Research Article
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A Group Counseling Practice for Improving Middle-School Students’ Self-Esteem

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 426 - 435, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.31458/iejes.1287290

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a self-esteem development program on middle-school students in the seventh grade. The study included 21 students with low self-esteem, of which 11 were in the experimental group and 10 in the control group. After identifying the participants, the researcher implemented an eight-session program, each session lasting 90 minutes on average, for the students in the experimental group. Non-parametric Mann Whitney-U test was used to determine whether there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test score averages of the experimental and control groups. Non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to determine whether there was a significant within-group difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental and control groups. The results indicate that the self-esteem scores of the students in the experimental group, who participated in group activities, increased. There was no change in the self-esteem scores of the students in the control group. The results of the study were discussed and interpreted in light of the relevant literature.

References

  • Ahn, S., & Fedewa, A. L. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relationship between children’s physical activity and mental health. J. Pediatric Psychol. 36, 385–397.
  • Akbari, B., Mohamadi, J., & Sadeghi, S. (2012). Effect of assertiveness training methods on self-esteem and general self-efficacy female students of Islamic Azad University, Anzali Branch. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(3), 2265-2269.
  • Barrera, U., Montoya-Castilla, I., Pérez-Albéniz, A., Lucas-Molina, B., & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2020). Mental health difficulties related to suicidal behavior in adolescents: The moderating role of self-esteem. Arch. Suicide Res.1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2020.1823918
  • Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44.
  • Bozanoğlu, İ. (2005). Bilişsel-davranışçı yaklaşıma dayalı grup rehberliğinin güdülenme, benlik saygısı, başarı ve sınav kaygısı düzeylerine etkisi [The effect of group guidance based on cognitive-behavioral approach on motivation, self-esteem, achievement and test anxiety levels] Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(1), 17-42.
  • Branden, N. (2001). The psychology of self-esteem: a revolutionary approach to self-understanding that launched a new era in modern psychology. Jossey-Bass.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods] Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Cantin, S., & Boivin, M. (2004). Change and stability in children’s social network and self-perceptions during transition from elementary to junior high school. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(6), 561-570.
  • Corey, G. (1990). Theory and practice of group counseling. California: Brooks/Cole Publication. Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı [Self-esteem in adolescents].Yayınlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Doğru, N., & Peker, R. (2004). The effect of “A self-esteem enrichment program” on the self esteem level of ninth grade high school students. Journal of Uludağ Universty Faculty of Education, 17(2), 315-328.
  • Harter, S. (1990). Processes underlying adolescent self-concept formation. In R. Montemayor, G. R. Adams, & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), From childhood to adolescence: A transitional period? (205-239). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Karasar, N. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar ilkeler teknikler [Scientific research method: Concepts principles techniques]. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kaya, A. & Saçkes, M. (2004). Benlik saygısı geliştirme programının ilköğretim 8. Sınıf öğrencilerinin benlik saygısı düzeylerine etkisi [The effect of the self-esteem development program on the self-esteem levels of 8th grade primary school students]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(21), 49-56.
  • Khullar, S., & Tyagi, A. (2014). Role of student teacher relationship in educational adjustment and self-esteem of fifth, sixth and seventh grade students. Indian J. Health Wellbeing. 5, 1472–1476.
  • Kim, J. U. (2008). The effect of a R/T group counseling program on the Internet addiction level and self-esteem of Internet addiction university students. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 27(2).
  • Lázaro, L., Font, E., Moreno, E., Calvo, R., Vila, M., Andrés‐Perpiñá, S., & Castro‐Fornieles, J. (2011). Effectiveness of self‐esteem and social skills group therapy in adolescent eating disorder patients attending a day hospital treatment programme. European Eating Disorders Review, 19(5), 398-406.
  • Lukens, E. P., & McFarlane, W. R. (2004). Psychoeducation as evidence-based practice: considerations for practice, research, and policy. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 4(3), 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/brief-treatment/mhh019
  • Luo, S., Liu, Y., & Zhang, D. (2020). Psychological maltreatment and loneliness in Chinese children: The role of perceived social support and self-esteem. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth
  • McGee, R., Williams, S., & Nada-Raja, S. (2001). Low self-esteem and hopelessness in childhood and suicidal ideation in early adulthood. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol, 29, 281–291.
  • McVey, G. L., Davis, R., Tweed, S., & Shaw, B. F. (2004). Evaluation of a school‐based program designed to improve body image satisfaction, global self‐esteem, and eating attitudes and behaviors: A replication study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36(1), 1-11.
  • Ordu, F. (2005). Psikososyal risk yatkınlığı olan ergenlerin benlik algılarını geliştirici grup çalışması [Group work to improve the self-perception of adolescents with psychosocial risk predisposition]. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Roberts, B. W. (2008). Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol, 95, 695–708.
  • Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychol. Bull., 130, 435–468.
  • Rosenberg. M. (1965) Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
  • Sert, A. G. (2003). The effect of an assertiveness training on the assertiveness and self-esteem level of 5th grade children (Master's thesis) Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Sır, E. (2022). Ortaokul öğrencilerine uygulanan benlik saygısı geliştirme programı'nın benlik saygısı ve akran zorbalığı mağduriyetine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Smead, R. (1990). Skills for living group counseling activities for young adolescent. Illinois: Research Press. Steese, S., Dollette, M., Phillips, W., & Hossfeld, E. (2006). Understanding girls circle as an intervention on perceived social support, body image, self-efficacy, locus of control, and self-esteem. Adolescence, 41(161), 55.
  • Striegel-Moore, R. H. (2001). Body image concerns among children. Journal of Pediatrics, 138(2), 158-160. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: MA Pearson.
  • Tanksley, M. D. (1994). Building a good self-esteem for certain fifth grade children through cooperative learning, individualized learning techniques, parental involvement, and student counseling. Nova University.
  • Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A., & Sears, D. O. (2007). Social psychology (A. Donmez, Trans.). Imge Bookstore.
  • Trumbull, L. (1987). Group counseling to reduce maladaptive behavior and enhance self-esteem in the middle school. (Master’s thesis) Nova University.
  • Wells, A. E., Hunnikin, L.M., Ash, D.P., & Van Goozen, S. H. M. (2020). Low self-esteem and impairments in emotion recognition predict behavioural problems in children. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess., 42, 693–701.
  • Yahaya, A., Yusof, B., Jamaludin, R., Jaafar, S. L., Fawziah, Y., & Amir, H. A. (2004). Psikologi sosial. Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor Darul Ta’zim.
  • Yang, Q., Tian, L., Huebner, E.S, & Zhu, X. (2019). Relations among academic achievement, self-esteem, and subjective well-being in school among elementary school students: A longitudinal mediation model. Sch. Psychol, 34, 328.

