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The Impact of Globalization on Corporate Taxation: Evidence from The KOF Globalization Index

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 350 - 369, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.632288

Abstract

The
increase in globalization has led to the redefinition of the tax policy
perceptions of countries. The increase in globalization has also led to
pressures on governments to revise their taxation policies in order to
compensate for the potential risks that may arise. It is noteworthy that many
countries around the world have reduced corporate tax rates in recent years.
Thus, this paper investigates the role of increasing globalization in this
process of decline. For this, the paper tests whether globalization has a
significant effect on corporate taxation by using a panel of 33 countries over
the period 1998-2016. The paper takes into account three main dimensions of
globalization: economic, trade and politics. Moreover, the paper uses the two
different measurements of globalization: de
facto
and de jure. The empirical
results suggest a negative relationship between globalization and corporate
tax. The results are robust in terms of different dimensions and measurements
of globalization. It can be concluded that global integration does matter for
policymakers and increasing integration also influences independent national fiscal
and economic policies of countries.

References

  • Adam, A., & Kammas, P. (2007). Tax policies in a globalized world: Is it politics after all?. Public Choice, 133(3-4), 321-341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9190-9
  • Adam, A., Kammas, P., & Lagou, A. (2013). The effect of globalization on capital taxation: What have we learned after 20 years of empirical studies?. Journal of Macroeconomics, 35, 199-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2012.09.003
  • Baldwin, R., Forslid, R., Martin, P., Ottaviano, G., & Robert-Nicoud, F. (2003). Economic geography and public policy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Baldwin, R., & Krugman, P. (2004). Agglomeration, integration and tax harmonisation. European Economic Review, 48(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(02)00318-5
  • Baltagi, B. H. (1995). Econometric analysis of panel data. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bretschger, L., & Hettich, F. (2002). Globalisation, capital mobility and tax competition: Theory and evidence for OECD countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 18(4), 695-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(02)00115-5
  • Bretschger, L., & Hettich, F. (2005). Globalization and international tax competition: Empirical evidence based on effective tax rates. Journal of Economic Integration, 20(3), 530-542. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/
  • Clausing, K. A. (2008). Closer economic integration and corporate tax systems. Global Economy Journal, 8(2), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1359
  • Dreher, A. (2002). Does globalization affect growth? (University of Mannheim Working Paper). Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.348860
  • Dreher, A. (2005). Globalization and taxation in the OECD: Evidence from a new indicator of integration. Public Finance and Management, 5(3), 400-420. Retrieved from https://pfm.spaef.org/
  • Dreher, A. (2006a). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110, https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
  • Dreher, A. (2006b). The influence of globalization on taxes and social policy: An empirical analysis for OECD Countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 22(1), 179-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2005.04.006
  • Dreher, A., Gaston, N., & Martens, P. (2008). Measuring globalisation-gauging its consequences. NY: Springer.
  • Egger, P. H., Nigai, S., & Strecker, N. M. (2019). The taxing deed of globalization. American Economic Review, 109(2), 353-390. http://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160600
  • Exbrayat, N. (2017). Does trade liberalisation trigger tax competition? Theory and evidence from OECD Countries. The World Economy, 40(1), 88-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12405
  • Garrett, G. (1995). Capital mobility, trade, and the domestic politics of economic policy. International Organization, 49(4), 657-687. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/
  • Gelleny, R., & McCoy, M. (2001). Globalization and government policy independence: The Issue of Taxation. Political Research Quarterly, 54(3), 509-529. https://doi.org/10.2307/449268
  • Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J. E. (2019). The KOF globalisation index –revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14(3), 543-574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2
  • Hallerberg, M., & Basinger, S. (1998). Internationalization and changes in tax policy in OECD Countries: The importance of domestic veto players. Comparative Political Studies, 31(3), 321–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031003003
  • Hansson, A., & Olofsdotter, K. (2003). The effects of tax competition and new economic geography on taxation in OECD Countries (Lund University Working Papers). Lund: Lund University.
  • Hays, J. (2003). Globalization and capital taxation in consensus and majoritarian democracies. World Politics, 56(1), 79-113. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2004.0004
  • Heinemann, F. (2000). Does globalization restrict budgetary autonomy?. Intereconomics, 35(6), 288-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02930289
  • Kenny, L. W., & Winer, S. L. (2006). Tax systems in the world: An empirical investigation into the importance of tax bases, administration costs, scale and political regime. International Tax and Public Finance, 13(2), 181-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-006-3564-7
