Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF CARTOONS IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS

Year 2022, Issue: 45, 286 - 297, 25.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.977582

Abstract

The development of science and technology, and the intricacy and complexity of social relationships have led to the diversification of international relationships throughout the world. In particular, the fact that the relationships between societies and nations are based on their interests makes some parts of the world battlegrounds or centers of attraction. Policies developed to dominate or defend regions that have become centers of conflict or attraction fall under the field of political geography or its sub-discipline, geopolitics. Print and visual media are used extensively to inform the public about geopolitical events, including scientific books and articles, newspapers, documentaries, news programs, movies and cartoons. This study aims to analyze six examples of the use of cartoons to deliver messages about geopolitical issues to the public. This qualitative research technique. It is assumed that the cartoons used in the study are the primary source. Six cartoons from different periods are described in chronological order to illustrate the diversity of geopolitical understandings of events in different periods. A review of the literature analysis shows that cartoons convey geopolitical events clearly and concisely for readers.

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

References

  • Adams, M. & Bradbury, M. (2001). Conflict and development: Organisational adaptation ın conflict situations.Oxfam Policy & Practice GB.
  • Akengin, H. (2019). Siyasi Coğrafya İnsan ve Mekân Yönetimi, Ankara, Pegem Akademi.
  • Bajpai, K (2007). Contemporary World Politics Textbook In Political Science For Class XII, National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2007, New Delhi, https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/leps1ps.pdf
  • Bedir, A. (2019), Yakın dönem siyasi tarihinin karikatür üzerinden analizi: Karagöz 1922-1939. (Doktora tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Berg, E. (2003), Some unintended consequences of geopolitical reasoning in Post-Soviet Estonia: texts and policy streams, maps, and cartoons. Geopolitics, 8(1), 101-120.
  • Bozkurt, G. S. (2010). “Tito Sonrası Dönemde Eski Yugoslavya Bölgesindeki Türkler ve Müslümanlar” Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi/
  • Journal of Turkish World Studies, X/2 (Kış 2010), s.51-95
  • Dahdouh, A. (2021). https://cartoonmovement.com/cartoon/frances- exploitation-african-countries Accessed: March 25, 2021.
  • Dittmer, J. (2007). The tyranny of the serial: Popular geopolitics, the nation, and comic book discourse. Antipode, 39(2), 247-268.
  • Dodds, K. (2010). Popular geopolitics and cartoons: Representing power relations, repitition and resistance. Critical African Studies, 2(4), 113-131, https://doi.org/10.1080/20407211.2010.10530760
  • Dodds, K. (1998). Enframing Bosnia The Geopolitical Iconography Of Steve Bell, Rethinking Geopolitics Edited By Ó Tuathail, G and Dalby, S. London: Routledge.
  • Dodds, K. (2007). Steve Bell’s eye: Cartoons, geopolitics and the visualization of the ‘war on terror’. Security Dialogue, 38(2), 157-177.
  • Duus, P. (2001) Presidential address: Weapons of the weak, weapons of the strong-the development of the Japanese political cartoon. The Journal of Asian Studies, 60(4), 965-997.
  • Eko, L. (2007). It's a political jungle out there: How four African newspaper cartoons dehumanized and ‘deterritorialized’ African political leaders in The post-Cold War era. International Communications Gazette, 69(3), 219-238.
  • Erdem, M. (2015). 11 Eylül sonrası Türk-Amerikan ilişkileri ve karikatüre yansıması. Gazi Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 40, 291-314.
  • Ferretjans, J. Pierre. (1963). La Constitution du 7 avril 1963 de la Republique Socialiste Federative de Yougoslavie et I'unite marxiste du pouvoir d'Etat», Revue de Droit Public, pp. 939-962
  • Fetsko, W. (2001). Using and analyzing political cartoons. Education Outreah, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Retrieved May 24, 2009 from http://ali.apple.com/ali media/Users/1000323/files/others/PoliticaI Cartoons.pdf
