Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 168 - 178, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1287789

Abstract

References

  • Arjava, A. (2005). The Mystery Cloud of 536 CE in the Mediterranean Sources. Dumbart Oaks Pap., 59, 73–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/4128751
  • Bakker, J., Paulissen, E., Kaniewski, D., Poblome, J., De Laet, V., Verstraeten, G., & Waelkens, M. (2013). Climate, people, fire and vegetation: new insights into vegetation dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean since the 1st century AD. Climate of the Past, 9(1), 57-87. https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-3379-2012
  • Baillie, M. G. L. (1994). Dendrochronology raises questions about the nature of the AD 536 dust-veil event. Holocene, 4, 212-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369400400211
  • Banaji, J. (2007). Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity: Gold, Labour, and Aristocratic Dominance, Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Behre, K. E. (1990). Some reflections on anthropogenic indicators and the record of prehistoric occupation phases in pollen diagrams from the Near East. In S. Bottema, G. Entjes-Nieborg, & W. van Zeist (Eds.), Man's Role in the Shaping of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape (219-230). Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
  • Bell, M., & Walker, M. J. C. (1992). Late Quaternary Environmental Change: Physical and human perspectives. Harlow: Longman Group UK Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(93)90031-g
  • Besonen, M. R., & Roosevelt, C. H. (2015). Late Holocene Climate in Central Western Turkey-evidence for a Period of Exceptional Aridity in the Mid-First Millennium AD.
  • Birks, H. J. B. (1990). Indicator values of pollen types from post-6000 B.P. pollen assemblages from southern England and southern Sweden. Quaternary Studies in Poland, 10, 21-31.
  • Bottema, S., & Woldring, H. (1984). Late Quaternary vegetation and climate of Southwestern Turkey. Part II. Palaeohistoria, 26, 123-149.
  • Bottema, S., Woldring, H., & Aytuğ, B. (1986). Palynological investigations on the relations between prehistoric man and vegetation in Turkey: The Beyşehir Occupation Phase. In H. Demiriz, & N. Özhatay (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th Optima Congress (315-328). September, 1986, İstanbul.
  • Bottema, S., Woldring, H., & Aytuğ, B. (1993-1994). Late Quaternary vegetation history of northern Turkey. Palaeohistoria, 35/36, 13-72.
  • Brewer, S., Guiot, J., & Barboni, D. (2007). Pollen data as climate proxies. In S. Elias (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Sciences, vol. 3. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 2498-2510.
  • Brown, N. (1994). Climate Change and Human History. Some Indications from Europe, AD 400–1400. Environmental Pollution, 83, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90020-5
  • Büntgen, U., Tegel, W., Nicolussi, K., McCormick, M., Frank, D., Trouet, V., Kaplan, J. O., Herzig, F., Heussner, K. U., Wanner, H., Luterbacher, J., & Esper, J. (2011). 2500 Years of European climate variability and human susceptibility. Science, 331, 578-582. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197175
  • Büntgen, U., Myglan, V., Ljungqvist, F., McCormick, M., di Cosmo, N., Sigl, M., Jungclaus, J., Wagner, S., Krusic, P., Esper, J., Kaplan, J. A. C., de Vaan, M., Luterbacher, J., Wacker, L., Tegel, W., & Kirdyanov, A. V. (2016). Cooling and societal change during the late Antique little ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD. Nat. Geosci. 9, 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2652
  • Coulton, J. J. (2012). Late roman and Byzantine balboura. In J. J. Coulton (Eds.), The Balboura Survey and Settlement in Highland Southwest Anatolia. 1. Balboura and the History of Highland Settlement. London: British Instat, Ankara, pp. 163-184.
  • Cameron, A. (1993). The Later Roman Empire, A.D. 284-430. London: Fontana Press.
  • Dean, J. R., Jones, M. D., Leng, M. J., Sloane, H. J., Swann, G. E. A., Metcalfe, S. E., Roberts, C. N., Woodbridge, J., Eastwood, W. J., & Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H. (2013). Palaeoseasonality of the last two millennia reconstructed from the oxygen isotope composition of diatom silica and carbonates from Nar Gölü, central Turkey. Quat. Sci. Rev. 66, 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.07.014
  • Dean, J. R., Jones, M. D., Leng, M. J., Noble, S. R., Metcalfe, S. E., Sloane, H. J., Sahy, D., Eastwood, W. J., & Roberts, C.N. (2015). Eastern Mediterranean hydroclimate over the late glacial and Holocene, reconstructed from the sediments of Nar Lake, central Turkey, using stable isotopes and carbonate mineralogy. Quaternary Science Reviews, 124, 162-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.023
  • Doonan, O. P. (2003). Production in a Pontic Landscape: The Hinterland of Greek and Roman Sinope, In M. Faudot, A. Fraysse, & E. Geny (Eds.), Pont-Euxin et commerce: la genèse de la “Route de soie” (Besançon, 2003), 185–198.
  • Doonan, O. P. (2004). Sinop Landscapes: Exploring Connection in a Black Sea Hinterland. UPenn Museum of Archaeology.
  • Eastwood, W. J. (2006). Palaeoecology and eastern Mediterranean landscapes: theoretical and practical approaches. In J. Haldon (Eds.), General Issues in the Study of Medieval Logistics: Sources, Problems, and Methodologies. Leiden: Brill, pp. 119-158.
  • Eastwood, W. J., Gümüşçü, O., Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H., Haldon, J. F., & England, A. (2009). Integrating Palaeoecological and Archaeo-Historical records: Land use and Landscape change in Cappadocia (central Turkey) since late Antiquity. In T. Vorderstrasse & J. Roodenberg (Eds.), Archaeology of The Countryside in Medieval Anatolia (45-69). Pihans.
