The Use of Ionic-Impost Column Capitals in Byzantine Monumental Architecture: Prelimınary Considerations
Abstract
Columns and column capitals used in architecture from Antiquity to the present appear in different types and styles in many building groups. Columns and column capitals, the first examples of which are encountered in temple architecture, are sometimes seen to have only a monument quality. In the Eastern Roman Empire, between the 4th and 6th centuries, many new column capital types emerged that continued the ancient tradition and developed away from this tradition over time. The beginning of the use of impost in the early 5th century led to some new developments in column capitals. One of these new developments is the start of the production of ion-impost type capitals, which emerged as a synthesis of impost and ion column capitals. Ionic-impost type capitals spread over a wide geography in the eastern and western Mediterranean, including the capital Constantinople, Anatolia, Continental Greece and Italy between the 5th and 6th centuries AD. It is seen that the use of this type of capitals became widespread especially during the reign of Emperor Justinian (527-565). Ion-impost type column capitals in Hagia Sophia, Hagia Irene and Little Hagia Sophia (St. Sergius and St. Bacchus Church) built by Emperor Justinian in Constantinople reflect the characteristic features of the period. After the 6th century AD, the use of this type of column capitals gradually decreased. In our study, it is aimed to introduce the main function of ion-impost type capitals, which reflect the architectural fashion of a period, and to answer the questions about whether such headboards are preferred due to aesthetic or architectural concerns in the light of the data in the literature.
Project Number
23917
References
- Alten, W. (1913). Geschichte des Altchristlichen Kapitells. Müchen-Leipzig: Delpin Verlag.
- Bakirtzis, C. (2003). The Urban Continuity and Size of Late Byzantine Thessalonike, DOP (57), 35–64.
- Bauer F. A. (2013). Eine Stadt und ihr Patron: Thessaloniki und der Heilige Demetrios, Schnell & Steiner.
- Deichmann, F. W. (1956). Studien zur Architektur Konstantinopels. Deutsche Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft 4, Baden.
- Ebersolt, J., Thiers, A. (1913) Les églises de Constantinople, Ernest Leroux.
- Hoddinott R. F. (1963). Early Byzantine churches in Macedonia and southern Serbia A Study of the Origins and the Initial Development of East Christian Art, Palgrave Macmillan London.
- Hörmann, H., (1951). Die Johanneskirche, Forshuchen in Ephesos 4, 3, Vienna.
- Karydis, N. (2015). The Evolution of the Church of St. John at Ephesos during the Early Byzantine Period, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen archäologischen institutes in Wien, Band 84, 97-128.
- Kautzsch, R. (1936). Kapitellstudien, Beiträge zu einer Geschichte des spätantiken Kapitells im Osten vom vierten bis ins siebente Jahrhundert. Berlin-Liebzig: Walter de Gruyter.
- Koch, G. (2015). Erken Hristiyan Sanatı. (A. Aydın, Çev.) İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
- Krautheimer, R. (1981). Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, Tennesse.
- Mathews, T. F. (1976). The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: A Photographic Survey, Pennsylvania State University Press.
- Milburn, R. (1988). Early Christian Art and Architecture, University of California Press
- Millingen, A. V. (1912). Byzantine Churches in Constantinople: Their History and Architecture, Macmillan and Company, Limited.
- Müller-Wiener, W. (2016). İstanbul’un Tarihsel Topografyası. (Ü. Sayın, Çev.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Sotiríou, G. A. (1952). Η Βασιλικη Του Αγιου Δημητριου Θεσσαλονικησ, BAE, 34A, Atina.
- Lethaby W. R., Swainson H. (1894). The Church Of Sancta Sophia, Constantinople A Study Of Byzantine Building, Macmillan.
- Procopius, Buildings H. B. Dewing – G. Downey (eds.), Procopius, Buildings (Cambridge, MA 1954).
- Vemi, V. (1989). Les Chapiteaux Ioniques à imposte de Grèce à l’époque paléochrétienne. Athens: BCH Supplément XVII.
- Weigand, E. (1914). Neue Untersuchungen über das Goldene Tor in Konstantinopel. Athenische Mitteilungen 39, pp. 1-64.
- Weitzmann, K. (1979). Age Of Spirituality: Late Antique And Early Christian Art, Third To Seventh Century. New York: Princeton University Press.
- Yegül, F. K. (1974). Early Byzantine Capitals from Sardis. A Study on the Ionic Impost Type. DOP(28), pp. 265-274.
