BibTex RIS Cite

The effects of different exercise programs on knee muscle strength and H:Q ratios of sedentary males and females

Year 2014, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 1 - 13, 15.09.2014

Muhammed Kafkas Bekir Durmuş Armağan Kafkas Mahmut Açak Abdulkadir Aydın

Abstract

Objectives: Knee muscle strength is highly important for both sedentary and athletic people. For the reasons of both rehabilitation of injuries and performance development, strength is regarded as one of the most important elements of sports. The present study aims to determine the effect of different exercise protocols on knee muscle strength and H:Q ratios of young sedentary males and females.

Methods: A total of 115 healthy and sedentary people 62 males (23.10±4.50 years, 71.90±8.90 kg and 177.80±10.30 cm) and 53 females (22.10±5.30 years, 54.40±6.90 kg and 166.60±6.00 cm) voluntarily consented to take part in the study. Participants were divided into randomly four separate groups according to exercise types (control, pilates, cardio, resistance exercises groups). Resistance exercise movements were made within 60% of 1-RM for each subject over 3 days during a week with 3 sets of 10-12 repetitions. CEG exercises were performed on a treadmill for 45 minutes over 3 days in a week with a 60% overloading rate. Pilates exercises were performed for 45 minutes over 3 days during a week under the supervision of a coach. Pilates exercises were divided into three different parts: (1) mat exercises (4 weeks), (2) Thera-band plastic resistance exercises (4 weeks) and, finally, pilates ball exercises at a beginner level (4 weeks).

Results: There were significant differences between the pre- and post-exercises of knee muscle strength for REG, CEG and PEG after 12 weeks both gender and legs (p<0.05). Measures of muscle strength in both leg elicited substantial side differences in both flexor and extensor muscle strength. On average the female participants showed a 12.1% weaker flexor muscle strength (52.1±12.7 vs. 45.3±11.9 Nm, p<0.05) and a 6.7% stronger extensor muscle strength in the dominant leg (120.3±24.7 vs. 112.2±25.8 Nm, p=0.036). These data converted into H:Q ratios indicates that the knee H:Q ratio of dominant leg was 41.3±6.5% as compared with 38.6±6.9% (p>0.05) in the non-dominant leg.

Conclusion: In conclusion, regular resistance, cardio and pilates exercises caused a significant increase in flexors and extensors muscle strength and H:Q ratios of males and females.