A Group Counseling Practice for Improving Middle-School Students’ Self-Esteem

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 426 - 435, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.31458/iejes.1287290

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a self-esteem development program on middle-school students in the seventh grade. The study included 21 students with low self-esteem, of which 11 were in the experimental group and 10 were in the control group. After identifying the participants, the researcher implemented an eight-session program, each session lasting 90 minutes on average, for the students in the experimental group. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine whether there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test score averages of the experimental and control groups. Non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to determine whether there was a significant within-group difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental and control groups. The results indicate that the self-esteem scores of the students in the experimental group, who participated in group activities, increased. There was no change in the self-esteem scores of the students in the control group. The results of the study were discussed and interpreted in light of the relevant literature.

References

  • Ahn, S., & Fedewa, A. L. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relationship between children’s physical activity and mental health. J. Pediatric Psychol. 36, 385–397.
  • Akbari, B., Mohamadi, J., & Sadeghi, S. (2012). Effect of assertiveness training methods on self-esteem and general self-efficacy female students of Islamic Azad University, Anzali Branch. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(3), 2265-2269.
  • Barrera, U., Montoya-Castilla, I., Pérez-Albéniz, A., Lucas-Molina, B., & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2020). Mental health difficulties related to suicidal behavior in adolescents: The moderating role of self-esteem. Arch. Suicide Res.1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2020.1823918
  • Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44.
  • Bozanoğlu, İ. (2005). Bilişsel-davranışçı yaklaşıma dayalı grup rehberliğinin güdülenme, benlik saygısı, başarı ve sınav kaygısı düzeylerine etkisi [The effect of group guidance based on cognitive-behavioral approach on motivation, self-esteem, achievement and test anxiety levels] Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(1), 17-42.
  • Branden, N. (2001). The psychology of self-esteem: a revolutionary approach to self-understanding that launched a new era in modern psychology. Jossey-Bass.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods] Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Cantin, S., & Boivin, M. (2004). Change and stability in children’s social network and self-perceptions during transition from elementary to junior high school. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(6), 561-570.
  • Corey, G. (1990). Theory and practice of group counseling. California: Brooks/Cole Publication. Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı [Self-esteem in adolescents].Yayınlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Doğru, N., & Peker, R. (2004). The effect of “A self-esteem enrichment program” on the self esteem level of ninth grade high school students. Journal of Uludağ Universty Faculty of Education, 17(2), 315-328.
  • Harter, S. (1990). Processes underlying adolescent self-concept formation. In R. Montemayor, G. R. Adams, & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), From childhood to adolescence: A transitional period? (205-239). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Karasar, N. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar ilkeler teknikler [Scientific research method: Concepts principles techniques]. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kaya, A. & Saçkes, M. (2004). Benlik saygısı geliştirme programının ilköğretim 8. Sınıf öğrencilerinin benlik saygısı düzeylerine etkisi [The effect of the self-esteem development program on the self-esteem levels of 8th grade primary school students]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(21), 49-56.
  • Khullar, S., & Tyagi, A. (2014). Role of student teacher relationship in educational adjustment and self-esteem of fifth, sixth and seventh grade students. Indian J. Health Wellbeing. 5, 1472–1476.