- Yegül, F.K. (2010). Bathing in the Roman World. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Zollt, T. (1994). Kapitellplastik Konstantinopels vom 4. bis 6. Jahrhundert n. Chr: mit einem Beitrag zur Untersuchung des ionischen Kämpferkapitells, Asia Minor Studien. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
Abstract
Antik Çağ’dan günümüze değin mimaride kullanılan sütun ve sütun başlıkları birçok yapı gurubunda farklı tip ve üslupta karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İlk örneklerine tapınak mimarisinde rastlanan sütun ve sütun başlıklarının bazen sadece anıt niteliğinde olduğu görülmektedir. Doğu Roma İmparatorluğunda 4. ve 6. yüzyıllar arasında antik geleneği sürdüren ve zamanla bu gelenekten uzaklaşarak gelişen birçok yeni sütun başlığı türü ortaya çıkmıştır. 5. yüzyılın başlarında impost kullanımının başlanması, sütun başlıklarında bazı yeni gelişmelere yol açmıştır. Bu yeni gelişmelerden biri de impost ve ion sütun başlıklarının bir sentezi olarak ortaya çıkan ion-impost tipi başlıkların üretimine başlamasıdır. İon-impost tipi sütun başlıkları MS 5. ve 6. yüzyıllar arasında Başkent Konstantinopolis, Anadolu, Kıta Yunanistan ve İtalya dâhil olmak üzere doğu ve batı Akdeniz’de oldukça geniş bir coğrafyaya yayılmıştır. Bu tip sütun başlıklarının kullanımının özellikle, İmparator Justinianus (527-565) döneminde yaygınlaştığı görülmektedir. İmparator Justinianus tarafından Konstantinopolis’te inşa ettirilen Ayasofya, Aya İrini ve Küçük Ayasofya’daki (Aziz Sergios ve Aziz Bakhos Kilisesi) ion-impost tipi sütun başlıkları dönemin karakteristik özelliklerini yansıtmaktadır. MS 6. yüzyıldan sonra ise bu tip sütun başlıklarının kullanımı giderek azalmıştır. Çalışmamızda, bir dönemin mimari modasını yansıtan ion-impost tipi başlıkların asıl işlevinin tanıtılması, literatürdeki veriler ışığında bu tür başlıkların estetik mi yoksa mimari kaygılar nedeniyle mi tercih edildiğine dair sorulara cevap bulunması amaçlanmıştır.
Project Number
23917
References
- Alten, W. (1913). Geschichte des Altchristlichen Kapitells. Müchen-Leipzig: Delpin Verlag.
- Bakirtzis, C. (2003). The Urban Continuity and Size of Late Byzantine Thessalonike, DOP (57), 35–64.
- Bauer F. A. (2013). Eine Stadt und ihr Patron: Thessaloniki und der Heilige Demetrios, Schnell & Steiner.
- Deichmann, F. W. (1956). Studien zur Architektur Konstantinopels. Deutsche Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft 4, Baden.
- Ebersolt, J., Thiers, A. (1913) Les églises de Constantinople, Ernest Leroux.
- Hoddinott R. F. (1963). Early Byzantine churches in Macedonia and southern Serbia A Study of the Origins and the Initial Development of East Christian Art, Palgrave Macmillan London.
- Hörmann, H., (1951). Die Johanneskirche, Forshuchen in Ephesos 4, 3, Vienna.
- Karydis, N. (2015). The Evolution of the Church of St. John at Ephesos during the Early Byzantine Period, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen archäologischen institutes in Wien, Band 84, 97-128.
- Kautzsch, R. (1936). Kapitellstudien, Beiträge zu einer Geschichte des spätantiken Kapitells im Osten vom vierten bis ins siebente Jahrhundert. Berlin-Liebzig: Walter de Gruyter.
- Koch, G. (2015). Erken Hristiyan Sanatı. (A. Aydın, Çev.) İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
- Krautheimer, R. (1981). Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, Tennesse.
- Mathews, T. F. (1976). The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: A Photographic Survey, Pennsylvania State University Press.
- Milburn, R. (1988). Early Christian Art and Architecture, University of California Press
- Millingen, A. V. (1912). Byzantine Churches in Constantinople: Their History and Architecture, Macmillan and Company, Limited.
- Müller-Wiener, W. (2016). İstanbul’un Tarihsel Topografyası. (Ü. Sayın, Çev.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Sotiríou, G. A. (1952). Η Βασιλικη Του Αγιου Δημητριου Θεσσαλονικησ, BAE, 34A, Atina.
- Lethaby W. R., Swainson H. (1894). The Church Of Sancta Sophia, Constantinople A Study Of Byzantine Building, Macmillan.
- Procopius, Buildings H. B. Dewing – G. Downey (eds.), Procopius, Buildings (Cambridge, MA 1954).
- Vemi, V. (1989). Les Chapiteaux Ioniques à imposte de Grèce à l’époque paléochrétienne. Athens: BCH Supplément XVII.
- Weigand, E. (1914). Neue Untersuchungen über das Goldene Tor in Konstantinopel. Athenische Mitteilungen 39, pp. 1-64.
- Weitzmann, K. (1979). Age Of Spirituality: Late Antique And Early Christian Art, Third To Seventh Century. New York: Princeton University Press.
- Yegül, F. K. (1974). Early Byzantine Capitals from Sardis. A Study on the Ionic Impost Type. DOP(28), pp. 265-274.
- Yegül, F.K. (2010). Bathing in the Roman World. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Zollt, T. (1994). Kapitellplastik Konstantinopels vom 4. bis 6. Jahrhundert n. Chr: mit einem Beitrag zur Untersuchung des ionischen Kämpferkapitells, Asia Minor Studien. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Art History, Archaeological Science, Greek and Roman Period Archeology |
| Journal Section | Research |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 23917 |
| Publication Date | January 8, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 1-2 |