Keywords

Exercise Hamstring Pilates Strength

References

  • Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Magnusson SP, Larsson B, Dyhre-Poulsen P. (1998). A new concept for isokinetic hamstring: quadriceps muscle strength ratio. Am J Sports Med, 26, 231-237.
  • Almosnino S, Stevenson MJ, Bardana DD, Elena D, Diaconescu ED, Dvir Z. (2012). Reproducibility of isokinetic knee eccentric and concentric strength indices in asymptomatic young adults. Phys Ther Sport, 13, 156-162.
  • American College of Sports Medicine -ACSM. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(3), 687-708.
  • Anderson CE, Sforzo GA, Sigg JA. (2008). The effects of combining elastic and free weight resistance on strength and power in athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 22, 567-574. Andrade Mdos S, De Lira CA, Koffes F de C, Mascarin NC, Benedito-Silva AA, Da Silva AC. (2012). Isokinetic hamstrings to quadriceps peak torque ratio: the influence of sport modality, gender and angular velocity. J Sports Sci, 30, 547-553.
  • Bottaro M, Machado S, Nogueira W, Scales R, Veloso J. (2007). Effect of high versus lowvelocity resistance training on muscular fitness and functional performance in older men. Eur J App Physiol, 99(3), 257-264.
  • Brown LE, Whitehurst M. (2003). The effect of short-term isokinetic training on force and rate of velocity development. J Strength Cond Res, 17(1), 88-94.
  • Calmels PM, Nellen M, van der Borne I, Jourdin P, Minaire P. (1997). Concentric and eccentric isokinetic assessment of flexor–extensor torque ratios at the hip, knee, and ankle in a sample population of healthy subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 78, 122412
  • Cornelissen VA, Arnout J, Holvoet P, Fagard RH. (2009). Influence of exercise at lower and higher intensity on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors at older age. J Hypertens, 27, 753–762.
  • Costa PB, Ryan ED, Herda TJ, DeFreitas JM, Beck TW, Cramer JT. (2009). Effects of stretching on peak torque and the H:Q ratio. Int J Sports Med, 30, 60-65.
  • Delecluse C, Van Coppenolle H, Willems E, Van Leemputte M, Diels R, Goris M. (1995). Influence of high-resistance and high-velocity training on sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 27(8),1203-1209.
  • Derviseviç E, Hadziç V. (2012). Quadriceps and hamstrings strength in team sports: Basketball, football and volleyball. Isokinet Exerc Sci, 20, 293-300.
  • Devan MR, Pescatello LS, Faghri P, Anderson J. (2004). A prospective study of overuse knee injuries among female athletes with muscle imbalances and structural abnormalities. J Athl Train, 39, 263-267.
  • Ferrara CM, Goldberg AP, Ortmeyer HK, Ryan AS. (2006). Effects of aerobic and resistive exercise training on glucose disposal and skeletal muscle metabolism in older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 61, 480–487.
  • Hewett TE, Myer GD, Zazulak BT. (2008). Hamstrings to quadriceps peak torque ratios diverge between sexes with increasing isokinetic angular velocity. J Sci Med Sport, 11, 452-459.
  • Hooten WM, Qu W, Townsend CO, Judd JW. (2012). Effects of strength vs aerobic exercise on pain severity in adults with fibromyalgia: A randomized equivalence trial. Pain, 153, 915-923.
  • Irez GB, Özdemir RA, Evin R, Irez SG, Korkusuz F. (2011). Integrating Pilates exercise into an exercise program for 65+ year-old women to reduce falls. J Sports Sci Med, 10, 105Jubrias SA, Esselman PC, Price LB, Cress ME, Conley KE. (2001). Large energetic adaptations of elderly muscle to resistance and endurance training. J Appl Physiol, 90, 1663–1670.
  • Karinkanta S, Heinonen A, Sievanen H, Uusi-Rasi K, Kannus P. (2005). Factors predicting dynamic balance and quality of life in home-dwelling elderly women. Gerontology, 51, 116-121.
  • Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O. (1957). The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn, 35, 307-315.
  • Kong PW, Burns SF. (2010). Bilateral difference in hamstrings to quadriceps ratio in healthy males and females. Phys Ther Sport, 11, 12-17.
  • Landin D, Nelson AG. (2007). Early phase strength development: a four-week training comparison of different programs. J Strength Cond Res, 21(4), 1113-1116.
  • Lund H, Sondergaard K, Zachariassen T, Christensen R, Bulow P, Henriksen M, Bartels EM, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Bliddal H. (2005). Learning effect of isokinetic measurements in healthy subjects, and comparability of Biodex and Lido dynamometers. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 25, 75-82.
  • Magalhaes J, Oliviera J, Ascensao A, Soares J. (2004). Concentric quadriceps and hamstrings isokinetic strength in volleyball and soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 44, 119-1
  • Maughan KK, Lowry KA, Franle WD, Smiley-Oyen AL. (2012). The dose response relationship of balance training in physically active older adult. J Aging Phys Act, 20, 442-4
  • McCurdy K, Langford G, Ernest J, Jenkerson D, Doscher M. (2009). Comparison of chainand plate-loaded bench press training on strength, joint pain, and muscle soreness in division II baseball players. J Strength Cond Res, 23, 187-195.
  • Orchard J, Marsden J, Lord S, Garlick D. (1997). Preseason hamstring muscle weakness associated with hamstring muscle injury in Australian footballers. Am J Sports Med, 25, 81-85.
  • Ozaki H, Miyachi M, Nakajima T, Abe T. (2011). Effects of 10 weeks walk training with leg blood flow reduction on carotid arterial compliance and muscle size in the elderly adults. Angiology, 62, 81-86.
  • Petrofsky J, Morris A, Bonacci J, Hanson A, Jorritsma R. Hill J. (2005). Muscle use during exercise: a comparison of conventional weight equipment to Pilates with and without a resistive exercise device. J Appl Res, 5, 160-173.
  • Pilates S. (2001). Comprehensive mat work manual. Canada, Toronto; Merrithew cooperation.
  • Prevost MC, Nelson AG, Maraj BKV. (1999). The effect of two days of velocity-specific isokinetic training on torque production. J Strength Cond Res, 13(1), 35-39.
  • Rhea MR, Kenn JG, Dermody BM. (2009). Alterations in speed of squat movement and the use of accommodated resistance among college athletes training for power. J Strength Cond Res, 23, 2645-2650.
  • Rosene JM, Fogarty TD, Mahaffey BL. (2001). Isokinetic hamstrings:quadriceps ratios in intercollegiate athletes. J Ath Train, 36, 378-383.
  • Shoepe T, Ramirez D, Rovetti R, Kohler D, Almstedt H. (2011). The effects of 24 weeks of resistance training with simultaneous elastic and free weight loading on muscular performance of novice lifters. J Human Kinetics, 29, 93-106.
  • Short KR, Vittone JL, Bigelow ML, Proctor DN, Nair KS. (2004). Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 286, 92–101.
  • Stel VS, Pluijm SM, Deeg DJ, Smith JH, Bouter LM, Lips P. (2004). Functional limitations and poor physical performance as independent risk factors for self-reported fractures in older persons. Osteoporos Int, 15, 742-750.
  • Verney J, Kadi F, Saafi MA, Piehl-Aulin K, Denis C. (2006). Combined lower body endurance and upper body resistance training improves performance and health parameters in healthy active elderly. Eur J Appl Physiol, 97, 288–297.
  • Weir JP. Quantifying test–retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM. J Strength Cond Res, 19, 231–240. Weiss EP, Racette SB, Villareal DT, Fontana L, Steger-May K, Schechtman KB, Klein S, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO. (2007). Lower extremity muscle size and strength and aerobic capacity decrease with caloric restriction but not with exercise-induced weight loss. J Appl Physiol, 102, 634–640.