  • González, B. (1990, Oct). Tercera Dimensión De La Historia. La Caricatura Política En Colombia. En 160 Años, Críticaly Humor: Otra Manera De Juzgar Los Hechos. Revista Credencial Historia, No. 10.
  • Göçek, F. M. (1998). Ortadoğu’da siyasi karikatürler, Ortadoğu’da kültürel temsiller-Ortadoğu Princeton serisi. https://tr.qaz.wiki/wiki/Political_cartoon, adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Greenberg, J. (2002). ‘Framing and temporality in political cartoons: A critical analysis of visual news discourse’. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 39 (2): 181–195.
  • Gurr, T. R. (1993). Minorities at risk: A global view of ethnopolitical conflicts. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Hammett, D., & Mather, C. (2011). Beyond decoding: Political cartoons in the classroom. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 35(1), 103-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2010.498881
  • Hammett, D. (2010). Political cartoons, post-colonialism and critical African studies. Critical African Studies, 2(4), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/20407211.2010.10530755.
  • Hariman, R. (2008). Political parody and public culture. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 94(3), 247-272.
  • Liparityan, Z. (2020), https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ermeni- siyasetci-liparityan-ruya-gormek-ermenistanin-yasam- stratejisidir/2062895
  • Mhamdi, C. A. (2017). The use of political cartoons during popular protest: The case of the 2011 Tunisian Uprising, Journal Of English Studie, 15, 193-220. http-.//doi_m-g/ıo.18172.JES, 3063.
  • Nino, J. V., & Lesmes, P. R. (2009). Cartoons And Economıcs. General analysis based on Colombian economic cartoons. Serie Documentos De Trabajo, No. 69, Agosto 2009.
  • Özçelik, M. (2018). Sırp-Hırvat-Sloven Krallığı: Sırplar ve Hırvatlar arasındaki sorunlar ve krallığın yıkılışı 1918-1929 (Serbian-Croatian- Slovenian Kingdom: Problems between Serbs and Croats and the Fall of The Kingdom 1918-1929), Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 0(6), 19-53.
  • Özyılmaz Kiraz, B. (2020). Popüler jeopolitik ve sinema: Önce Vatan filmi özelinde Türkiye’nin jeopolitik söyleminde Kıbrıs’ın analizi. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, Marmara University Journal of Political Science, 8(2), 404-429. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.736009
  • Power, M., & Crampton, A. (Eds.). (2007). Cinema and popular geo- politics. London: Routledge
  • Purcell, D., Brown, M. S., & Gökmen, M. (2012). Popüler jeopolitikte mizah ve Amed: Ölü terörist. N. Anaz, & M. Özkan (Ed.), Batı medyasının Ortadoğu tasavvuru, popüler jeopolitik, oryantalizm ve uluslararası ilişkiler içinde (s. 83-105). İstanbul: İlke Yayınevi.
  • Sancaktar, C. (2009). Yugoslavya’da sosyalizmden kapitalizme geçiş: Özyönetim uygulaması. (Doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü)
  • Shailo, I. (2013). Critical geopolitics and the construction of security in South Asia. Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario.
  • Shapiro, J. (2008). World demands democracy and human rights in Cuba, Mail &Guardian on 21 February 2008 https://www.zapiro.com/component/zoo/advanced-search/59591? Itemid=464).
  • Soto, Á. (2003). Caricatura yagitación política en chile durante la unidad popular, 1970-1973. Revista de Historia de Chiley América, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 97-135.
  • Tunç, A. (2002). Pushing The Limits Of Tolerance, Functions of Political Cartoonists in the Democratization Process: The Case of Turkey, Gazette: The International Journal For Communication Studies Copyright © 2002 Sage Publications London, Thousand Oaks & New Delhi, Vol 64(1): 47–62 [0016-5492(200202)64:1;47–62;021146]
  • URL 1 https://www.granger.com/results.asp? image=0050070&itemw=4&itemf=0001&itemstep=1&itemx=7
  • URL 2 https://www.pinterest.co.kr/pin/495114552785846414/
  • URL 3 https://basvanderschot.com/en/cartoons
  • URL 4 https://cartoonmovement.com/cartoon/frances-exploitation- african-countries Accessed: March 25, 2021.
  • URL 5 “PM addresses Security Council with a message on National Security Strategy,” The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, July 10, 2020, accessed on July 21, 2020.
  • URL 6 https://twitter.com/korayphlvglu/status/1317386651182784512/photo/1.

