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COVID-19 Korkusu Yaşayan Beliren Yetişkinlerin COVID-19 Salgınına İlişkin Algıları: Bir Metafor Analizi

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 12 - 32, 02.03.2024

Ebru Çanakçı Uğur Nurbanu Ebru Kuzgun M. Engin Deniz

https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1355058

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı COVID-19 korkusu yaşayan beliren yetişkinlerin COVID-19 salgınına ilişkin algılarını incelemektir. Araştırmada veriler, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden metafor analizi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma, 2021 yılında Türkiye’de COVID-19 korkusu yaşayan 27 beliren yetişkin ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda COVID-19 korkusu yaşayan beliren yetişkinlerin 21 farklı metafor ürettikleri tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların ürettikleri bu metaforlar sekiz kategori üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Metafor kategorileri şu şekildedir: Bilinmezlik, olumsuz duygu yaratan, kabullenme, engellenemeyen/durdurulamayan, yaşamı tehdit eden, küresel, geçmişte benzeri yaşanmış bir durum/diğer salgınlar, yaşamı değiştiren. Ayrıca katılımcıların cinsiyetlerine, COVID-19 geçirme durumlarına ve COVID-19 sürecinde psikolojik destek alma durumlarına göre sahip oldukları metafor kategorilerinin farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma verilerinden elde edilen bulgular, ilgili literatür dikkate alınarak tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

COVID-19 salgını COVID-19 korkusu beliren yetişkinler metafor analizi

Project Number

Yok

References

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  • Altun, T., & Camadan, F. (2013). Rehber öğretmenlerin rehber öğretmen (psikolojik danışman) kavramına ilişkin algılarının metafor analizi yoluyla incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 21(3), 883-918.
  • American Psychological Association, (2012). The road to resilience. Erişim adresi (08 Mart 2023): https://www.apa.org/topics/resilience
  • Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for?. Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x
  • Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
  • Asmundson, G. J., & Taylor, S. (2020). Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 70, 102196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196
  • Aşkın, R., Bozkurt, Y., & Zeybek, Z. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisi: Psikolojik etkileri ve terapötik müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(37), 304-318.
  • Atak, H. (2011). Yetişkinliğe aşamalı geçiş: beliren yetişkinlik tek bir ana yol. İlkogretim Online, 10(1), 51-67.
  • Atakan, M., & Yurtdaş, G. T. (2013). Ergenlerin karşılıklı konuşmalarında toplumsal cinsiyet kuruluşu. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 33(2), 15-30.
  • Cai, H., Tu, B., Ma, J., Chen, L., Fu, L., Jiang, Y., & Zhuang, Q. (2020). Psychological impact and coping strategies of frontline medical staff in Hunan between January and March 2020 during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei, China. Medical Science Monitor: İnternational Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26: : e924171. http://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.924171
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 12934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Chen, H., & Eyoun, K. (2021). Do mindfulness and perceived organizational support work? Fear of COVID-19 on restaurant frontline employees’ job insecurity and emotional exhaustion. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102850
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  • Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 14(20), 1-11. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
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  • Håkansson, A., & Claesdotter, E. (2022). Fear of COVID-19, compliance with recommendations against virus transmission, and attitudes towards vaccination in Sweden. Heliyon, 8(1), e08699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e086
  • Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., Agmapisarn, C., & Li, J. J. (2023). Fear of COVID-19 and employee mental health in quarantine hotels: The role of self-compassion and psychological resilience at work. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 111, 103491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103491
  • Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2021). Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 1875-1888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5
  • Ibrahim, A. (2020). Therapeutic approach towards suicide among muslim folks: a treatise during COVID-19 outbreak. African Journal of Biology and Medical Research, 3(2), 26-32.
  • Kara, A., & Çanakçı, E. (2022). The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health continuum during the COVID-19 pandemic process. International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(4), 148-165. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.459.11
  • Kasrine Al Halabi, C., Obeid, S., Sacre, H., Akel, M., Hallit, R., Salameh, P., & Hallit, S. (2021). Attitudes of Lebanese adults regarding COVID-19 vaccination. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 998. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10902-w
  • Kuzucu, Y. (2010). Duyguları fark etme ve ifade etme (2. bs.). B. Yeşilyaprak (Ed.). Ankara: Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Derneği Yayınları.
  • Li, J. B., Yang, A., Dou, K., & Cheung, R. Y. (2020). Self-control moderates the association between perceived severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health problems among the Chinese public. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4820. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xadq
  • Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073
  • Moser, K. S. (2000). Metaphor analysis in psychology—Method, theory, and fields of application. In Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2), 1-10.
  • Padmanabhanunni, A., & Pretorius, T. (2023). The Resilience of South African School Teachers in the Time of COVID-19: Coping with Risk of Infection, Loneliness, and Anxiety. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043462
  • Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58-63.
  • Prizmić-Larsen, Z., Vujčić, M. T., & Lipovčan, L. K. (2023). Fear of COVID-19 and Fear of Earthquake: Multiple Distressing Events and Well-Being in Croatia. Psychological Reports, 00332941231156813. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941231156813
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry 33(2), e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Sakib, N., Akter, T., Zohra, F., Bhuiyan, A. I., Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2023). Fear of COVID-19 and depression: a comparative study among the general population and healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic crisis in Bangladesh. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21(2), 976-992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00477-9
  • Sankır, H. (2010). Eril tahakküm ve üstün erillik olgusunun plâstik sanatlar alanında toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin oluşumuna etkileri üzerine sosyolojik bir değerlendirme. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyolojik Araştırmalar E-Dergisi, 28, 1-17.
  • Satıcı B., Göçet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satıcı S. A. (2021). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 1980-1988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
  • Shaw, S. C. (2020). Hopelessness, helplessness and resilience: The importance of safeguarding our trainees' mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nurse Education in Practice, 44, 102780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102780
  • Siyez, D. M. (2012). Kişilerarası ilişkiler ve etkili iletişim (4. bs.). A. Kaya. (Ed.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Šorgo, A., Crnkovič, N., Cesar, K., Selak, Š., Vrdelja, M., & Gabrovec, B. (2022). The influence of anxiety and fear of COVID-19 on vaccination hesitancy among postsecondary students. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 20564. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25221-2
  • Sungur, M. (2020). Belirsizlikle barışmak kaygı ve endişeyi yönetmek korona günlükleri. İstanbul: Büyük Ada Yayıncılık.
  • Troisi, A., (2020). Fear of COVID-19: insights from evolutionary behavioral science. Clinical Neuropsychiatry 17(2), 72-75. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200207
  • Vilca, L. W., Chávez, B. V., Fernández, Y. S., Caycho-Rodríguez, T., & White, M. (2023). Impact of the fear of catching COVID-19 on mental health in undergraduate students: A Predictive Model for anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Current Psychology, 42(16), 13231-13238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02542-5
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020a). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
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Perceptions of Emerging Adults Having a Fear of Covid-19 Regarding the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Metaphor Analysis