Year 2014, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 1 - 13, 15.09.2014

Muhammed Kafkas Bekir Durmuş Armağan Kafkas Mahmut Açak Abdulkadir Aydın

Abstract

References

  • Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Magnusson SP, Larsson B, Dyhre-Poulsen P. (1998). A new concept for isokinetic hamstring: quadriceps muscle strength ratio. Am J Sports Med, 26, 231-237.
  • Almosnino S, Stevenson MJ, Bardana DD, Elena D, Diaconescu ED, Dvir Z. (2012). Reproducibility of isokinetic knee eccentric and concentric strength indices in asymptomatic young adults. Phys Ther Sport, 13, 156-162.
  • American College of Sports Medicine -ACSM. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(3), 687-708.
  • Anderson CE, Sforzo GA, Sigg JA. (2008). The effects of combining elastic and free weight resistance on strength and power in athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 22, 567-574. Andrade Mdos S, De Lira CA, Koffes F de C, Mascarin NC, Benedito-Silva AA, Da Silva AC. (2012). Isokinetic hamstrings to quadriceps peak torque ratio: the influence of sport modality, gender and angular velocity. J Sports Sci, 30, 547-553.
  • Bottaro M, Machado S, Nogueira W, Scales R, Veloso J. (2007). Effect of high versus lowvelocity resistance training on muscular fitness and functional performance in older men. Eur J App Physiol, 99(3), 257-264.
  • Brown LE, Whitehurst M. (2003). The effect of short-term isokinetic training on force and rate of velocity development. J Strength Cond Res, 17(1), 88-94.
  • Calmels PM, Nellen M, van der Borne I, Jourdin P, Minaire P. (1997). Concentric and eccentric isokinetic assessment of flexor–extensor torque ratios at the hip, knee, and ankle in a sample population of healthy subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 78, 122412
  • Cornelissen VA, Arnout J, Holvoet P, Fagard RH. (2009). Influence of exercise at lower and higher intensity on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors at older age. J Hypertens, 27, 753–762.
  • Costa PB, Ryan ED, Herda TJ, DeFreitas JM, Beck TW, Cramer JT. (2009). Effects of stretching on peak torque and the H:Q ratio. Int J Sports Med, 30, 60-65.
  • Delecluse C, Van Coppenolle H, Willems E, Van Leemputte M, Diels R, Goris M. (1995). Influence of high-resistance and high-velocity training on sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 27(8),1203-1209.
  • Derviseviç E, Hadziç V. (2012). Quadriceps and hamstrings strength in team sports: Basketball, football and volleyball. Isokinet Exerc Sci, 20, 293-300.
  • Devan MR, Pescatello LS, Faghri P, Anderson J. (2004). A prospective study of overuse knee injuries among female athletes with muscle imbalances and structural abnormalities. J Athl Train, 39, 263-267.
  • Ferrara CM, Goldberg AP, Ortmeyer HK, Ryan AS. (2006). Effects of aerobic and resistive exercise training on glucose disposal and skeletal muscle metabolism in older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 61, 480–487.
  • Hewett TE, Myer GD, Zazulak BT. (2008). Hamstrings to quadriceps peak torque ratios diverge between sexes with increasing isokinetic angular velocity. J Sci Med Sport, 11, 452-459.
  • Hooten WM, Qu W, Townsend CO, Judd JW. (2012). Effects of strength vs aerobic exercise on pain severity in adults with fibromyalgia: A randomized equivalence trial. Pain, 153, 915-923.
  • Irez GB, Özdemir RA, Evin R, Irez SG, Korkusuz F. (2011). Integrating Pilates exercise into an exercise program for 65+ year-old women to reduce falls. J Sports Sci Med, 10, 105Jubrias SA, Esselman PC, Price LB, Cress ME, Conley KE. (2001). Large energetic adaptations of elderly muscle to resistance and endurance training. J Appl Physiol, 90, 1663–1670.
  • Karinkanta S, Heinonen A, Sievanen H, Uusi-Rasi K, Kannus P. (2005). Factors predicting dynamic balance and quality of life in home-dwelling elderly women. Gerontology, 51, 116-121.
  • Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O. (1957). The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn, 35, 307-315.
  • Kong PW, Burns SF. (2010). Bilateral difference in hamstrings to quadriceps ratio in healthy males and females. Phys Ther Sport, 11, 12-17.
  • Landin D, Nelson AG. (2007). Early phase strength development: a four-week training comparison of different programs. J Strength Cond Res, 21(4), 1113-1116.
  • Lund H, Sondergaard K, Zachariassen T, Christensen R, Bulow P, Henriksen M, Bartels EM, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Bliddal H. (2005). Learning effect of isokinetic measurements in healthy subjects, and comparability of Biodex and Lido dynamometers. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 25, 75-82.
  • Magalhaes J, Oliviera J, Ascensao A, Soares J. (2004). Concentric quadriceps and hamstrings isokinetic strength in volleyball and soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 44, 119-1
  • Maughan KK, Lowry KA, Franle WD, Smiley-Oyen AL. (2012). The dose response relationship of balance training in physically active older adult. J Aging Phys Act, 20, 442-4
  • McCurdy K, Langford G, Ernest J, Jenkerson D, Doscher M. (2009). Comparison of chainand plate-loaded bench press training on strength, joint pain, and muscle soreness in division II baseball players. J Strength Cond Res, 23, 187-195.
  • Orchard J, Marsden J, Lord S, Garlick D. (1997). Preseason hamstring muscle weakness associated with hamstring muscle injury in Australian footballers. Am J Sports Med, 25, 81-85.
  • Ozaki H, Miyachi M, Nakajima T, Abe T. (2011). Effects of 10 weeks walk training with leg blood flow reduction on carotid arterial compliance and muscle size in the elderly adults. Angiology, 62, 81-86.
  • Petrofsky J, Morris A, Bonacci J, Hanson A, Jorritsma R. Hill J. (2005). Muscle use during exercise: a comparison of conventional weight equipment to Pilates with and without a resistive exercise device. J Appl Res, 5, 160-173.
  • Pilates S. (2001). Comprehensive mat work manual. Canada, Toronto; Merrithew cooperation.
  • Prevost MC, Nelson AG, Maraj BKV. (1999). The effect of two days of velocity-specific isokinetic training on torque production. J Strength Cond Res, 13(1), 35-39.
  • Rhea MR, Kenn JG, Dermody BM. (2009). Alterations in speed of squat movement and the use of accommodated resistance among college athletes training for power. J Strength Cond Res, 23, 2645-2650.
  • Rosene JM, Fogarty TD, Mahaffey BL. (2001). Isokinetic hamstrings:quadriceps ratios in intercollegiate athletes. J Ath Train, 36, 378-383.
  • Shoepe T, Ramirez D, Rovetti R, Kohler D, Almstedt H. (2011). The effects of 24 weeks of resistance training with simultaneous elastic and free weight loading on muscular performance of novice lifters. J Human Kinetics, 29, 93-106.
  • Short KR, Vittone JL, Bigelow ML, Proctor DN, Nair KS. (2004). Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 286, 92–101.
  • Stel VS, Pluijm SM, Deeg DJ, Smith JH, Bouter LM, Lips P. (2004). Functional limitations and poor physical performance as independent risk factors for self-reported fractures in older persons. Osteoporos Int, 15, 742-750.
  • Verney J, Kadi F, Saafi MA, Piehl-Aulin K, Denis C. (2006). Combined lower body endurance and upper body resistance training improves performance and health parameters in healthy active elderly. Eur J Appl Physiol, 97, 288–297.
  • Weir JP. Quantifying test–retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM. J Strength Cond Res, 19, 231–240. Weiss EP, Racette SB, Villareal DT, Fontana L, Steger-May K, Schechtman KB, Klein S, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO. (2007). Lower extremity muscle size and strength and aerobic capacity decrease with caloric restriction but not with exercise-induced weight loss. J Appl Physiol, 102, 634–640.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Muhammed Kafkas This is me