  • Eastwood, W. J., Leng, M. J., Roberts, N., & Davis, B. (2007). Holocene climate change in the eastern Mediterranean region: a comparison of stable isotope and pollen data from Lake Gölhisar, southwest Turkey. Journal of Quaternary Science, 22(4), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1062
  • Eastwood, W. J., Roberts, N., & Lamb, H. F. (1998). Palaeoecological and archaeological evidence for human occupance in southwest Turkey: the Beyşehir occupation phase. Anatolian Studies, 48, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.2307/3643048
  • England, A., Eastwood, W. J., Roberts, C. N., Turner, R., & Haldon, J. F. (2008). Historical landscape change in Cappadocia (central Turkey): a palaeoecological investigation of annually-laminated sediments from Nar lake. The Holocene, 18(8), 1229-1245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683608096598
  • Fleitmann, D., Cheng, H., Badertscher, S., Edwards, R. L., Mudelsee, M., Göktürk, O. M., Fankhauser, A., Pickering, R., Raible, C. C., Matter, A., Kramers, J., & Tüysüz, O. (2009). Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L19707. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040050
  • Gaillard, M. J., Birks, H. J. B., Emaunelsson, U., & Berglund, B. E. (1992). Modern pollen/land-use relationships as an aid in the reconstruction of past land-uses and cultural landscapes: an example from south Sweden. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 1(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00190697
  • Göktürk, O. M., Fleitmann, D., Badertscher, S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Leuenberger, M., Fankhauser, A., Tüysüz, O., & Kramers, J. (2011). Climate on the southern Black Sea coast during the Holocene: implications from the Sofular Cave record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 2433-2445.
  • Gunn, J. (2000). The Years without Summer: Tracing A.D. 536 and its Aftermath. BAR international series. Oxford: Y. Archaeopress, p. 872.
  • Haldon, J. (2007). Cappadocia will be given over to ruin and become a desert. Environmental evidence for historically-attested events in the 7the 10th centuries. In K. Belke (Eds.), Byzantina Mediterranea: Festschrift Für Johannes Koder Zum 65Geburtstag, Wien: Böhlau, pp. 215-230.
  • Haldon, J., Roberts, N., Izdebski, A., Fleitmann, D., McCormick, M., Cassis, M., Doonan, O., Eastwood, W., Elton, H., Ladstätter, S., Manning, S., Newhard, J., Nicoll, K., Telelis, I., & Xoplaki, E. (2014). The climate and environment of Byzantine Anatolia: integrating science, history, and archaeology. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 45(2), 113-161. https://doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00682
  • Harbeck, M., Seifert, L., Hänsch, S., Wagner, D. M., Birdsell, D., Parise, K. L., Wiechmann, I., Grupe, G., Thomas, A., Keim, P., Zöller, L., Bramanti, B., Riehm, J. M., & Scholz, H. C. (2013). Yersinia pestis DNA from skeletal remains from the 6th century AD reveals insights into Justinianic Plague. PLoS pathogens, 9(5), e1003349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003349
  • Hirschfeld, Y. (2006). The crisis of the sixth century: climatic change, natural disasters and the plague. Mediterr. Archaeol. Archaeom. 6, 19-32.
  • Holman, S. R. (2001). The Hungry Are Dying: Beggars and Bishops in Roman Cappadocia, Oxford Studies in Historical Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Issar, A. (1998). Climate Change and History during the Holocene in the Eastern Mediterranean. In A. Issar, & N. Brown (Eds.), Water, Environment and Society in Times of Climatic Change. Contributions from an International Workshop within the Framework of International Hydrological Program (IHP) UNESCO held at Ben-Gurion University, Dordrecht, 113–128, cf. 123–125.
  • Iversen, J. (1941). Land occupation in Denmark's Stone age. A pollen-analytical study of the influence of farmer culture on the vegetational development. Rӕkke: Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse II, 2(66), 20-68.
  • Iversen, J. (1949). The influence of prehistoric man on vegetation. Rӕkke: Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse, 3(6), 1-25.
  • Izdebski, A. (2011). Why did agriculture flourish in the late antique East? the role of climate fluctuations in the development and contraction of agriculture in Asia minor and the Middle East from the 4th till the 7th c. AD. Millenium. Jahrb. Kult. Gesch. ersten Jahrtausends Chr 8, 291-312.
  • Izdebski, A. (2013). A Rural Economy in Transition. Asia Minor from Late Antiquity into the Early Middle Ages. Journal of Juristic Papyrology Supplement Series. Warsaw: Taubenschlag Foundation.
  • Izdebski, A., Pickett, J., Roberts, N., & Waliszewski, T. (2016). The environmental, archaeological and historical evidence for regional climatic changes and their societal impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean in Late Antiquity. Quat. Sci. Rev., 136, 189-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.022
  • Jacobs, I., & Waelkens, M. (2013). Five centuries of Glory. The North-South colonnaded street of sagalassos in the first and the sixth Century A.D. Istanbuler Mittl. 63, 219-266.
  • Jacobson, M. J., Flohr, P., Gascoigne, A., Leng, M. J., Sadekov, A., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Tüysüz, O., & Fleitman, D. (2021). Heterogenous Late Holocene Climate in the Eastern Mediterranean—The Kocain Cave Record From SW Turkey. Geophys Res Lett. 48, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl094733
  • Jacobson, M. J., Pickett, J., Gascoigne, A. L., Fleitmann, D., & Elton, H. (2022). Settlement, environment, and climate change in SW Anatolia: Dynamics of regional variation and the end of Antiquity. PLoS One 17(6), e0270295. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270295
  • Jones, M. D., Roberts, N., Leng, M. J., & Türkeş, M. (2006). A high-resolution late Holocene lake isotope record from Turkey and links to North Atlantic and monsoon climate. Geology, 34(5), 361-364. https://doi.org/10.1130/g22407.1
  • Kaniewski, D., van Campo, E., Morhange, C., Guiot, J., Zviely, D., Burel, S.L. Otto, T., & Artzy, M. (2014). Vulnerability of mediterranean ecosystems to long-term changes along the Coast of Israel. PLoS One 9(7), e102090. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102090
  • Kaniewski, D., van Campo, E., Morhange, C., Guiot, J., Zviely, D., Shaked, I., Otto, T., & Artzy, M. (2013). Early urban impact on Mediterranean coastal environments. Sci. Rep. 3 (3540). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep03540
  • Kennedy, H. (2000). Syria, Palestine and mesopotamia. In A. Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins, & M. Whitby (Eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History XIV. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 588-611.