  • Kim, J. U. (2008). The effect of a R/T group counseling program on the Internet addiction level and self-esteem of Internet addiction university students. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 27(2).
  • Lázaro, L., Font, E., Moreno, E., Calvo, R., Vila, M., Andrés‐Perpiñá, S., & Castro‐Fornieles, J. (2011). Effectiveness of self‐esteem and social skills group therapy in adolescent eating disorder patients attending a day hospital treatment programme. European Eating Disorders Review, 19(5), 398-406.
  • Lukens, E. P., & McFarlane, W. R. (2004). Psychoeducation as evidence-based practice: considerations for practice, research, and policy. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 4(3), 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/brief-treatment/mhh019
  • Luo, S., Liu, Y., & Zhang, D. (2020). Psychological maltreatment and loneliness in Chinese children: The role of perceived social support and self-esteem. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth
  • McGee, R., Williams, S., & Nada-Raja, S. (2001). Low self-esteem and hopelessness in childhood and suicidal ideation in early adulthood. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol, 29, 281–291.
  • McVey, G. L., Davis, R., Tweed, S., & Shaw, B. F. (2004). Evaluation of a school‐based program designed to improve body image satisfaction, global self‐esteem, and eating attitudes and behaviors: A replication study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36(1), 1-11.
  • Ordu, F. (2005). Psikososyal risk yatkınlığı olan ergenlerin benlik algılarını geliştirici grup çalışması [Group work to improve the self-perception of adolescents with psychosocial risk predisposition]. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Roberts, B. W. (2008). Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol, 95, 695–708.
  • Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychol. Bull., 130, 435–468.
  • Rosenberg. M. (1965) Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
  • Sert, A. G. (2003). The effect of an assertiveness training on the assertiveness and self-esteem level of 5th grade children (Master's thesis) Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Sır, E. (2022). Ortaokul öğrencilerine uygulanan benlik saygısı geliştirme programı'nın benlik saygısı ve akran zorbalığı mağduriyetine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Smead, R. (1990). Skills for living group counseling activities for young adolescent. Illinois: Research Press. Steese, S., Dollette, M., Phillips, W., & Hossfeld, E. (2006). Understanding girls circle as an intervention on perceived social support, body image, self-efficacy, locus of control, and self-esteem. Adolescence, 41(161), 55.
  • Striegel-Moore, R. H. (2001). Body image concerns among children. Journal of Pediatrics, 138(2), 158-160. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: MA Pearson.
  • Tanksley, M. D. (1994). Building a good self-esteem for certain fifth grade children through cooperative learning, individualized learning techniques, parental involvement, and student counseling. Nova University.
  • Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A., & Sears, D. O. (2007). Social psychology (A. Donmez, Trans.). Imge Bookstore.
  • Trumbull, L. (1987). Group counseling to reduce maladaptive behavior and enhance self-esteem in the middle school. (Master’s thesis) Nova University.
  • Wells, A. E., Hunnikin, L.M., Ash, D.P., & Van Goozen, S. H. M. (2020). Low self-esteem and impairments in emotion recognition predict behavioural problems in children. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess., 42, 693–701.
  • Yahaya, A., Yusof, B., Jamaludin, R., Jaafar, S. L., Fawziah, Y., & Amir, H. A. (2004). Psikologi sosial. Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor Darul Ta’zim.
  • Yang, Q., Tian, L., Huebner, E.S, & Zhu, X. (2019). Relations among academic achievement, self-esteem, and subjective well-being in school among elementary school students: A longitudinal mediation model. Sch. Psychol, 34, 328.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Özlem Çakmak Tolan 0000-0002-8128-6498

Publication Date July 31, 2023
Submission Date April 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 14

Cite

APA Çakmak Tolan, Ö. (2023). A Group Counseling Practice for Improving Middle-School Students’ Self-Esteem. International E-Journal of Educational Studies, 7(14), 426-435. https://doi.org/10.31458/iejes.1287290

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