SİYASİ COĞRAFYA VE JEOPOLİTİKTE KARİKATÜRLERİN KULLANIMI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Year 2022, Issue: 45, 286 - 297, 25.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.977582

Abstract

Bir taraftan bilim ve teknolojinin gelişmesi diğer taraftan toplumsal ilişkilerin karmaşık hale gelmesi dünya genelinde gerek toplumsal, gerek devletlerarası ilişkilerin çeşitlemesine yol açmaktadır. Özellikle toplumlar ve devletlerarası ilişkilerin bir takım menfaat ilişkilerine dayanması dünyanın bazı bölgelerini, çatışma alanı veya çekim merkezi haline getirebilmektedir. Çatışma veya çekim merkezi haline gelen bölgelerin hâkimiyeti veya savunulması üzerinde geliştirilen politikalar siyasi coğrafya veya onun bir alt disiplini olan jeopolitiğin ilgi alanına girmektedir. Siyasi coğrafya veya jeopolitiğin ilgi alanına giren konuların kamuoyuna aktarım sürecinde yazılı ve görsel medya yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bilimsel kitap ve makaleler, gazete haberleri, belgeseller, haber programları, sinema filmleri ve karikatürler siyasi coğrafya ve jeopolitiğin ilgi alanına giren konuların topluma aktarılma sürecinde kullanılan araçlar arasındadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı siyasi coğrafya ve jeopolitik konularının kamuoyuna aktarımında karikatürlerin kullanımına örnekler vererek, kullanılan karikatürleri verdikleri mesaj/mesajlar bakımından analiz etmektir. Araştırma nitel araştırma tekniğine göre tasarlanmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan karikatürlerin birinci el kaynak olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada siyasi coğrafya ve jeopolitikle ilgili mesajlar içeren 6 adet karikatür kullanılmıştır. Tarihi süreç içerisinde ortaya çıkan siyasi ve jeopolitik anlayışları açıklamak amacıyla birbirinden farklı zaman dilimlerine ait karikatürler seçilmiştir. Karikatürlerin konu edindiği olaylar analiz edilirken kronolojik bir sıra izlenmiştir. Yapılan literatür analizi sonunda karikatürlerin verdikleri mesajlar bakımından siyasi coğrafya ve jeopolitiğin konusu olan olayları çok kısa ve net bir bakış açısı ile okuyucuya aktardığı anlaşılmaktadır.