  • Keys, D. (1999). Catastrophe: a Quest for the Origins of the Modern World. New York: Ballantine Books.
  • Knipping, M., Müllenhoff, M., & Brückner, H. (2008). Human induced landscape changes around Bafa Gölü (western Turkey). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 17(4), 365-380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-007-0132-8
  • Kuzucuoğlu, C., Parish, R., & Karabiyikoğlu, M. (1998). The dune systems of the Konya Plain (Turkey). Their relation to environment changes in Central Anatolia during Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Geomorphology, 23, 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00008-7
  • Kuzucuoğlu C, Bertaux J, Black S, Denèfle M, Fontugne M, Karabiyikoğlu M., Kashima, K., Limondin-Lozouet, N., Mouralis, D., & Orth, P. (1999). Reconstruction of climatic changes during the Late Pleistocene, based on sediment records from the Konya Basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey). Geology Journal, 34, 175–198.
  • Kuzucuoğlu, C., Dörfler, W., Kunesch, S., & Goupille, F. (2011). Mid-to late-Holocene climate change in central Turkey: The Tecer Lake record. The Holocene, 21(1), 173-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610384163
  • Labuhn, I., Finné, M., Izdebski, A., Roberts, N., & Woodbridge, J. (2018). Climatic Changes and Their Impacts in the Mediterranean during the First Millennium AD. Late Antiq Archaeol. 12, 65–88. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340067
  • Lambert, L. H., English, B. C., Clark, C. C., Lambert, D. M., Menard, R. J., Hellwinckel, C. M., Smith, S. A., & Papanicolaou, A. (2021). Local effects of climate change on row crop production and irrigation adoption. Climate Risk Management, 32, 100293. ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100293
  • Larsen, L. B., Vinther, B. M., Briffa, K. R., Melvin, T. M., Clausen, H. B., Jones, P. D., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Hammer, C. U., Eronen, M., Grudd, H., Gunnarson, B. E., Hantemirov, R. M., Naurzbaev, M. M., & Nicolussi, K., (2008). New ice core evidence for a volcanic cause of the A.D. 536 dust veil. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(4), L04708, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032450
  • Leng, M. J., & Marshall, J. D. (2004). Palaeoclimate Interpretation of Stable Isotope Data from Lake Sediment Archives. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23(7-8), 811–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.012
  • Ljungqvist, F. C. (2010). A new reconstruction of temperature variability in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere during the last two millennia. Geogr. Ann. 92(A), 339-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00399.x
  • Love, J. J., & Walker, M. J. C. (2015). Reconstructing Quaternary Environments (3rd edition). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Luterbacher, J., García-Herrera, R., Allan, A.R., Alvarez-Castro, M.C., Benito, G., Booth, J., Büntgen, U., Colombaroli, D., Davis, B., Esper, J., Felis, T., Fleitmann, D., Frank, D., Gallego, D., Garcia-Bustamante, E., Gonzàlez-Rouco, J.F., Goosse, H., Kiefer, T., Macklin, M.G., … & Zorita, E. (2012). A review of 2000 years of paleoclimatic evidence in the Mediterranean. In P. Lionello (Eds.), The Climate of the Mediterranean Region. From the Past to the Future. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 89-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416042-2.00002-1
  • Mango, C. A., Dagron, G., & Greatrex, G. (Eds.) (1995). Constantinople and its Hinterlands, Publications of the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Martens, F. (2006). The diachronic research of urban water management at Sagalassos (SW Turkey). In G. Wiplinger (Eds.), Cura Aquarum in Ephesus. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, pp. 165-174. Babesch Supplement 12, ÖAI Sonderschrift 42. Leuven: Babesch.
  • Martens, F. (2008). Water abundance and shortage at sagalassos (SW-Turkey). In C. Ohlig (Eds.), Cura Aquarum in Jordanien. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, Petra/Amman, 31 March - 9 April 2007. Siegburg: Deutsches Wasserhistorisches Gesellschaft (DWhG), pp. 247-262.
  • McCormick, M., Büntgen, U., Cane, M. A., Cook, E. R., Harper, K., Huybers, P., Litt, T., Manning, S. W., Mayewski, P. A., More, A. F. M., Nicolussi, K., & Tegel, W. (2012). Climate change during and after the Roman Empire: reconstructing the past from scientific and historical evidence. J. Interdiscip. Hist. 43, 169-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/JINH_a_00379
  • McGregor, H. V., Evans, M. N., Goosse, H., Leduc, G., Martrat, B., Addison, J. A., Mortyn, P. G., Oppo, D. W., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Sicre, M.-A., Phipps, S. J., Selvaraj, K., Thirumalai, K., Filipsson, H. L., & Ersek, V. (2015). Robust global ocean cooling trend for the preindustrial common era. Nat. Geosci. 8, 671-677.
