Abstract
James Griffin'in İnsan Hakları Üzerine adlı kitabı, insan hakları deneyiminin küresel ölçekte empoze edilmesinin eleştirel bir açıklamasıdır. Griffin, üç temel kavram olan “özerklik, özgürlük ve asgari bir gelir” temeli üzerinden insan haklarının evrenselliğine dair sistematik fakat eleştirel bir bakış açısı sunar. Bu makale, Griffin'in insan hakları konusunda oluşturduğu eleştirinin Osmanlı hak ve ödevler anlayışı ve uygulamalarıyla ne ölçüde örtüştüğüne bakan söylemsel ve felsefi bir analizdir. Griffin'e göre insan hakları konusu özellikle son elli yıl içerisinde Batı dünyasının küresel etkisinin kalıcı bir sembolü haline gelmiştir. Bu evrensel anlayışa göre insan hakları, doğuştan var olan, devredilemez ve saygı gerektiren bir temel oluşturmuş ve insanlık durumu (the human condition) için adaleti, siyasi özgürlükleri ve eşitlikleri teşvik etmektedir. Son birkaç yüzyıl içinde meydana gelmiş olan devrimler, büyük savaşların şiddeti ve dehşeti ile, normatif fail (normative agent) olan özneyi koruma ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Griffin, “özerklik, özgürlük ve asgari bir gelir” olarak tanımladığı bu üç kavram üzerinden felsefi içerikli bir savunma yapmaktadır. Griffin'in “İnsan Hakları Üzerine” isimli kitabında insan haklarının olması gerektiği (ought to) şekil ve içerik konusunda felsefi bir içerik sunarken pratik nitelikteki sorunlar hakkında işlevsel bir çerçeve sunamamaktadır. Bununla birlikte bu eser, insan hakları tartışması konusunda alternatif bir ahlaki temelin nasıl farklı olabileceği konusunda canlı bir tartışma da sunmaktadır. Griffin, evrensel ortak ahlaki bir teori yerine insan onuru (dignity) gibi kavramlar üzerinden evrensel insan hakları beyannamesinin keyfiliğini eleştirir. Bu makalede, Griffin'in yukarıda bahsedilen özerklik, özgürlük ve asgari gelir kavramları ile Osmanlıların azınlıklara yaklaşımları arasındaki farklılıklar ve benzerlikler karşılaştırılmaktadır. Her ne kadar Osmanlı toplumsal yapısı insan hakları ifadesi olarak doğrudan nitelendirilemese de Griffin'in kişilik (personhood) üzerinden başlattığı felsefi tartışma Osmanlı anlayışının bu tartışma ile önemsenecek bir örtüşme içerisinde olduğunu da göstermektedir.
Keywords
Supporting Institution
Anadolu Üniversitesi
References
- Aral, B. (2017). The idea of human rights as perceived in the Ottoman Empire. In Global Minority Rights (pp. 109–138). Routledge.
- Ari, B. (2003). The First Dutch Ambassador in Istanbul: Cornelis Haga and the Dutch Capitulations of 1612. Bilkent Universitesi (Turkey).
- Aristoteles. (2020). Politics (1st ed.). Karbon Kitaplar.
- Arı, B. (2004). Early Ottoman diplomacy: Ad hoc period. In Ottoman Diplomacy (pp. 36–65). Springer.
- Assembly, U. G. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights. UN General Assembly, 302(2), 14–25.
- Bashir, A.-H. M. (1999). Property rights in Islam. 71–82.
- Berman, E., & Lake, D. A. (2019). Proxy wars: Suppressing violence through local agents. Cornell University Press.
- Berween, M. (2002). The fundamental human rights: An islamic perspective. The International Journal of Human Rights, 6(1), 61–79.
- Block, F. (2003). Karl Polanyi and the writing of the Great Transformation. Theory and Society, 32(3), 275–306.
- Cabot, H. (2019). The European refugee crisis and humanitarian citizenship in Greece. Ethnos, 84(5), 747–771.
- Canatan, K., Hıdır, Ö., Bozbayındır, G., Yar, H., Gökçekuyu, E., Bozbayındır, A. E., & Yıldırım, L. (2017). 2016 yılı Hollanda insan hakları raporu.
- Cohen, J., Van Landeghem, P., Carpentier, N., & Deliens, L. (2014). Public acceptance of euthanasia in Europe: A survey study in 47 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 59(1), 143–156.
