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Etiology and Risk Factors of Breast Cancer

Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 45 - 56, 18.05.2017
https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.441784

Abstract

Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer around the world and also the most common cancer

among women. It is in the first rank among causes of death due to cancer among women both in developed and

developing countries. Its etiology is multifactorial and many of the major risk factors for breast cancer development

are not easily modifiable, including reproductive and genetic variables. Identification of modifiable factors

and effective screening practices for risk groups may contribute to development of prevention strategies

decreasing breast cancer incidence. The aim of this review is to examine the etiology of breast cancer and risk















factors with current literature.

References

  • Agnoli, C., Berrino, F., Abagnato, C. A., Muti, P., Panico, S., Crosignani, P., & et al. (2010). Metabolic syndrome and postmenopausal breast cancer in the ORDET cohort: a nested case–control study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 20(1), 41-48.
  • Ahn, J., Schatzkin, A., Lacey, J. V., Albanes, D., Ballard- Barbash, R., Adams, & et al. (2007). Adiposity, adult weight change, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(19), 2091- 2102.
  • Altekruse, S., Kosary, C., Krapcho, M., Neyman, N., Aminou, R., Waldron, & et al. (2010). SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2007. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 7.
  • Baer, H. J., Tworoger, S. S., Hankinson, S. E., & Willett, W. C. (2010). Body fatness at young ages and risk of breast cancer throughout life. American Journal of Epidemiology, 171(11), 1183-1194.
  • Ballard-Barbash, R. (1994). Anthropometry and breast cancer. Body size-a moving target. Cancer, 74(S3), 1090-1100.
  • Ban, K. A., & Godellas, C. V. (2014). Epidemiology of breast cancer. Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America, 23(3), 409-422.
  • Barnes-Josiah, D., Potter, J. D., Sellers, T. A., & Himes, J. H. (1995). Early body size and subsequent weight again as predictors of breast cancer incidence (Iowa, United States). Cancer Causes & Control, 6(2), 112-118.
  • Bauer, K. R., Brown, M., Cress, R. D., Parise, C. A., & Caggiano, V. (2007). Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)- negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype. Cancer, 109(9), 1721-1728.
  • Bjørge, T., Lukanova, A., Jonsson, H., Tretli, S., Ulmer, H., Manjer, & et al. (2010). Metabolic syndrome and breast cancer in the me-can (metabolic syndrome and cancer) project. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 19(7), 1737-1745.
  • Bradley, C. J., Given, C. W., & Roberts, C. (2002). Race, socioeconomic status, and breast cancer treatment and survival. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(7), 490-496.
  • Brinton, L. A., Schairer, C., Hoover, R. N., & Fraumeni, J. F. (1988). Menstrual factors and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Investigation, 6(3), 245-254.
  • Cancer, C. G. o. H. F. i. B. (2002). Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50 302 women with breast cancer and women without the disease. The Lancet, 360(9328), 187-195.
  • Cancer, C. G. o. H. F. i. B. (2012). Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant metaanalysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies. The Lancet oncology, 13(11), 1141-1151.
  • Casey, P. M., Cerhan, J. R., & Pruthi, S. (2008). Oral contraceptive use and the risk of breast cancer. Paper presented at the Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Cauley, J. A., Gutai, J. P., Kuller, L. H., LeDonne, D., & Powell, J. G. (1989). The epidemiology of serum sex hormones in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 129(6), 1120-1131.
  • Collaborative, G. (1996). Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Contraception, 54, 1S-106S. Cui, Y., Miller, A. B., & Rohan, T. E. (2006). Cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk: update of a prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 100(3), 293-299.
  • Esposito, K., Chiodini, P., Colao, A., Lenzi, A., & Giugliano, D. (2012). Metabolic syndrome and risk of cancer A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 35(11), 2402-2411.