  • Miebach, A., Niestrath, P., Roeser, P., & Litt, T. (2016). Impacts of climate and humans on the vegetation in northwestern Turkey: palynological insights from Lake Iznik since the Last Glacial. Climate of the Past, 12(2), 575-593. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-575-2016
  • Neumann, F., Schölzel, C., Litt, T., Hense, A., & Stein, M. (2007). Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Golan heights (Near East). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 16(4), 329-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-006-0046-x
  • Ocakoğlu, F., Dönmez, E. O., Akbulut, A., Tunoğlu, C., Kır, O., Açıkalın, S., Erayık, C., Yılmaz, İ. Ö., & Leroy, S. A. (2016). A 2800-year multi-proxy sedimentary record of climate change from Lake Çubuk (Göynük, Bolu, NW Anatolia). The Holocene, 26(2), 205-221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683615596818
  • Ön, Z. B., Akçer-Ön, S., Özeren, M. S., Eriş, K. K., Greaves, A. M., & Çağatay, M. N. (2018). Climate proxies for the last 17.3 ka from Lake Hazar (Eastern Anatolia), extracted by independent component analysis of μ-XRF data. Quaternary International, 486, 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.08.066
  • Ören, A. (2018). Kültepe (Kayseri) Çevresinin Fosil Polen Analizleri Işığında Holosen Paleocoğrafyası. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Ören, A. (2022). Fosil Polen Kayıtlarına Göre Orta-Geç Holosen’de Anadolu’da Arazi Kullanımı ve Vejetasyonda Meydana Gelen Değişimler. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi/ Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences, 20(1), 1-24, https://doi.org/10.33688/ aucbd.959675
  • Pickett, J. (2016). Water and Empire in the Buildings of Procopius. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 50.
  • Roberts, N. (2014). The Holocene: an environmental history (3rd edition). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Roberts, N., Allcock, S. L., Arnaud, F., Dean, J. R., Eastwood, W. J., Jones, M. D., Leng, M. J., Metcalfe, S. E., Malet, E., Woodbridge, J., & Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H. (2016). A tale of two lakes: a multi-proxy comparison of Lateglacial and Holocene environmental change in Cappadocia, Turkey. Journal of Quaternary Science, 31(4), 348-362. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2852
  • Roberts, N., Cassis, M., Doonan, O., Eastwood, W., Elton, H., Haldon, J., Izdebski, A., & Newhard, J. (2018). Not the End of the World? Post-Classical Decline and Recovery in Rural Anatolia. Human Ecology, 46(3), 305-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-018-9973-2
  • Roberts, N., & Wright Jr, H. E. (1993). Vegetational, lake level and climatic history of the Near East and Southwestern Asia. In H. E. Wright Jr, J. E. Kutzbach, T. Webb III, W. F. Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Perrott, & P. J. Bartlein (Eds.), Global climates since the Last Glacial Maximum (53-67). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Rosen, A. M. (2007). Civilizing Climate: Social Responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East. Lanham: Altamira Press.
  • Stathakopoulos, D. C. (2017). Famine and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire: a Systematic Survey of Subsistence Crises and Epidemics. London: Routledge.
  • Strabo, (2000). Geographika. Antik Anadolu Coğrafyası Kitap XII, XIII ve XIV. (Çev. A. Pekman). İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat yayınları.
  • Şimşek, F. B., & Çağatay, M. N. (2018). Late Holocene high resolution multi-proxy climate and environmental records from Lake Van, eastern Turkey. Quaternary International, 486, 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.043
  • Telelis, I. G. (2008). Climatic fluctuations in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East AD 300–1500 from Byzantine documentary and proxy physical paleoclimatic evidence–A comparison (Vol. 58, pp. 167-208). Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1553/joeb58s167
  • Treadgold, W. T. (2020). A concise history of Byzantium (p. xii273). London: Bloomsbury Publishing,
  • Von Rad, U., Schaaf, M., Michels, K. H., Schulz, H., Berger, W. H., & Sirocko, F. (1999). A 5000-yr record of climate change in the varved sediments from the oxygen minimum zone off Pakistan, northeastern Arabian Sea, Quaternary Res., 51, 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.2016
  • Wick, L., Lemcke, G., & Sturm, M. (2003). Evidence of Lateglacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in eastern Anatolia: high-resolution pollen, charcoal, isotopic and geochemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van, Turkey. The Holocene, 13(5), 665-675. https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683603hl653rp
  • Woodbridge, J., & Roberts, N. (2011). Late Holocene climate of the Eastern Mediterranean inferred from diatom analysis of annually-laminated lake sediments. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 3381-3392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.08.013
  • Xoplaki, E., Fleitmann, D., Luterbacher, J., Wagner, S., Haldon, J. F. Zorita, E., Telelis I., Toreti, A., & Izdebski, A. (2016). The Medieval Climate Anomaly and Byzantium: A review of the evidence on climatic fluctuations, economic performance and societal change. Quaternary Science Reviews, 136, 229-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.004

The role of climate changes in the intensification of agricultural activities in Anatolia during the late Roman-early Byzantine period

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 168 - 178, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1287789

Abstract

The intensive agricultural period called the Beyşehir Occupation Phase (BOP) in Anatolia peaked during the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Periods. This study investigates whether climatic changes during this period influenced the intensification of agricultural activities. By evaluating pollen studies in Anatolia, the characteristics of agricultural activities were determined and compared with historical, archaeological, and paleoclimatic data to explore the relationship between BOP, climatic changes, and their impact on agricultural activities and social structures. The findings suggest that favorable climatic conditions significantly contributed to the expansion of societies and the intensification of agricultural activities in general. However, cold and arid climatic conditions did not permanently and continuously affect agricultural activities and society, even though they may have caused temporary crises.