Project Number

-

References

  • Adams, M. & Bradbury, M. (2001). Conflict and development: Organisational adaptation ın conflict situations.Oxfam Policy & Practice GB.
  • Akengin, H. (2019). Siyasi Coğrafya İnsan ve Mekân Yönetimi, Ankara, Pegem Akademi.
  • Bajpai, K (2007). Contemporary World Politics Textbook In Political Science For Class XII, National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2007, New Delhi, https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/leps1ps.pdf
  • Bedir, A. (2019), Yakın dönem siyasi tarihinin karikatür üzerinden analizi: Karagöz 1922-1939. (Doktora tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Berg, E. (2003), Some unintended consequences of geopolitical reasoning in Post-Soviet Estonia: texts and policy streams, maps, and cartoons. Geopolitics, 8(1), 101-120.
  • Bozkurt, G. S. (2010). “Tito Sonrası Dönemde Eski Yugoslavya Bölgesindeki Türkler ve Müslümanlar” Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi/
  • Journal of Turkish World Studies, X/2 (Kış 2010), s.51-95
  • Dahdouh, A. (2021). https://cartoonmovement.com/cartoon/frances- exploitation-african-countries Accessed: March 25, 2021.
  • Dittmer, J. (2007). The tyranny of the serial: Popular geopolitics, the nation, and comic book discourse. Antipode, 39(2), 247-268.
  • Dodds, K. (2010). Popular geopolitics and cartoons: Representing power relations, repitition and resistance. Critical African Studies, 2(4), 113-131, https://doi.org/10.1080/20407211.2010.10530760
  • Dodds, K. (1998). Enframing Bosnia The Geopolitical Iconography Of Steve Bell, Rethinking Geopolitics Edited By Ó Tuathail, G and Dalby, S. London: Routledge.
  • Dodds, K. (2007). Steve Bell’s eye: Cartoons, geopolitics and the visualization of the ‘war on terror’. Security Dialogue, 38(2), 157-177.
  • Duus, P. (2001) Presidential address: Weapons of the weak, weapons of the strong-the development of the Japanese political cartoon. The Journal of Asian Studies, 60(4), 965-997.
  • Eko, L. (2007). It's a political jungle out there: How four African newspaper cartoons dehumanized and ‘deterritorialized’ African political leaders in The post-Cold War era. International Communications Gazette, 69(3), 219-238.
  • Erdem, M. (2015). 11 Eylül sonrası Türk-Amerikan ilişkileri ve karikatüre yansıması. Gazi Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 40, 291-314.
  • Ferretjans, J. Pierre. (1963). La Constitution du 7 avril 1963 de la Republique Socialiste Federative de Yougoslavie et I'unite marxiste du pouvoir d'Etat», Revue de Droit Public, pp. 939-962
  • Fetsko, W. (2001). Using and analyzing political cartoons. Education Outreah, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Retrieved May 24, 2009 from http://ali.apple.com/ali media/Users/1000323/files/others/PoliticaI Cartoons.pdf
  • González, B. (1990, Oct). Tercera Dimensión De La Historia. La Caricatura Política En Colombia. En 160 Años, Críticaly Humor: Otra Manera De Juzgar Los Hechos. Revista Credencial Historia, No. 10.
  • Göçek, F. M. (1998). Ortadoğu’da siyasi karikatürler, Ortadoğu’da kültürel temsiller-Ortadoğu Princeton serisi. https://tr.qaz.wiki/wiki/Political_cartoon, adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Greenberg, J. (2002). ‘Framing and temporality in political cartoons: A critical analysis of visual news discourse’. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 39 (2): 181–195.
  • Gurr, T. R. (1993). Minorities at risk: A global view of ethnopolitical conflicts. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Hammett, D., & Mather, C. (2011). Beyond decoding: Political cartoons in the classroom. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 35(1), 103-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2010.498881
  • Hammett, D. (2010). Political cartoons, post-colonialism and critical African studies. Critical African Studies, 2(4), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/20407211.2010.10530755.
  • Hariman, R. (2008). Political parody and public culture. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 94(3), 247-272.
  • Liparityan, Z. (2020), https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ermeni- siyasetci-liparityan-ruya-gormek-ermenistanin-yasam- stratejisidir/2062895
  • Mhamdi, C. A. (2017). The use of political cartoons during popular protest: The case of the 2011 Tunisian Uprising, Journal Of English Studie, 15, 193-220. http-.//doi_m-g/ıo.18172.JES, 3063.
  • Nino, J. V., & Lesmes, P. R. (2009). Cartoons And Economıcs. General analysis based on Colombian economic cartoons. Serie Documentos De Trabajo, No. 69, Agosto 2009.