  • Fair, A. M., & Montgomery, K. (2009). Energy balance, physical activity, and cancer risk Cancer epidemiology (pp. 57-88): Springer.
  • Frank, T. S., Manley, S. A., Olopade, O. I., Cummings, S., Garber, J. E., Bernhardt, & et al. (1998). Sequence analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2: correlation of mutations with family history and ovarian cancer risk. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 16(7), 2417-2425. Friedenreich, C. M. (2001). Physical activity and cancer prevention from observational to intervention research. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 10(4), 287-301.
  • General, S. (2014). The Health consequences of smoking-50 years of progress: A report of the surgeon general. Reports of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA).
  • Glade, M. J. (2008). World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer ResearchFood, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective 2007 American Institute for Cancer ResearchWashington, D. CISBN: 978-0-9722522- 2-5. Nutrition, 24(4), 393-398. Golubicic, I., Borojevic, N., & Pavlovic, T. (2007). Risk factors for breast cancer: is ionizing radiation among them? Journal of BU ON.: Official Journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology, 13(4), 487-494.
  • Goodwin, P. J., Ennis, M., Pritchard, K. I., Trudeau, M. E., Koo, J., Madarnas, Y., Hood, N. (2002). Fasting insulin and outcome in early-stage breast cancer: results of a prospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20(1), 42-51.
  • Grodin, J., Siiteri, P., & MacDonald, P. (1973). Source of Estrogen Production in Postmenopausal Women 1. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 36(2), 207-214.
  • Jiralerspong, S. & Goodwin, P. J. (2016). Obesity and breast cancer prognosis: Evidence, challenges, and opportunities. J Clin Oncol 34(35), 4203-4216.
  • Hamajima, N., Hirose, K., Tajima, K., Rohan, T., Calle, E., Heath Jr, C., & et al. (2002). Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. British Journal of Cancer, 87(11), 1234-1245.
  • Harvie, M., & Howell, A. (2006). Energy balance adiposity and breast cancer–energy restriction strategies for breast cancer prevention. Obesity Reviews, 7(1), 33- 47. Hiatt, R. A., Porco, T. C., Liu, F., Balke, K., Balmain, A., Barlow, J., & et al. (2014). A multilevel model of postmenopausal breast cancer incidence. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 23(10), 2078-2092. ht tp: //www.ncbi .nlm.nih.gov/pubmedheal th/ PMH0032634/
  • Huang, Z., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Hunter, D. J., Manson, & J. E. (1997). Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. Jama , 278(17), 1407-1411.
  • Kaaks, R. (1996). Nutrition, hormones, and breast cancer: is insulin the missing link? Cancer Causes & Control, 7(6), 605-625.
  • Kaminska, M., Ciszewski, T., Lopacka-Szatan, K., Miotla, P., & Staroslawska, E. (2015). Breast cancer risk factors. Prz Menopauzalny, 14(3), 196-202. doi:10.5114/ pm.2015.54346 Key, T., Appleby, P., Barnes, I., & Reeves, G. (2002). Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(8), 606-616.
  • Land, C. E., Tokunaga, M., Koyama, K., Soda, M., Preston, D. L., Nishimori, I., & Tokuoka, S. (2003). Incidence of female breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950-1990. Radiation Research, 160(6), 707-717.
  • Land, S. R., Liu, Q., Wickerham, D. L., Costantino, J. P., & Ganz, P. A. (2014). Cigarette smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption as predictors of cancer incidence among women at high risk of breast cancer in the NSABP P-1 Trial. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 23(5), 823-832.
  • Li, C. I. (2010). Breast cancer epidemiology: Springer.
  • Ma, H., Hill, C. K., Bernstein, L., & Ursin, G. (2008). Lowdose medical radiation exposure and breast cancer risk in women under age 50 years overall and by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: results from a case–control and a case–case comparison. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 109(1), 77- 90.
  • Macacu, A., Autier, P., Boniol, M., & Boyle, P. (2015). Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 154(2), 213-224.
  • Marmot, M., Atinmo, T., Byers, T., Chen, J., Hirohata, T., & Jackson, A. (2007). Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective.
  • Nelson, L. R., & Bulun, S. E. (2001). Estrogen production and action. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 45(3), S116-S124.