- El Menyawi, H. (2011). Same-sex marriage in Islamic law. Wake Forest JL & Pol’y, 1, 325.
- El-Gamal, M. A. (2000). An economic explication of the prohibition of Riba in classical Islamic jurisprudence. 31–44.
- Gokcekuyu, E. (2017). The Ottoman Sociopolitical Impact on the West during the European Reformation. Muslim World, 107(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12213
- Gokcekuyu, E. (2022). Onuf’un Sosyal İnşacılık Anlayışı. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(4), 464–469. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1143631
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- Griffin, J. (2009). On human rights. OUP Oxford.
- Hanley, W. (2016). What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was Not. Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, 3(2), 277–298.
- Heywood, A. (2014). Global politics (Vol. 19). Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Inalcik, H. (1968). Islam in the Ottoman Empire. Cultura Turcica, 57, 19–29.
- Inalcik, H., TEKELI, S., & ÖNEY, G. (1973). The Ottoman Empire. The Classical Age, 1300, 1600.
- Kamali, M. H. (1991). Principles of Islamic jurisprudence. Islamic Texts Society Cambridge.
- Kant, I. (2020a). Fundamental principles of Metaphysics of Morals (1st ed.). Karbon Kitaplar.
- Kant, I. (2020b). The Metaphsyical Elements of Ethics (Vol. 1). Karbon Kitaplar.
- Khadduri, M. (1979). The Maslaha (Public Interest) and Illa (Cause) in Islamic Law. NYUJ Int’l L. & Pol., 12, 213.
- MacIntyre, A. (2007). After virtue: A study in moral theory. University of Notre Dame Press.
- Malik, M. (2015). Al-Maqasid Al-Shariah (the Comprehensive Objective of Shari’ah). 31.
- Mayer, A. E. (2018). Islam and human rights: Tradition and politics. Routledge.
- Müftügil, A. S. (2011). Compulsory religion education and religious minorities in Turkey.
- Naff, T. (1963). Reform and the Conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789-1807. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 83(3), 295–315.
- Nöldeke, T., Schwally, F., Bergsträßer, G., & Pretzl, O. (2013). The History of the Qurʾān: By Theodor Nöldeke. Brill.
- Rawls, J. (2004). A theory of justice. In Ethics (pp. 229–234). Routledge.
- Skocpol, T., & Theda, S. (1979). States and social revolutions: A comparative analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge University Press.
- Tedrîc. (2022). In İslam Ansiklopedisi. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/tedric
- Uyanık, M. (2016). ‘Modern İslam Düşüncesi’nin Teşekkül Devri: Modernist ve Gelenekselci Eğilimler Merkezli Bir İnceleme. Muhafazakar Düşünce/Conservative Thought, 12(47).
Abstract
James Griffin’s book “On Human Rights” is a critical account of the global leading imposition of human rights experience. Griffin provides a systematic outlook of the universality of human rights on basis of three key concepts: autonomy, liberty and a minimum provision. This article provides an analysis of Griffin’s critique and how the Ottoman practice of rights and duties overlaps and differs. According to Griffin Human Rights in the last fifty years has become a standing symbol of the Western global influence in promoting justice, fairness, political freedoms and equities as a human condition to be universally respected and acknowledged as an unalienable fundament. A condition that is formed through revolutions and major wars in the last couple of centuries so vigorous that gave birth to the need to protect the normative agent as is described by James Griffin. Griffin makes a philosophical case for the three concepts of autonomy, liberty and minimum provision. Upon further reading “On Human Rights” one encounters problems of practical nature that Griffin neither offers a clear explanation nor a functional framework for what he believes human rights ought to be. This book does however provide an invigorating debate on the question of how a discourse of rights can be uniquely different in virtue of distinct moral foundations. Griffin merely scrutinizes the arbitrariness of the universal declaration of human rights being based on concepts such as dignity instead of a universal shared moral theory. It is at this point that this paper perceives overlap between Griffins concepts of autonomy, liberty and minimum provision. The Ottoman practice and approach of individuals may not distinctly be labelled as human rights, yet does overlap with Griffin’s philosophical account of personhood.
References
- Aral, B. (2017). The idea of human rights as perceived in the Ottoman Empire. In Global Minority Rights (pp. 109–138). Routledge.
- Ari, B. (2003). The First Dutch Ambassador in Istanbul: Cornelis Haga and the Dutch Capitulations of 1612. Bilkent Universitesi (Turkey).