References

  • Arjava, A. (2005). The Mystery Cloud of 536 CE in the Mediterranean Sources. Dumbart Oaks Pap., 59, 73–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/4128751
  • Bakker, J., Paulissen, E., Kaniewski, D., Poblome, J., De Laet, V., Verstraeten, G., & Waelkens, M. (2013). Climate, people, fire and vegetation: new insights into vegetation dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean since the 1st century AD. Climate of the Past, 9(1), 57-87. https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-3379-2012
  • Baillie, M. G. L. (1994). Dendrochronology raises questions about the nature of the AD 536 dust-veil event. Holocene, 4, 212-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369400400211
  • Banaji, J. (2007). Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity: Gold, Labour, and Aristocratic Dominance, Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Behre, K. E. (1990). Some reflections on anthropogenic indicators and the record of prehistoric occupation phases in pollen diagrams from the Near East. In S. Bottema, G. Entjes-Nieborg, & W. van Zeist (Eds.), Man's Role in the Shaping of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape (219-230). Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
  • Bell, M., & Walker, M. J. C. (1992). Late Quaternary Environmental Change: Physical and human perspectives. Harlow: Longman Group UK Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(93)90031-g
  • Besonen, M. R., & Roosevelt, C. H. (2015). Late Holocene Climate in Central Western Turkey-evidence for a Period of Exceptional Aridity in the Mid-First Millennium AD.
  • Birks, H. J. B. (1990). Indicator values of pollen types from post-6000 B.P. pollen assemblages from southern England and southern Sweden. Quaternary Studies in Poland, 10, 21-31.
  • Bottema, S., & Woldring, H. (1984). Late Quaternary vegetation and climate of Southwestern Turkey. Part II. Palaeohistoria, 26, 123-149.
  • Bottema, S., Woldring, H., & Aytuğ, B. (1986). Palynological investigations on the relations between prehistoric man and vegetation in Turkey: The Beyşehir Occupation Phase. In H. Demiriz, & N. Özhatay (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th Optima Congress (315-328). September, 1986, İstanbul.
  • Bottema, S., Woldring, H., & Aytuğ, B. (1993-1994). Late Quaternary vegetation history of northern Turkey. Palaeohistoria, 35/36, 13-72.
  • Brewer, S., Guiot, J., & Barboni, D. (2007). Pollen data as climate proxies. In S. Elias (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Sciences, vol. 3. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 2498-2510.
  • Brown, N. (1994). Climate Change and Human History. Some Indications from Europe, AD 400–1400. Environmental Pollution, 83, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90020-5
  • Büntgen, U., Tegel, W., Nicolussi, K., McCormick, M., Frank, D., Trouet, V., Kaplan, J. O., Herzig, F., Heussner, K. U., Wanner, H., Luterbacher, J., & Esper, J. (2011). 2500 Years of European climate variability and human susceptibility. Science, 331, 578-582. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197175
  • Büntgen, U., Myglan, V., Ljungqvist, F., McCormick, M., di Cosmo, N., Sigl, M., Jungclaus, J., Wagner, S., Krusic, P., Esper, J., Kaplan, J. A. C., de Vaan, M., Luterbacher, J., Wacker, L., Tegel, W., & Kirdyanov, A. V. (2016). Cooling and societal change during the late Antique little ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD. Nat. Geosci. 9, 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2652
  • Coulton, J. J. (2012). Late roman and Byzantine balboura. In J. J. Coulton (Eds.), The Balboura Survey and Settlement in Highland Southwest Anatolia. 1. Balboura and the History of Highland Settlement. London: British Instat, Ankara, pp. 163-184.
  • Cameron, A. (1993). The Later Roman Empire, A.D. 284-430. London: Fontana Press.
  • Dean, J. R., Jones, M. D., Leng, M. J., Sloane, H. J., Swann, G. E. A., Metcalfe, S. E., Roberts, C. N., Woodbridge, J., Eastwood, W. J., & Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H. (2013). Palaeoseasonality of the last two millennia reconstructed from the oxygen isotope composition of diatom silica and carbonates from Nar Gölü, central Turkey. Quat. Sci. Rev. 66, 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.07.014
  • Dean, J. R., Jones, M. D., Leng, M. J., Noble, S. R., Metcalfe, S. E., Sloane, H. J., Sahy, D., Eastwood, W. J., & Roberts, C.N. (2015). Eastern Mediterranean hydroclimate over the late glacial and Holocene, reconstructed from the sediments of Nar Lake, central Turkey, using stable isotopes and carbonate mineralogy. Quaternary Science Reviews, 124, 162-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.023
  • Doonan, O. P. (2003). Production in a Pontic Landscape: The Hinterland of Greek and Roman Sinope, In M. Faudot, A. Fraysse, & E. Geny (Eds.), Pont-Euxin et commerce: la genèse de la “Route de soie” (Besançon, 2003), 185–198.
  • Doonan, O. P. (2004). Sinop Landscapes: Exploring Connection in a Black Sea Hinterland. UPenn Museum of Archaeology.
  • Eastwood, W. J. (2006). Palaeoecology and eastern Mediterranean landscapes: theoretical and practical approaches. In J. Haldon (Eds.), General Issues in the Study of Medieval Logistics: Sources, Problems, and Methodologies. Leiden: Brill, pp. 119-158.
  • Eastwood, W. J., Gümüşçü, O., Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H., Haldon, J. F., & England, A. (2009). Integrating Palaeoecological and Archaeo-Historical records: Land use and Landscape change in Cappadocia (central Turkey) since late Antiquity. In T. Vorderstrasse & J. Roodenberg (Eds.), Archaeology of The Countryside in Medieval Anatolia (45-69). Pihans.