  • Ong, K. R., Sims, A. H., Harvie, M., Chapman, M., Dunn, W. B., Broadhurst, D., & Clarke, R. B. (2009). Biomarkers of dietary energy restriction in women at increased Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 5(1) 2017, 45-56 55 risk of breast cancer. Cancer Prevention Research, 2(8), 720-731.
  • Pasanisi, P., Berrino, F., De Petris, M., Venturelli, E., Mastroianni, A., & Panico, S. (2006). Metabolic syndrome as a prognostic factor for breast cancer recurrences. International Journal of Cancer, 119(1), 236-238.
  • Pharoah, P. D., Day, N. E., Duffy, S., Easton, D. F., & Ponder, B. A. (1997). Family history and the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cancer, 71(5), 800-809.
  • Pike, M., Krailo, M., Henderson, B., Duke, A., & Roy, S. (1983). Breast cancer in young women and use of oral contraceptives: possible modifying effect of formulation and age at use. The Lancet, 322(8356), 926-929.
  • Potischman, N., Christine, A., Swanson, P. S., & Hoover, R. N. (1996). Reversal of relation between body mass and endogenous estrogen concentrations with menopausal status. Breast Cancer, 13, 15.
  • Renehan, A. G., Tyson, M., Egger, M., Heller, R. F., & Zwahlen, M. (2008). Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. The Lancet, 371(9612), 569- 578.
  • Roberts, S. (2010). Clinical Nutrition for Oncology Patients: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
  • Ronco, A. L. (2007). Epidemiología nutricional del cáncer de mama: Academia NAcional de Medicina del Uruguay.
  • Ronco, A. L., & De Stéfani, E. (2011). Nutritional epidemiology of breast cancer: Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Ronco, A. L., & De Stéfani, E. (2012). Nutritional Epidemiology of Breast Cancer. Shi, J., Zhang, M., Li, L., Holman, C., Chen, J., Teng, Y., & Liu, Y. (2010). Body mass index and its change in adulthood and breast cancer risk in China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11(5), 1213 1218.
  • Smith-Warner, S. A., Spiegelman, D., Yaun, S.-S., van den Brandt, P. A., Folsom, A. R., Goldbohm, R. A., & Marshall, J. R. (1998). Alcohol and breast cancer in women: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Jama , 279(7), 535-540.
  • Suzuki, R., Orsini, N., Saji, S., Key, T. J., & Wolk, A. (2009). Body weight and incidence of breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status—A meta-analysis. International Journal of Cancer, 124(3), 698-712.
  • Sweeney, C., Blair, C. K., Anderson, K. E., Lazovich, D., & Folsom, A. R. (2004). Risk factors for breast cancer in elderly women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 160(9), 868-875.
  • Tarver, T. (2012). Cancer Facts & Figures 2012. American Cancer Society (ACS) Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2012. 66 p., pdf. Available from. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 16(3), 366-367.
  • Thompson, H. J., Zhu, Z., & Jiang, W. (2004). Weight control and breast cancer prevention: are the effects of reduced energy intake equivalent to those of increased energy expenditure? The Journal of Nutrition, 134(12), 3407S-3411S.
  • Toniolo, P. G., Levitz, M., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Banerjee, S., Koenig, K. L., Shore, R. E., Pasternack, B. S. (1995). A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 87(3), 190-197.
  • Trichopoulos, D., MacMahon, B., & Cole, P. (1972). Menopause and breast cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 48(3), 605-613.
  • Van den Brandt, P. A., Spiegelman, D., Yaun, S.-S., Adami, H.-O., Beeson, L., Folsom, A. R., Kushi, L. (2000). Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. American Journal of Epidemiology, 152(6), 514-527.
  • Verheus, M., Peeters, P. H., Rinaldi, S., Dossus, L., Biessy, C., Olsen, A., Clavel-Chapelon, F. (2006). Serum C-peptide levels and breast cancer risk: Results from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). International Journal of Cancer, 119(3), 659-667.
  • Westhoff, C. L. (1999). Breast cancer risk: perception versus reality. Contraception, 59(1), 25-28. Wu, Y., Zhang, D., & Kang, S. (2013). Physical activity and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 137(3), 869-882.
  • Yung, R. L. & Ligibel, J. A. (2016). Obesity and breast cancer: risk, outcomes, and future considerations. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 14(10), 790-797