- Aristoteles. (2020). Politics (1st ed.). Karbon Kitaplar.
- Arı, B. (2004). Early Ottoman diplomacy: Ad hoc period. In Ottoman Diplomacy (pp. 36–65). Springer.
- Assembly, U. G. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights. UN General Assembly, 302(2), 14–25.
- Bashir, A.-H. M. (1999). Property rights in Islam. 71–82.
- Berman, E., & Lake, D. A. (2019). Proxy wars: Suppressing violence through local agents. Cornell University Press.
- Berween, M. (2002). The fundamental human rights: An islamic perspective. The International Journal of Human Rights, 6(1), 61–79.
- Block, F. (2003). Karl Polanyi and the writing of the Great Transformation. Theory and Society, 32(3), 275–306.
- Cabot, H. (2019). The European refugee crisis and humanitarian citizenship in Greece. Ethnos, 84(5), 747–771.
- Canatan, K., Hıdır, Ö., Bozbayındır, G., Yar, H., Gökçekuyu, E., Bozbayındır, A. E., & Yıldırım, L. (2017). 2016 yılı Hollanda insan hakları raporu.
- Cohen, J., Van Landeghem, P., Carpentier, N., & Deliens, L. (2014). Public acceptance of euthanasia in Europe: A survey study in 47 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 59(1), 143–156.
- El Menyawi, H. (2011). Same-sex marriage in Islamic law. Wake Forest JL & Pol’y, 1, 325.
- El-Gamal, M. A. (2000). An economic explication of the prohibition of Riba in classical Islamic jurisprudence. 31–44.
- Gokcekuyu, E. (2017). The Ottoman Sociopolitical Impact on the West during the European Reformation. Muslim World, 107(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12213
- Gokcekuyu, E. (2022). Onuf’un Sosyal İnşacılık Anlayışı. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(4), 464–469. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1143631
- Fernandez, C. G., & Fernandez, D. P. (2017). The adoption of the Declaration on the Right to Peace by the United Nations: A human rights landmark. Peace Human Rights Governance, 1(2).
- Greussing, E., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Shifting the refugee narrative? An automated frame analysis of Europe’s 2015 refugee crisis. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(11), 1749–1774.
- Griffin, J. (2009). On human rights. OUP Oxford.
- Hanley, W. (2016). What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was Not. Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, 3(2), 277–298.
- Heywood, A. (2014). Global politics (Vol. 19). Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Inalcik, H. (1968). Islam in the Ottoman Empire. Cultura Turcica, 57, 19–29.
- Inalcik, H., TEKELI, S., & ÖNEY, G. (1973). The Ottoman Empire. The Classical Age, 1300, 1600.
- Kamali, M. H. (1991). Principles of Islamic jurisprudence. Islamic Texts Society Cambridge.
- Kant, I. (2020a). Fundamental principles of Metaphysics of Morals (1st ed.). Karbon Kitaplar.
- Kant, I. (2020b). The Metaphsyical Elements of Ethics (Vol. 1). Karbon Kitaplar.
- Khadduri, M. (1979). The Maslaha (Public Interest) and Illa (Cause) in Islamic Law. NYUJ Int’l L. & Pol., 12, 213.
- MacIntyre, A. (2007). After virtue: A study in moral theory. University of Notre Dame Press.
- Malik, M. (2015). Al-Maqasid Al-Shariah (the Comprehensive Objective of Shari’ah). 31.
- Mayer, A. E. (2018). Islam and human rights: Tradition and politics. Routledge.
- Müftügil, A. S. (2011). Compulsory religion education and religious minorities in Turkey.
- Naff, T. (1963). Reform and the Conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789-1807. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 83(3), 295–315.
- Nöldeke, T., Schwally, F., Bergsträßer, G., & Pretzl, O. (2013). The History of the Qurʾān: By Theodor Nöldeke. Brill.
- Rawls, J. (2004). A theory of justice. In Ethics (pp. 229–234). Routledge.
- Skocpol, T., & Theda, S. (1979). States and social revolutions: A comparative analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge University Press.
- Tedrîc. (2022). In İslam Ansiklopedisi. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/tedric
- Uyanık, M. (2016). ‘Modern İslam Düşüncesi’nin Teşekkül Devri: Modernist ve Gelenekselci Eğilimler Merkezli Bir İnceleme. Muhafazakar Düşünce/Conservative Thought, 12(47).
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 26, 2023 |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 |
