68.
  • Witter, R. A., Okun, M. A., Stock, W. A., & Haring, M. J. (1984). Education And Subjective Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 6(2), 165-173.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Arife Yinanç This is me 0000-0002-3626-6471

Nüket Kırcı Çevik 0000-0002-0104-1088

Gökmen Kantar 0000-0001-5120-110X

Publication Date December 27, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yinanç, A., Kırcı Çevik, N., & Kantar, G. (2020). Türkiye’de Eğitim ve Sosyal Göstergelerin Mutluluk ile İlişkisi. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 5(2), 50-60.

JOEEP is published as two issues per year June and December and all publication policies and processes are conducted according to the international standards. JOEEP accepts and publishes the research articles in the fields of economics, political economy, fiscal economics, applied economics, business economics, labour economics and econometrics. JOEEP, without depending on any institution or organization, is a non-profit journal that has an International Editorial Board specialist on their fields. All “Publication Process” and “Writing Guidelines” are explained in the related title and it is expected from authors to Show a complete match to the rules. JOEEP is an open Access journal.