  • Eastwood, W. J., Leng, M. J., Roberts, N., & Davis, B. (2007). Holocene climate change in the eastern Mediterranean region: a comparison of stable isotope and pollen data from Lake Gölhisar, southwest Turkey. Journal of Quaternary Science, 22(4), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1062
  • Eastwood, W. J., Roberts, N., & Lamb, H. F. (1998). Palaeoecological and archaeological evidence for human occupance in southwest Turkey: the Beyşehir occupation phase. Anatolian Studies, 48, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.2307/3643048
  • England, A., Eastwood, W. J., Roberts, C. N., Turner, R., & Haldon, J. F. (2008). Historical landscape change in Cappadocia (central Turkey): a palaeoecological investigation of annually-laminated sediments from Nar lake. The Holocene, 18(8), 1229-1245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683608096598
  • Fleitmann, D., Cheng, H., Badertscher, S., Edwards, R. L., Mudelsee, M., Göktürk, O. M., Fankhauser, A., Pickering, R., Raible, C. C., Matter, A., Kramers, J., & Tüysüz, O. (2009). Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L19707. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040050
  • Gaillard, M. J., Birks, H. J. B., Emaunelsson, U., & Berglund, B. E. (1992). Modern pollen/land-use relationships as an aid in the reconstruction of past land-uses and cultural landscapes: an example from south Sweden. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 1(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00190697
  • Göktürk, O. M., Fleitmann, D., Badertscher, S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Leuenberger, M., Fankhauser, A., Tüysüz, O., & Kramers, J. (2011). Climate on the southern Black Sea coast during the Holocene: implications from the Sofular Cave record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 2433-2445.
  • Gunn, J. (2000). The Years without Summer: Tracing A.D. 536 and its Aftermath. BAR international series. Oxford: Y. Archaeopress, p. 872.
  • Haldon, J. (2007). Cappadocia will be given over to ruin and become a desert. Environmental evidence for historically-attested events in the 7the 10th centuries. In K. Belke (Eds.), Byzantina Mediterranea: Festschrift Für Johannes Koder Zum 65Geburtstag, Wien: Böhlau, pp. 215-230.
  • Haldon, J., Roberts, N., Izdebski, A., Fleitmann, D., McCormick, M., Cassis, M., Doonan, O., Eastwood, W., Elton, H., Ladstätter, S., Manning, S., Newhard, J., Nicoll, K., Telelis, I., & Xoplaki, E. (2014). The climate and environment of Byzantine Anatolia: integrating science, history, and archaeology. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 45(2), 113-161. https://doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00682
  • Harbeck, M., Seifert, L., Hänsch, S., Wagner, D. M., Birdsell, D., Parise, K. L., Wiechmann, I., Grupe, G., Thomas, A., Keim, P., Zöller, L., Bramanti, B., Riehm, J. M., & Scholz, H. C. (2013). Yersinia pestis DNA from skeletal remains from the 6th century AD reveals insights into Justinianic Plague. PLoS pathogens, 9(5), e1003349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003349
  • Hirschfeld, Y. (2006). The crisis of the sixth century: climatic change, natural disasters and the plague. Mediterr. Archaeol. Archaeom. 6, 19-32.
  • Holman, S. R. (2001). The Hungry Are Dying: Beggars and Bishops in Roman Cappadocia, Oxford Studies in Historical Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Issar, A. (1998). Climate Change and History during the Holocene in the Eastern Mediterranean. In A. Issar, & N. Brown (Eds.), Water, Environment and Society in Times of Climatic Change. Contributions from an International Workshop within the Framework of International Hydrological Program (IHP) UNESCO held at Ben-Gurion University, Dordrecht, 113–128, cf. 123–125.
  • Iversen, J. (1941). Land occupation in Denmark's Stone age. A pollen-analytical study of the influence of farmer culture on the vegetational development. Rӕkke: Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse II, 2(66), 20-68.
  • Iversen, J. (1949). The influence of prehistoric man on vegetation. Rӕkke: Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse, 3(6), 1-25.
  • Izdebski, A. (2011). Why did agriculture flourish in the late antique East? the role of climate fluctuations in the development and contraction of agriculture in Asia minor and the Middle East from the 4th till the 7th c. AD. Millenium. Jahrb. Kult. Gesch. ersten Jahrtausends Chr 8, 291-312.
  • Izdebski, A. (2013). A Rural Economy in Transition. Asia Minor from Late Antiquity into the Early Middle Ages. Journal of Juristic Papyrology Supplement Series. Warsaw: Taubenschlag Foundation.
  • Izdebski, A., Pickett, J., Roberts, N., & Waliszewski, T. (2016). The environmental, archaeological and historical evidence for regional climatic changes and their societal impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean in Late Antiquity. Quat. Sci. Rev., 136, 189-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.022
  • Jacobs, I., & Waelkens, M. (2013). Five centuries of Glory. The North-South colonnaded street of sagalassos in the first and the sixth Century A.D. Istanbuler Mittl. 63, 219-266.
  • Jacobson, M. J., Flohr, P., Gascoigne, A., Leng, M. J., Sadekov, A., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Tüysüz, O., & Fleitman, D. (2021). Heterogenous Late Holocene Climate in the Eastern Mediterranean—The Kocain Cave Record From SW Turkey. Geophys Res Lett. 48, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl094733
  • Jacobson, M. J., Pickett, J., Gascoigne, A. L., Fleitmann, D., & Elton, H. (2022). Settlement, environment, and climate change in SW Anatolia: Dynamics of regional variation and the end of Antiquity. PLoS One 17(6), e0270295. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270295
  • Jones, M. D., Roberts, N., Leng, M. J., & Türkeş, M. (2006). A high-resolution late Holocene lake isotope record from Turkey and links to North Atlantic and monsoon climate. Geology, 34(5), 361-364. https://doi.org/10.1130/g22407.1
  • Kaniewski, D., van Campo, E., Morhange, C., Guiot, J., Zviely, D., Burel, S.L. Otto, T., & Artzy, M. (2014). Vulnerability of mediterranean ecosystems to long-term changes along the Coast of Israel. PLoS One 9(7), e102090. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102090
  • Kaniewski, D., van Campo, E., Morhange, C., Guiot, J., Zviely, D., Shaked, I., Otto, T., & Artzy, M. (2013). Early urban impact on Mediterranean coastal environments. Sci. Rep. 3 (3540). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep03540
  • Kennedy, H. (2000). Syria, Palestine and mesopotamia. In A. Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins, & M. Whitby (Eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History XIV. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 588-611.