  • Keohane, R. O., & Nye, Jr. J. S. (2000). Globalization: What’s new? What’s not? (And so what?). Foreign Policy, 118, 104-119. https://doi.org/10.2307/1149673
  • Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 483-499. https://doi.org/10.1086/261763
  • Krugman, P. R., & Venables, A. J. (1995). Globalization and the inequality of nations (NBER Working Paper No. w5098). Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=225876
  • Kubátová, K., Vančurová, A., & Foltysová, M. (2008). Impact of globalization on taxation mixes in OECD Countries during 1965-2003. Prague Economic Papers, 17(1), 40-53. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.318
  • Kumar M. S., & Quinn, D. P. (2012). Globalization and corporate taxation (IMF Working Papers No: 12/252). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/ Globalization-and-Corporate-Taxation-40059
  • Lockwood, B., & Redoano, M. (2005), The CSGR globalization index: An introductory guide (Centre for the Study of Globalization and Regionalization). Retrieved from https://www.warwick.ac.uk /fac/soc/csgr/index
  • Ludema, R. D., & Wooton, I. (2000). Economic geography and the fiscal effect of regional integration. Journal of International Economics, 52(2), 331-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(99)00050-1
  • Mendoza, E. G., Milesi-Ferretti, G. M., & Asea, P. (1997). On the ineffectiveness of tax policy in altering long-run growth: Harberger's superneutrality conjecture. Journal of Public Economics, 66(1), 99-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(97)00011-X
  • Neumann, R., Holman, J., & Alm, J. (2009). Globalization and tax policy. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 20(2), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2009.02.001
  • Oates, W. E., & Schwab, R. M. (1988). Economic competition among jurisdictions: Efficiency enhancing or distortion inducing?. Journal of Public Economics, 35(3), 333-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(88)90036-9
  • Onaran, Ö., & Boesch, V. (2014). The effect of globalization on the distribution of taxes and social expenditures in Europe: Do welfare state regimes matter?. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 46(2), 373–397. https://doi.org/10.1068/a45370
  • Onaran, O., Boesch, V., & Leibrecht, M. (2012), How does globalization affect the implicit tax rates on labor income, capital income, and consumption in the European Union?. Economic Inquiry, 50(4), 880-904. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2011.00420.x
  • Overesch, M., & Rincke, J. (2009). Competition from low wage countries and the decline of corporate tax rates: Evidence from European Integration. The World Economy, 32(9), 1346-1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2009.01214.x
  • Quinn, D. (1997). The correlates of change in international financial regulation. The American Political Science Review, 91(3), 531-551. https://doi.org/10.2307/2952073
  • Quinn, D., & Inclan, C. (1997). The origins of financial openness: A study of current and capital account liberalization. American Journal of Political Science, 41(3), 771-813. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111675
  • Ranjan, P., & Gozgor, G. (2018). Globalization and taxation: Theory and evidence (Working Paper No: 181903). Retrieved from https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:irv:wpaper:181903
  • Rodrik, D. (1997). Has globalisation gone too far?. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
  • Schulze, G. G., & Ursprung, H. W. (1999). Globalisation of the economy and nation state. The World Economy, 22(3), 295-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00205
  • Slemrod, J. (2004). Are corporate tax rates, or countries, converging?. Journal of Public Economics, 88(6), 1169-1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(03)00061-6
  • Swank, D. (1998). Funding the welfare state: Globalization and the taxation of business in advanced market economies. Political Studies, 46(4), 671-692. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00161
  • Swank, D. (2016). Taxing choices: International competition, domestic institutions and the transformation of corporate tax policy. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(4), 571-603, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1053511
  • Swank, D., & Steinmo, S. (2002). The new political economy of taxation in advanced capitalist democracies. American Journal of Political Science, 46(3), 642-655. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088405
  • Tanzi, V. (2000). Globalization, technological developments, and the work of fiscal termites (IMF Working Paper No: 00/181). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/ wp00181.pdf
  • Tiebout, C. (1956). A pure theory of local expenditures. Journal of Political Economy, 64(5), 416-424. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/
  • Wibbels, E., & Arce, M. (2003). Globalization, taxation, and burden-shifting in Latin America. International Organization, 57(1), 111-136. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818303571041
  • Wildasin, D. E. (1988). Nash equilibria in models of fiscal competition. Journal of Public Economics, 35(2), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(88)90055-2
  • Wilson, J. D. (1991). Tax competition with interregional differences in factor endowments. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 21(3), 423-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(91)90066-V
  • Wilson, J. D. (1995). Theories of tax competition. National Tax Journal, 52(2), 269-304. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/
  • Winner, H. (2005). Has tax competition emerged in OECD Countries? Evidence from panel data. International Tax and Public Finance, 12(5), 667-687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-005-2915-0
  • Zodrow, G. R., & Mieszkowski, P. (1986). Pigou, Tiebout, property taxation, and the underprovision of local public goods. Journal of Urban Economics, 19(3), 356-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(86)90048-3