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 12 - 32, 02.03.2024

Ebru Çanakçı Uğur Nurbanu Ebru Kuzgun M. Engin Deniz

https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1355058

Abstract

This study is conducted to examine the perceptions of emerging adults experiencing fear of COVID-19 regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. The data in the research was analyzed using the metaphor analysis method, a qualitative research approach. The study was carried out with 27 emerging adults who had a fear of COVID-19 in Turkey in 2021. As a result of the research, it has been determined that emerging adults with a fear of COVID-19 produce 21 different metaphors. The metaphors created by the participants were divided into eight categories: obscurity, a situation that causes negative emotions, acceptance, a non-preventable/unstoppable situation, a life-threatening situation, a global situation, a situation similar to the past/other epidemics, and a life-changing situation. In addition, it has been determined that the metaphor categories of the participants differ according to gender, the situation of having COVID-19, and the status of receiving psychological support during the COVID-19 process. The findings obtained from the research data were discussed, considering the relevant literature.

Keywords

COVID-19 pandemic fear of COVID-19 emerging adults metaphor analysis

Project Number

Yok

References

  • Altıparmak, P., Çanakçı, E., & Deniz, M. E., (2021). COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde bireylerin yaşamda anlam ve psikolojik sağlamlıklarının incelenmesi. M. E. Deniz ve Ü. Polat (Ed.). Uluslararası VII. TURKCESS Eğitim ve Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, 01-03 Eylül, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, Bildiriler içinde (s. 344-345). Erişim adresi (07 Mart 2023): https://2021.turkcess.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/15-09-TURKCESS-2021-OZET-KITABI.pdf
  • Altun, T., & Camadan, F. (2013). Rehber öğretmenlerin rehber öğretmen (psikolojik danışman) kavramına ilişkin algılarının metafor analizi yoluyla incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 21(3), 883-918.
  • American Psychological Association, (2012). The road to resilience. Erişim adresi (08 Mart 2023): https://www.apa.org/topics/resilience
  • Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for?. Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x
  • Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
  • Asmundson, G. J., & Taylor, S. (2020). Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 70, 102196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196
  • Aşkın, R., Bozkurt, Y., & Zeybek, Z. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisi: Psikolojik etkileri ve terapötik müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(37), 304-318.
  • Atak, H. (2011). Yetişkinliğe aşamalı geçiş: beliren yetişkinlik tek bir ana yol. İlkogretim Online, 10(1), 51-67.
  • Atakan, M., & Yurtdaş, G. T. (2013). Ergenlerin karşılıklı konuşmalarında toplumsal cinsiyet kuruluşu. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 33(2), 15-30.
  • Cai, H., Tu, B., Ma, J., Chen, L., Fu, L., Jiang, Y., & Zhuang, Q. (2020). Psychological impact and coping strategies of frontline medical staff in Hunan between January and March 2020 during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei, China. Medical Science Monitor: İnternational Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26: : e924171. http://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.924171
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 12934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Chen, H., & Eyoun, K. (2021). Do mindfulness and perceived organizational support work? Fear of COVID-19 on restaurant frontline employees’ job insecurity and emotional exhaustion. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102850
  • Eryılmaz, A., & Ercan, L. (2010). Beliren yetişkinlikte romantik yakınlığı başlatma: yakınlığa karşı yalıtılmışlık mı?. Turkish Psychological Counseling Guidance Journal, 4(34), 119-125.
  • Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 14(20), 1-11. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
  • Goyal, K., Chauhan, P., Chhikara, K., Gupta, P., & Singh, M. P. (2020). Fear of Covid 2019: First suicidal case in India!. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 101989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101989
  • Greenberg, L. (2020). Duygu odaklı terapi: Danışanlara duygu koçluğu yapmak. S. Balcı- Çelik (Ed. ve Çev.). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Håkansson, A., & Claesdotter, E. (2022). Fear of COVID-19, compliance with recommendations against virus transmission, and attitudes towards vaccination in Sweden. Heliyon, 8(1), e08699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e086
  • Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., Agmapisarn, C., & Li, J. J. (2023). Fear of COVID-19 and employee mental health in quarantine hotels: The role of self-compassion and psychological resilience at work. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 111, 103491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103491
  • Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2021). Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 1875-1888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5