  • Keys, D. (1999). Catastrophe: a Quest for the Origins of the Modern World. New York: Ballantine Books.
  • Knipping, M., Müllenhoff, M., & Brückner, H. (2008). Human induced landscape changes around Bafa Gölü (western Turkey). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 17(4), 365-380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-007-0132-8
  • Kuzucuoğlu, C., Parish, R., & Karabiyikoğlu, M. (1998). The dune systems of the Konya Plain (Turkey). Their relation to environment changes in Central Anatolia during Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Geomorphology, 23, 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00008-7
  • Kuzucuoğlu C, Bertaux J, Black S, Denèfle M, Fontugne M, Karabiyikoğlu M., Kashima, K., Limondin-Lozouet, N., Mouralis, D., & Orth, P. (1999). Reconstruction of climatic changes during the Late Pleistocene, based on sediment records from the Konya Basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey). Geology Journal, 34, 175–198.
  • Kuzucuoğlu, C., Dörfler, W., Kunesch, S., & Goupille, F. (2011). Mid-to late-Holocene climate change in central Turkey: The Tecer Lake record. The Holocene, 21(1), 173-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610384163
  • Labuhn, I., Finné, M., Izdebski, A., Roberts, N., & Woodbridge, J. (2018). Climatic Changes and Their Impacts in the Mediterranean during the First Millennium AD. Late Antiq Archaeol. 12, 65–88. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340067
  • Lambert, L. H., English, B. C., Clark, C. C., Lambert, D. M., Menard, R. J., Hellwinckel, C. M., Smith, S. A., & Papanicolaou, A. (2021). Local effects of climate change on row crop production and irrigation adoption. Climate Risk Management, 32, 100293. ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100293
  • Larsen, L. B., Vinther, B. M., Briffa, K. R., Melvin, T. M., Clausen, H. B., Jones, P. D., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Hammer, C. U., Eronen, M., Grudd, H., Gunnarson, B. E., Hantemirov, R. M., Naurzbaev, M. M., & Nicolussi, K., (2008). New ice core evidence for a volcanic cause of the A.D. 536 dust veil. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(4), L04708, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032450
  • Leng, M. J., & Marshall, J. D. (2004). Palaeoclimate Interpretation of Stable Isotope Data from Lake Sediment Archives. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23(7-8), 811–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.012
  • Ljungqvist, F. C. (2010). A new reconstruction of temperature variability in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere during the last two millennia. Geogr. Ann. 92(A), 339-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00399.x
  • Love, J. J., & Walker, M. J. C. (2015). Reconstructing Quaternary Environments (3rd edition). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Luterbacher, J., García-Herrera, R., Allan, A.R., Alvarez-Castro, M.C., Benito, G., Booth, J., Büntgen, U., Colombaroli, D., Davis, B., Esper, J., Felis, T., Fleitmann, D., Frank, D., Gallego, D., Garcia-Bustamante, E., Gonzàlez-Rouco, J.F., Goosse, H., Kiefer, T., Macklin, M.G., … & Zorita, E. (2012). A review of 2000 years of paleoclimatic evidence in the Mediterranean. In P. Lionello (Eds.), The Climate of the Mediterranean Region. From the Past to the Future. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 89-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416042-2.00002-1
  • Mango, C. A., Dagron, G., & Greatrex, G. (Eds.) (1995). Constantinople and its Hinterlands, Publications of the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Martens, F. (2006). The diachronic research of urban water management at Sagalassos (SW Turkey). In G. Wiplinger (Eds.), Cura Aquarum in Ephesus. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, pp. 165-174. Babesch Supplement 12, ÖAI Sonderschrift 42. Leuven: Babesch.
  • Martens, F. (2008). Water abundance and shortage at sagalassos (SW-Turkey). In C. Ohlig (Eds.), Cura Aquarum in Jordanien. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, Petra/Amman, 31 March - 9 April 2007. Siegburg: Deutsches Wasserhistorisches Gesellschaft (DWhG), pp. 247-262.
  • McCormick, M., Büntgen, U., Cane, M. A., Cook, E. R., Harper, K., Huybers, P., Litt, T., Manning, S. W., Mayewski, P. A., More, A. F. M., Nicolussi, K., & Tegel, W. (2012). Climate change during and after the Roman Empire: reconstructing the past from scientific and historical evidence. J. Interdiscip. Hist. 43, 169-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/JINH_a_00379
  • McGregor, H. V., Evans, M. N., Goosse, H., Leduc, G., Martrat, B., Addison, J. A., Mortyn, P. G., Oppo, D. W., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Sicre, M.-A., Phipps, S. J., Selvaraj, K., Thirumalai, K., Filipsson, H. L., & Ersek, V. (2015). Robust global ocean cooling trend for the preindustrial common era. Nat. Geosci. 8, 671-677.
  • Miebach, A., Niestrath, P., Roeser, P., & Litt, T. (2016). Impacts of climate and humans on the vegetation in northwestern Turkey: palynological insights from Lake Iznik since the Last Glacial. Climate of the Past, 12(2), 575-593. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-575-2016
  • Neumann, F., Schölzel, C., Litt, T., Hense, A., & Stein, M. (2007). Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Golan heights (Near East). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 16(4), 329-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-006-0046-x
  • Ocakoğlu, F., Dönmez, E. O., Akbulut, A., Tunoğlu, C., Kır, O., Açıkalın, S., Erayık, C., Yılmaz, İ. Ö., & Leroy, S. A. (2016). A 2800-year multi-proxy sedimentary record of climate change from Lake Çubuk (Göynük, Bolu, NW Anatolia). The Holocene, 26(2), 205-221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683615596818
  • Ön, Z. B., Akçer-Ön, S., Özeren, M. S., Eriş, K. K., Greaves, A. M., & Çağatay, M. N. (2018). Climate proxies for the last 17.3 ka from Lake Hazar (Eastern Anatolia), extracted by independent component analysis of μ-XRF data. Quaternary International, 486, 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.08.066
  • Ören, A. (2018). Kültepe (Kayseri) Çevresinin Fosil Polen Analizleri Işığında Holosen Paleocoğrafyası. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Ören, A. (2022). Fosil Polen Kayıtlarına Göre Orta-Geç Holosen’de Anadolu’da Arazi Kullanımı ve Vejetasyonda Meydana Gelen Değişimler. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi/ Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences, 20(1), 1-24, https://doi.org/10.33688/ aucbd.959675
  • Pickett, J. (2016). Water and Empire in the Buildings of Procopius. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 50.