Küreselleşmenin Kurumlar Vergilendirmesi Üzerine Etkisi: KOF Küreselleşme Endeksi’nden Bulgular

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 350 - 369, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.632288

Abstract

Küreselleşmedeki artış,
ülkelerin vergi politikalarını yeniden tanımlamalarına yol açmaktadır. Ayrıca küreselleşme
ortaya çıkabilecek olası riskleri telafi etme amacıyla hükümetler üzerinde vergi
politikalarını gözden geçirme baskısı da yaratmıştır. Bu kapsamda dünyada
birçok ülkenin son yıllarda kurumlar vergisi oranlarını düşürmüş olması dikkat
çekicidir. Bu nedenle, çalışma, küreselleşme artışının bu düşüş sürecindeki
rolünü araştırmaktadır. Çalışmada, 1998-2016 dönemi için 33 ülkeden oluşan
panel veri seti kullanılarak, küreselleşmenin kurumlar vergisi üzerinde önemli
bir etkisinin olup olmadığı test edilmiştir. Çalışmada küreselleşmenin ekonomi,
ticaret ve politika olmak üzere üç ana boyutu ele alınmıştır. Bunun yanında de facto ve de jure olmak üzere iki farklı ölçüm yöntemi kullanılmıştır.
Ampirik sonuçlar, küreselleşme ile kurumlar vergisi arasında negatif bir ilişki
olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, küreselleşmenin farklı boyutları ve
ölçümleri açısından da tutarlıdır. Küresel entegrasyonun politika yapıcılar
için önemli olduğu ve entegrasyonun artmasının ülkelerin bağımsız ulusal mali
ve ekonomik politikalarını da etkilediği sonucuna varılabilir.