Meme Kanseri Etiyolojisi ve Risk Faktörleri

Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 45 - 56, 18.05.2017
https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.441784

Abstract

Meme kanseri, dünya genelinde ikinci sırada en sık g.rülen kanser iken, kadınlar arasında en sık g.rülen kanser


türüdür. Hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kadınlar arasında kansere bağlı .lüm nedenlerinde de


ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Etiyolojisi çok fakt.rlüdür ve meme kanseri gelişimindeki birçok majör risk fakt.rü


reprodüktif ve genetik gibi kolayca değiştirilemeyen değişkenlerdir. Değiştirilebilir faktörlerin belirlenmesi ve


risk grupları için etkili tarama uygulamaları meme kanseri insidansını azaltıcı stratejilerinin geliştirilmesine


katkı sağlayabilir. Bu derlemenin amacı, meme kanseri etiyolojisi ve risk faktörlerinin güncel literatür ile incelenmesidir.

References

  • Agnoli, C., Berrino, F., Abagnato, C. A., Muti, P., Panico, S., Crosignani, P., & et al. (2010). Metabolic syndrome and postmenopausal breast cancer in the ORDET cohort: a nested case–control study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 20(1), 41-48.
  • Ahn, J., Schatzkin, A., Lacey, J. V., Albanes, D., Ballard- Barbash, R., Adams, & et al. (2007). Adiposity, adult weight change, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(19), 2091- 2102.
  • Altekruse, S., Kosary, C., Krapcho, M., Neyman, N., Aminou, R., Waldron, & et al. (2010). SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2007. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 7.
  • Baer, H. J., Tworoger, S. S., Hankinson, S. E., & Willett, W. C. (2010). Body fatness at young ages and risk of breast cancer throughout life. American Journal of Epidemiology, 171(11), 1183-1194.
  • Ballard-Barbash, R. (1994). Anthropometry and breast cancer. Body size-a moving target. Cancer, 74(S3), 1090-1100.
  • Ban, K. A., & Godellas, C. V. (2014). Epidemiology of breast cancer. Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America, 23(3), 409-422.
  • Barnes-Josiah, D., Potter, J. D., Sellers, T. A., & Himes, J. H. (1995). Early body size and subsequent weight again as predictors of breast cancer incidence (Iowa, United States). Cancer Causes & Control, 6(2), 112-118.
  • Bauer, K. R., Brown, M., Cress, R. D., Parise, C. A., & Caggiano, V. (2007). Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)- negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype. Cancer, 109(9), 1721-1728.
  • Bjørge, T., Lukanova, A., Jonsson, H., Tretli, S., Ulmer, H., Manjer, & et al. (2010). Metabolic syndrome and breast cancer in the me-can (metabolic syndrome and cancer) project. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 19(7), 1737-1745.
  • Bradley, C. J., Given, C. W., & Roberts, C. (2002). Race, socioeconomic status, and breast cancer treatment and survival. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(7), 490-496.
  • Brinton, L. A., Schairer, C., Hoover, R. N., & Fraumeni, J. F. (1988). Menstrual factors and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Investigation, 6(3), 245-254.
  • Cancer, C. G. o. H. F. i. B. (2002). Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50 302 women with breast cancer and women without the disease. The Lancet, 360(9328), 187-195.
  • Cancer, C. G. o. H. F. i. B. (2012). Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant metaanalysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies. The Lancet oncology, 13(11), 1141-1151.
  • Casey, P. M., Cerhan, J. R., & Pruthi, S. (2008). Oral contraceptive use and the risk of breast cancer. Paper presented at the Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Cauley, J. A., Gutai, J. P., Kuller, L. H., LeDonne, D., & Powell, J. G. (1989). The epidemiology of serum sex hormones in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 129(6), 1120-1131.
  • Collaborative, G. (1996). Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Contraception, 54, 1S-106S. Cui, Y., Miller, A. B., & Rohan, T. E. (2006). Cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk: update of a prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 100(3), 293-299.
  • Esposito, K., Chiodini, P., Colao, A., Lenzi, A., & Giugliano, D. (2012). Metabolic syndrome and risk of cancer A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 35(11), 2402-2411.
  • Fair, A. M., & Montgomery, K. (2009). Energy balance, physical activity, and cancer risk Cancer epidemiology (pp. 57-88): Springer.
  • Frank, T. S., Manley, S. A., Olopade, O. I., Cummings, S., Garber, J. E., Bernhardt, & et al. (1998). Sequence analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2: correlation of mutations with family history and ovarian cancer risk. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 16(7), 2417-2425. Friedenreich, C. M. (2001). Physical activity and cancer prevention from observational to intervention research. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 10(4), 287-301.
  • General, S. (2014). The Health consequences of smoking-50 years of progress: A report of the surgeon general. Reports of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA).
  • Glade, M. J. (2008). World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer ResearchFood, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective 2007 American Institute for Cancer ResearchWashington, D. CISBN: 978-0-9722522- 2-5. Nutrition, 24(4), 393-398. Golubicic, I., Borojevic, N., & Pavlovic, T. (2007). Risk factors for breast cancer: is ionizing radiation among them? Journal of BU ON.: Official Journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology, 13(4), 487-494.
  • Goodwin, P. J., Ennis, M., Pritchard, K. I., Trudeau, M. E., Koo, J., Madarnas, Y., Hood, N. (2002). Fasting insulin and outcome in early-stage breast cancer: results of a prospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20(1), 42-51.
  • Grodin, J., Siiteri, P., & MacDonald, P. (1973). Source of Estrogen Production in Postmenopausal Women 1. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 36(2), 207-214.