  • Özçelik, M. (2018). Sırp-Hırvat-Sloven Krallığı: Sırplar ve Hırvatlar arasındaki sorunlar ve krallığın yıkılışı 1918-1929 (Serbian-Croatian- Slovenian Kingdom: Problems between Serbs and Croats and the Fall of The Kingdom 1918-1929), Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 0(6), 19-53.
  • Özyılmaz Kiraz, B. (2020). Popüler jeopolitik ve sinema: Önce Vatan filmi özelinde Türkiye’nin jeopolitik söyleminde Kıbrıs’ın analizi. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, Marmara University Journal of Political Science, 8(2), 404-429. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.736009
  • Power, M., & Crampton, A. (Eds.). (2007). Cinema and popular geo- politics. London: Routledge
  • Purcell, D., Brown, M. S., & Gökmen, M. (2012). Popüler jeopolitikte mizah ve Amed: Ölü terörist. N. Anaz, & M. Özkan (Ed.), Batı medyasının Ortadoğu tasavvuru, popüler jeopolitik, oryantalizm ve uluslararası ilişkiler içinde (s. 83-105). İstanbul: İlke Yayınevi.
  • Sancaktar, C. (2009). Yugoslavya’da sosyalizmden kapitalizme geçiş: Özyönetim uygulaması. (Doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü)
  • Shailo, I. (2013). Critical geopolitics and the construction of security in South Asia. Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario.
  • Shapiro, J. (2008). World demands democracy and human rights in Cuba, Mail &Guardian on 21 February 2008 https://www.zapiro.com/component/zoo/advanced-search/59591? Itemid=464).
  • Soto, Á. (2003). Caricatura yagitación política en chile durante la unidad popular, 1970-1973. Revista de Historia de Chiley América, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 97-135.
  • Tunç, A. (2002). Pushing The Limits Of Tolerance, Functions of Political Cartoonists in the Democratization Process: The Case of Turkey, Gazette: The International Journal For Communication Studies Copyright © 2002 Sage Publications London, Thousand Oaks & New Delhi, Vol 64(1): 47–62 [0016-5492(200202)64:1;47–62;021146]
  • URL 1 https://www.granger.com/results.asp? image=0050070&itemw=4&itemf=0001&itemstep=1&itemx=7
  • URL 2 https://www.pinterest.co.kr/pin/495114552785846414/
  • URL 3 https://basvanderschot.com/en/cartoons
  • URL 4 https://cartoonmovement.com/cartoon/frances-exploitation- african-countries Accessed: March 25, 2021.
  • URL 5 “PM addresses Security Council with a message on National Security Strategy,” The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, July 10, 2020, accessed on July 21, 2020.
  • URL 6 https://twitter.com/korayphlvglu/status/1317386651182784512/photo/1.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Human Geography
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors

Hamza Akengin 0000-0002-0626-3819

Project Number -
Publication Date January 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 45

Cite

APA Akengin, H. (2022). AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF CARTOONS IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education(45), 286-297. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.977582
AMA Akengin H. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF CARTOONS IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS. IGGE. January 2022;(45):286-297. doi:10.32003/igge.977582
Chicago Akengin, Hamza. “AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF CARTOONS IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, no. 45 (January 2022): 286-97. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.977582.
EndNote Akengin H (January 1, 2022) AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF CARTOONS IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 45 286–297.
IEEE H. Akengin, “AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF CARTOONS IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS”, IGGE, no. 45, pp. 286–297, January 2022, doi: 10.32003/igge.977582.
ISNAD Akengin, Hamza. “AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF CARTOONS IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS”. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 45 (January 2022), 286-297. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.977582.
JAMA Akengin H. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF CARTOONS IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS. IGGE. 2022;:286–297.
MLA Akengin, Hamza. “AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF CARTOONS IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, no. 45, 2022, pp. 286-97, doi:10.32003/igge.977582.
Vancouver Akengin H. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF CARTOONS IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS. IGGE. 2022(45):286-97.