  • Ibrahim, A. (2020). Therapeutic approach towards suicide among muslim folks: a treatise during COVID-19 outbreak. African Journal of Biology and Medical Research, 3(2), 26-32.
  • Kara, A., & Çanakçı, E. (2022). The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health continuum during the COVID-19 pandemic process. International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(4), 148-165. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.459.11
  • Kasrine Al Halabi, C., Obeid, S., Sacre, H., Akel, M., Hallit, R., Salameh, P., & Hallit, S. (2021). Attitudes of Lebanese adults regarding COVID-19 vaccination. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 998. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10902-w
  • Kuzucu, Y. (2010). Duyguları fark etme ve ifade etme (2. bs.). B. Yeşilyaprak (Ed.). Ankara: Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Derneği Yayınları.
  • Li, J. B., Yang, A., Dou, K., & Cheung, R. Y. (2020). Self-control moderates the association between perceived severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health problems among the Chinese public. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4820. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xadq
  • Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073
  • Moser, K. S. (2000). Metaphor analysis in psychology—Method, theory, and fields of application. In Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2), 1-10.
  • Padmanabhanunni, A., & Pretorius, T. (2023). The Resilience of South African School Teachers in the Time of COVID-19: Coping with Risk of Infection, Loneliness, and Anxiety. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043462
  • Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58-63.
  • Prizmić-Larsen, Z., Vujčić, M. T., & Lipovčan, L. K. (2023). Fear of COVID-19 and Fear of Earthquake: Multiple Distressing Events and Well-Being in Croatia. Psychological Reports, 00332941231156813. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941231156813
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry 33(2), e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Sakib, N., Akter, T., Zohra, F., Bhuiyan, A. I., Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2023). Fear of COVID-19 and depression: a comparative study among the general population and healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic crisis in Bangladesh. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21(2), 976-992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00477-9
  • Sankır, H. (2010). Eril tahakküm ve üstün erillik olgusunun plâstik sanatlar alanında toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin oluşumuna etkileri üzerine sosyolojik bir değerlendirme. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyolojik Araştırmalar E-Dergisi, 28, 1-17.
  • Satıcı B., Göçet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satıcı S. A. (2021). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 1980-1988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
  • Shaw, S. C. (2020). Hopelessness, helplessness and resilience: The importance of safeguarding our trainees' mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nurse Education in Practice, 44, 102780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102780
  • Siyez, D. M. (2012). Kişilerarası ilişkiler ve etkili iletişim (4. bs.). A. Kaya. (Ed.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Šorgo, A., Crnkovič, N., Cesar, K., Selak, Š., Vrdelja, M., & Gabrovec, B. (2022). The influence of anxiety and fear of COVID-19 on vaccination hesitancy among postsecondary students. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 20564. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25221-2
  • Sungur, M. (2020). Belirsizlikle barışmak kaygı ve endişeyi yönetmek korona günlükleri. İstanbul: Büyük Ada Yayıncılık.
  • Troisi, A., (2020). Fear of COVID-19: insights from evolutionary behavioral science. Clinical Neuropsychiatry 17(2), 72-75. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200207
  • Vilca, L. W., Chávez, B. V., Fernández, Y. S., Caycho-Rodríguez, T., & White, M. (2023). Impact of the fear of catching COVID-19 on mental health in undergraduate students: A Predictive Model for anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Current Psychology, 42(16), 13231-13238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02542-5
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020a). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
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There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Behaviour-Personality Assessment in Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ebru Çanakçı Uğur 0000-0001-6955-0340

Nurbanu Ebru Kuzgun 0000-0002-5900-8694

M. Engin Deniz 0000-0002-7930-3121

Project Number Yok
Publication Date March 2, 2024
Submission Date September 4, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çanakçı Uğur, E., Kuzgun, N. E., & Deniz, M. E. (2024). COVID-19 Korkusu Yaşayan Beliren Yetişkinlerin COVID-19 Salgınına İlişkin Algıları: Bir Metafor Analizi. Humanistic Perspective, 6(1), 12-32. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1355058
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Humanistic Perspective - 2019
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