  • Jiralerspong, S. & Goodwin, P. J. (2016). Obesity and breast cancer prognosis: Evidence, challenges, and opportunities. J Clin Oncol 34(35), 4203-4216.
  • Hamajima, N., Hirose, K., Tajima, K., Rohan, T., Calle, E., Heath Jr, C., & et al. (2002). Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. British Journal of Cancer, 87(11), 1234-1245.
  • Harvie, M., & Howell, A. (2006). Energy balance adiposity and breast cancer–energy restriction strategies for breast cancer prevention. Obesity Reviews, 7(1), 33- 47. Hiatt, R. A., Porco, T. C., Liu, F., Balke, K., Balmain, A., Barlow, J., & et al. (2014). A multilevel model of postmenopausal breast cancer incidence. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 23(10), 2078-2092. ht tp: //www.ncbi .nlm.nih.gov/pubmedheal th/ PMH0032634/
  • Huang, Z., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Hunter, D. J., Manson, & J. E. (1997). Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. Jama , 278(17), 1407-1411.
  • Kaaks, R. (1996). Nutrition, hormones, and breast cancer: is insulin the missing link? Cancer Causes & Control, 7(6), 605-625.
  • Kaminska, M., Ciszewski, T., Lopacka-Szatan, K., Miotla, P., & Staroslawska, E. (2015). Breast cancer risk factors. Prz Menopauzalny, 14(3), 196-202. doi:10.5114/ pm.2015.54346 Key, T., Appleby, P., Barnes, I., & Reeves, G. (2002). Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(8), 606-616.
  • Land, C. E., Tokunaga, M., Koyama, K., Soda, M., Preston, D. L., Nishimori, I., & Tokuoka, S. (2003). Incidence of female breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950-1990. Radiation Research, 160(6), 707-717.
  • Land, S. R., Liu, Q., Wickerham, D. L., Costantino, J. P., & Ganz, P. A. (2014). Cigarette smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption as predictors of cancer incidence among women at high risk of breast cancer in the NSABP P-1 Trial. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 23(5), 823-832.
  • Li, C. I. (2010). Breast cancer epidemiology: Springer.
  • Ma, H., Hill, C. K., Bernstein, L., & Ursin, G. (2008). Lowdose medical radiation exposure and breast cancer risk in women under age 50 years overall and by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: results from a case–control and a case–case comparison. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 109(1), 77- 90.
  • Macacu, A., Autier, P., Boniol, M., & Boyle, P. (2015). Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 154(2), 213-224.
  • Marmot, M., Atinmo, T., Byers, T., Chen, J., Hirohata, T., & Jackson, A. (2007). Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective.
  • Nelson, L. R., & Bulun, S. E. (2001). Estrogen production and action. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 45(3), S116-S124.
  • Ong, K. R., Sims, A. H., Harvie, M., Chapman, M., Dunn, W. B., Broadhurst, D., & Clarke, R. B. (2009). Biomarkers of dietary energy restriction in women at increased Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 5(1) 2017, 45-56 55 risk of breast cancer. Cancer Prevention Research, 2(8), 720-731.
  • Pasanisi, P., Berrino, F., De Petris, M., Venturelli, E., Mastroianni, A., & Panico, S. (2006). Metabolic syndrome as a prognostic factor for breast cancer recurrences. International Journal of Cancer, 119(1), 236-238.
  • Pharoah, P. D., Day, N. E., Duffy, S., Easton, D. F., & Ponder, B. A. (1997). Family history and the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cancer, 71(5), 800-809.
  • Pike, M., Krailo, M., Henderson, B., Duke, A., & Roy, S. (1983). Breast cancer in young women and use of oral contraceptives: possible modifying effect of formulation and age at use. The Lancet, 322(8356), 926-929.
  • Potischman, N., Christine, A., Swanson, P. S., & Hoover, R. N. (1996). Reversal of relation between body mass and endogenous estrogen concentrations with menopausal status. Breast Cancer, 13, 15.
  • Renehan, A. G., Tyson, M., Egger, M., Heller, R. F., & Zwahlen, M. (2008). Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. The Lancet, 371(9612), 569- 578.
  • Roberts, S. (2010). Clinical Nutrition for Oncology Patients: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
  • Ronco, A. L. (2007). Epidemiología nutricional del cáncer de mama: Academia NAcional de Medicina del Uruguay.
  • Ronco, A. L., & De Stéfani, E. (2011). Nutritional epidemiology of breast cancer: Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Ronco, A. L., & De Stéfani, E. (2012). Nutritional Epidemiology of Breast Cancer. Shi, J., Zhang, M., Li, L., Holman, C., Chen, J., Teng, Y., & Liu, Y. (2010). Body mass index and its change in adulthood and breast cancer risk in China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11(5), 1213 1218.
  • Smith-Warner, S. A., Spiegelman, D., Yaun, S.-S., van den Brandt, P. A., Folsom, A. R., Goldbohm, R. A., & Marshall, J. R. (1998). Alcohol and breast cancer in women: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Jama , 279(7), 535-540.
  • Suzuki, R., Orsini, N., Saji, S., Key, T. J., & Wolk, A. (2009). Body weight and incidence of breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status—A meta-analysis. International Journal of Cancer, 124(3), 698-712.
  • Sweeney, C., Blair, C. K., Anderson, K. E., Lazovich, D., & Folsom, A. R. (2004). Risk factors for breast cancer in elderly women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 160(9), 868-875.
  • Tarver, T. (2012). Cancer Facts & Figures 2012. American Cancer Society (ACS) Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2012. 66 p., pdf. Available from. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 16(3), 366-367.
  • Thompson, H. J., Zhu, Z., & Jiang, W. (2004). Weight control and breast cancer prevention: are the effects of reduced energy intake equivalent to those of increased energy expenditure? The Journal of Nutrition, 134(12), 3407S-3411S.
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There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Aylin Açıkgöz 0000-0002-8847-9305