  • Roberts, N. (2014). The Holocene: an environmental history (3rd edition). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Roberts, N., Allcock, S. L., Arnaud, F., Dean, J. R., Eastwood, W. J., Jones, M. D., Leng, M. J., Metcalfe, S. E., Malet, E., Woodbridge, J., & Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H. (2016). A tale of two lakes: a multi-proxy comparison of Lateglacial and Holocene environmental change in Cappadocia, Turkey. Journal of Quaternary Science, 31(4), 348-362. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2852
  • Roberts, N., Cassis, M., Doonan, O., Eastwood, W., Elton, H., Haldon, J., Izdebski, A., & Newhard, J. (2018). Not the End of the World? Post-Classical Decline and Recovery in Rural Anatolia. Human Ecology, 46(3), 305-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-018-9973-2
  • Roberts, N., & Wright Jr, H. E. (1993). Vegetational, lake level and climatic history of the Near East and Southwestern Asia. In H. E. Wright Jr, J. E. Kutzbach, T. Webb III, W. F. Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Perrott, & P. J. Bartlein (Eds.), Global climates since the Last Glacial Maximum (53-67). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Rosen, A. M. (2007). Civilizing Climate: Social Responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East. Lanham: Altamira Press.
  • Stathakopoulos, D. C. (2017). Famine and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire: a Systematic Survey of Subsistence Crises and Epidemics. London: Routledge.
  • Strabo, (2000). Geographika. Antik Anadolu Coğrafyası Kitap XII, XIII ve XIV. (Çev. A. Pekman). İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat yayınları.
  • Şimşek, F. B., & Çağatay, M. N. (2018). Late Holocene high resolution multi-proxy climate and environmental records from Lake Van, eastern Turkey. Quaternary International, 486, 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.043
  • Telelis, I. G. (2008). Climatic fluctuations in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East AD 300–1500 from Byzantine documentary and proxy physical paleoclimatic evidence–A comparison (Vol. 58, pp. 167-208). Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1553/joeb58s167
  • Treadgold, W. T. (2020). A concise history of Byzantium (p. xii273). London: Bloomsbury Publishing,
  • Von Rad, U., Schaaf, M., Michels, K. H., Schulz, H., Berger, W. H., & Sirocko, F. (1999). A 5000-yr record of climate change in the varved sediments from the oxygen minimum zone off Pakistan, northeastern Arabian Sea, Quaternary Res., 51, 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.2016
  • Wick, L., Lemcke, G., & Sturm, M. (2003). Evidence of Lateglacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in eastern Anatolia: high-resolution pollen, charcoal, isotopic and geochemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van, Turkey. The Holocene, 13(5), 665-675. https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683603hl653rp
  • Woodbridge, J., & Roberts, N. (2011). Late Holocene climate of the Eastern Mediterranean inferred from diatom analysis of annually-laminated lake sediments. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 3381-3392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.08.013
  • Xoplaki, E., Fleitmann, D., Luterbacher, J., Wagner, S., Haldon, J. F. Zorita, E., Telelis I., Toreti, A., & Izdebski, A. (2016). The Medieval Climate Anomaly and Byzantium: A review of the evidence on climatic fluctuations, economic performance and societal change. Quaternary Science Reviews, 136, 229-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.004
There are 86 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Economics, Historical Anthropology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Aziz Ören 0000-0002-9256-7164

Early Pub Date June 19, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ören, A. (2023). The role of climate changes in the intensification of agricultural activities in Anatolia during the late Roman-early Byzantine period. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 9(2), 168-178. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1287789
AMA Ören A. The role of climate changes in the intensification of agricultural activities in Anatolia during the late Roman-early Byzantine period. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research. June 2023;9(2):168-178. doi:10.24289/ijsser.1287789
Chicago Ören, Aziz. “The Role of Climate Changes in the Intensification of Agricultural Activities in Anatolia During the Late Roman-Early Byzantine Period”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 9, no. 2 (June 2023): 168-78. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1287789.
EndNote Ören A (June 1, 2023) The role of climate changes in the intensification of agricultural activities in Anatolia during the late Roman-early Byzantine period. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 9 2 168–178.
IEEE A. Ören, “The role of climate changes in the intensification of agricultural activities in Anatolia during the late Roman-early Byzantine period”, International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 168–178, 2023, doi: 10.24289/ijsser.1287789.
ISNAD Ören, Aziz. “The Role of Climate Changes in the Intensification of Agricultural Activities in Anatolia During the Late Roman-Early Byzantine Period”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 9/2 (June 2023), 168-178. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1287789.
JAMA Ören A. The role of climate changes in the intensification of agricultural activities in Anatolia during the late Roman-early Byzantine period. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research. 2023;9:168–178.
MLA Ören, Aziz. “The Role of Climate Changes in the Intensification of Agricultural Activities in Anatolia During the Late Roman-Early Byzantine Period”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, vol. 9, no. 2, 2023, pp. 168-7, doi:10.24289/ijsser.1287789.
Vancouver Ören A. The role of climate changes in the intensification of agricultural activities in Anatolia during the late Roman-early Byzantine period. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research. 2023;9(2):168-7.