Bekir Durmuş

Armağan Kafkas

Mahmut Açak This is me

Abdulkadir Aydın This is me

Publication Date September 15, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kafkas, M., Durmuş, B., Kafkas, A., Açak, M., et al. (2014). The effects of different exercise programs on knee muscle strength and H:Q ratios of sedentary males and females. Journal of Athletic Performance and Nutrition, 1(2), 1-13.
AMA Kafkas M, Durmuş B, Kafkas A, Açak M, Aydın A. The effects of different exercise programs on knee muscle strength and H:Q ratios of sedentary males and females. Journal of Athletic Performance and Nutrition. November 2014;1(2):1-13.
Chicago Kafkas, Muhammed, Bekir Durmuş, Armağan Kafkas, Mahmut Açak, and Abdulkadir Aydın. “The Effects of Different Exercise Programs on Knee Muscle Strength and H:Q Ratios of Sedentary Males and Females”. Journal of Athletic Performance and Nutrition 1, no. 2 (November 2014): 1-13.
EndNote Kafkas M, Durmuş B, Kafkas A, Açak M, Aydın A (November 1, 2014) The effects of different exercise programs on knee muscle strength and H:Q ratios of sedentary males and females. Journal of Athletic Performance and Nutrition 1 2 1–13.
IEEE M. Kafkas, B. Durmuş, A. Kafkas, M. Açak, and A. Aydın, “The effects of different exercise programs on knee muscle strength and H:Q ratios of sedentary males and females”, Journal of Athletic Performance and Nutrition, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1–13, 2014.
ISNAD Kafkas, Muhammed et al. “The Effects of Different Exercise Programs on Knee Muscle Strength and H:Q Ratios of Sedentary Males and Females”. Journal of Athletic Performance and Nutrition 1/2 (November 2014), 1-13.
JAMA Kafkas M, Durmuş B, Kafkas A, Açak M, Aydın A. The effects of different exercise programs on knee muscle strength and H:Q ratios of sedentary males and females. Journal of Athletic Performance and Nutrition. 2014;1:1–13.
MLA Kafkas, Muhammed et al. “The Effects of Different Exercise Programs on Knee Muscle Strength and H:Q Ratios of Sedentary Males and Females”. Journal of Athletic Performance and Nutrition, vol. 1, no. 2, 2014, pp. 1-13.
Vancouver Kafkas M, Durmuş B, Kafkas A, Açak M, Aydın A. The effects of different exercise programs on knee muscle strength and H:Q ratios of sedentary males and females. Journal of Athletic Performance and Nutrition. 2014;1(2):1-13.
 Download Cover Image