Emine Akal Yıldız This is me 0000-0002-1144-5641

Publication Date May 18, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Açıkgöz, A., & Akal Yıldız, E. (2017). Meme Kanseri Etiyolojisi ve Risk Faktörleri. Ergoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 5(1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.441784
AMA Açıkgöz A, Akal Yıldız E. Meme Kanseri Etiyolojisi ve Risk Faktörleri. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. May 2017;5(1):45-56. doi:10.30720/ered.441784
Chicago Açıkgöz, Aylin, and Emine Akal Yıldız. “Meme Kanseri Etiyolojisi Ve Risk Faktörleri”. Ergoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 5, no. 1 (May 2017): 45-56. https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.441784.
EndNote Açıkgöz A, Akal Yıldız E (May 1, 2017) Meme Kanseri Etiyolojisi ve Risk Faktörleri. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 5 1 45–56.
IEEE A. Açıkgöz and E. Akal Yıldız, “Meme Kanseri Etiyolojisi ve Risk Faktörleri”, Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 45–56, 2017, doi: 10.30720/ered.441784.
ISNAD Açıkgöz, Aylin - Akal Yıldız, Emine. “Meme Kanseri Etiyolojisi Ve Risk Faktörleri”. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 5/1 (May 2017), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.441784.
JAMA Açıkgöz A, Akal Yıldız E. Meme Kanseri Etiyolojisi ve Risk Faktörleri. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2017;5:45–56.
MLA Açıkgöz, Aylin and Emine Akal Yıldız. “Meme Kanseri Etiyolojisi Ve Risk Faktörleri”. Ergoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 1, 2017, pp. 45-56, doi:10.30720/ered.441784.
Vancouver Açıkgöz A, Akal Yıldız E. Meme Kanseri Etiyolojisi ve Risk Faktörleri. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2017;5(1):45-56.

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