References

  • Adam, A., & Kammas, P. (2007). Tax policies in a globalized world: Is it politics after all?. Public Choice, 133(3-4), 321-341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9190-9
  • Adam, A., Kammas, P., & Lagou, A. (2013). The effect of globalization on capital taxation: What have we learned after 20 years of empirical studies?. Journal of Macroeconomics, 35, 199-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2012.09.003
  • Baldwin, R., Forslid, R., Martin, P., Ottaviano, G., & Robert-Nicoud, F. (2003). Economic geography and public policy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Baldwin, R., & Krugman, P. (2004). Agglomeration, integration and tax harmonisation. European Economic Review, 48(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(02)00318-5
  • Baltagi, B. H. (1995). Econometric analysis of panel data. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bretschger, L., & Hettich, F. (2002). Globalisation, capital mobility and tax competition: Theory and evidence for OECD countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 18(4), 695-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(02)00115-5
  • Bretschger, L., & Hettich, F. (2005). Globalization and international tax competition: Empirical evidence based on effective tax rates. Journal of Economic Integration, 20(3), 530-542. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/
  • Clausing, K. A. (2008). Closer economic integration and corporate tax systems. Global Economy Journal, 8(2), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1359
  • Dreher, A. (2002). Does globalization affect growth? (University of Mannheim Working Paper). Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.348860
  • Dreher, A. (2005). Globalization and taxation in the OECD: Evidence from a new indicator of integration. Public Finance and Management, 5(3), 400-420. Retrieved from https://pfm.spaef.org/
  • Dreher, A. (2006a). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110, https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
  • Dreher, A. (2006b). The influence of globalization on taxes and social policy: An empirical analysis for OECD Countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 22(1), 179-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2005.04.006
  • Dreher, A., Gaston, N., & Martens, P. (2008). Measuring globalisation-gauging its consequences. NY: Springer.
  • Egger, P. H., Nigai, S., & Strecker, N. M. (2019). The taxing deed of globalization. American Economic Review, 109(2), 353-390. http://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160600
  • Exbrayat, N. (2017). Does trade liberalisation trigger tax competition? Theory and evidence from OECD Countries. The World Economy, 40(1), 88-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12405
  • Garrett, G. (1995). Capital mobility, trade, and the domestic politics of economic policy. International Organization, 49(4), 657-687. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/
  • Gelleny, R., & McCoy, M. (2001). Globalization and government policy independence: The Issue of Taxation. Political Research Quarterly, 54(3), 509-529. https://doi.org/10.2307/449268
  • Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J. E. (2019). The KOF globalisation index –revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14(3), 543-574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2
  • Hallerberg, M., & Basinger, S. (1998). Internationalization and changes in tax policy in OECD Countries: The importance of domestic veto players. Comparative Political Studies, 31(3), 321–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031003003
  • Hansson, A., & Olofsdotter, K. (2003). The effects of tax competition and new economic geography on taxation in OECD Countries (Lund University Working Papers). Lund: Lund University.
  • Hays, J. (2003). Globalization and capital taxation in consensus and majoritarian democracies. World Politics, 56(1), 79-113. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2004.0004
  • Heinemann, F. (2000). Does globalization restrict budgetary autonomy?. Intereconomics, 35(6), 288-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02930289
  • Kenny, L. W., & Winer, S. L. (2006). Tax systems in the world: An empirical investigation into the importance of tax bases, administration costs, scale and political regime. International Tax and Public Finance, 13(2), 181-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-006-3564-7
  • Keohane, R. O., & Nye, Jr. J. S. (2000). Globalization: What’s new? What’s not? (And so what?). Foreign Policy, 118, 104-119. https://doi.org/10.2307/1149673
  • Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 483-499. https://doi.org/10.1086/261763
  • Krugman, P. R., & Venables, A. J. (1995). Globalization and the inequality of nations (NBER Working Paper No. w5098). Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=225876
  • Kubátová, K., Vančurová, A., & Foltysová, M. (2008). Impact of globalization on taxation mixes in OECD Countries during 1965-2003. Prague Economic Papers, 17(1), 40-53. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.318
  • Kumar M. S., & Quinn, D. P. (2012). Globalization and corporate taxation (IMF Working Papers No: 12/252). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/ Globalization-and-Corporate-Taxation-40059
  • Lockwood, B., & Redoano, M. (2005), The CSGR globalization index: An introductory guide (Centre for the Study of Globalization and Regionalization). Retrieved from https://www.warwick.ac.uk /fac/soc/csgr/index
  • Ludema, R. D., & Wooton, I. (2000). Economic geography and the fiscal effect of regional integration. Journal of International Economics, 52(2), 331-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(99)00050-1
  • Mendoza, E. G., Milesi-Ferretti, G. M., & Asea, P. (1997). On the ineffectiveness of tax policy in altering long-run growth: Harberger's superneutrality conjecture. Journal of Public Economics, 66(1), 99-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(97)00011-X
  • Neumann, R., Holman, J., & Alm, J. (2009). Globalization and tax policy. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 20(2), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2009.02.001
  • Oates, W. E., & Schwab, R. M. (1988). Economic competition among jurisdictions: Efficiency enhancing or distortion inducing?. Journal of Public Economics, 35(3), 333-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(88)90036-9
  • Onaran, Ö., & Boesch, V. (2014). The effect of globalization on the distribution of taxes and social expenditures in Europe: Do welfare state regimes matter?. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 46(2), 373–397. https://doi.org/10.1068/a45370
  • Onaran, O., Boesch, V., & Leibrecht, M. (2012), How does globalization affect the implicit tax rates on labor income, capital income, and consumption in the European Union?. Economic Inquiry, 50(4), 880-904. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2011.00420.x
  • Overesch, M., & Rincke, J. (2009). Competition from low wage countries and the decline of corporate tax rates: Evidence from European Integration. The World Economy, 32(9), 1346-1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2009.01214.x
  • Quinn, D. (1997). The correlates of change in international financial regulation. The American Political Science Review, 91(3), 531-551. https://doi.org/10.2307/2952073
  • Quinn, D., & Inclan, C. (1997). The origins of financial openness: A study of current and capital account liberalization. American Journal of Political Science, 41(3), 771-813. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111675
  • Ranjan, P., & Gozgor, G. (2018). Globalization and taxation: Theory and evidence (Working Paper No: 181903). Retrieved from https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:irv:wpaper:181903
  • Rodrik, D. (1997). Has globalisation gone too far?. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
  • Schulze, G. G., & Ursprung, H. W. (1999). Globalisation of the economy and nation state. The World Economy, 22(3), 295-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00205
  • Slemrod, J. (2004). Are corporate tax rates, or countries, converging?. Journal of Public Economics, 88(6), 1169-1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(03)00061-6
  • Swank, D. (1998). Funding the welfare state: Globalization and the taxation of business in advanced market economies. Political Studies, 46(4), 671-692. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00161
  • Swank, D. (2016). Taxing choices: International competition, domestic institutions and the transformation of corporate tax policy. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(4), 571-603, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1053511
  • Swank, D., & Steinmo, S. (2002). The new political economy of taxation in advanced capitalist democracies. American Journal of Political Science, 46(3), 642-655. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088405
  • Tanzi, V. (2000). Globalization, technological developments, and the work of fiscal termites (IMF Working Paper No: 00/181). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/ wp00181.pdf
  • Tiebout, C. (1956). A pure theory of local expenditures. Journal of Political Economy, 64(5), 416-424. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/
  • Wibbels, E., & Arce, M. (2003). Globalization, taxation, and burden-shifting in Latin America. International Organization, 57(1), 111-136. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818303571041
  • Wildasin, D. E. (1988). Nash equilibria in models of fiscal competition. Journal of Public Economics, 35(2), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(88)90055-2
  • Wilson, J. D. (1991). Tax competition with interregional differences in factor endowments. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 21(3), 423-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(91)90066-V
  • Wilson, J. D. (1995). Theories of tax competition. National Tax Journal, 52(2), 269-304. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/
  • Winner, H. (2005). Has tax competition emerged in OECD Countries? Evidence from panel data. International Tax and Public Finance, 12(5), 667-687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-005-2915-0
  • Zodrow, G. R., & Mieszkowski, P. (1986). Pigou, Tiebout, property taxation, and the underprovision of local public goods. Journal of Urban Economics, 19(3), 356-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(86)90048-3
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Gamze Öz-yalaman 0000-0002-4760-523X

Deniz Sevinç 0000-0002-6223-9450

Güven Sevil

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Acceptance Date December 18, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Öz-yalaman, G., Sevinç, D., & Sevil, G. (2019). The Impact of Globalization on Corporate Taxation: Evidence from The KOF Globalization Index. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 350-369. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.632288