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Farklı Ev Ortamlarında Havadaki Bakteri ve Mantarların Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2021, Issue: 28, 1237 - 1245, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1014717

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye Eskişehir’de seçilen üç evin farklı iç ortamlarındaki (yaşam alanı, yatak odası, mutfak, banyo, koridor) bakteri ve mantar konsantrasyonlarını değerlendirmektir. Her evde, günün hem öğle hem de akşam saatlerinde birer saatlik ölçümler yapılmıştır. Ölçüm çalışmaları pasif yöntemle yapılmış ve 2021 yılında kış, ilkbahar ve yaz olmak üzere üç mevsimde tekrarlanmıştır. Dış ortam havasının iç ortam havası üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek üzere, eş zamanlı gerçekleştirilen iç ve dış ortam ölçüm sonuçları kullanılarak bakteri ve mantar için İç/Dış ortam oranları (İ/D) hesaplanmıştır. Üç evin çeşitli iç ortamlarındaki bakteri ve mantar aerosollerinin konsantrasyonları 1,00 – 1889,37 CFU/m3 arasında değişmektedir. Genel olarak, elde dilen sonuçlar Avrupa Komisyonu standartlarıyla karşılaştırıldığında “düşük” ve “yüksek” kirlilik seviyeleri arasında yer almaktadır. Bakteriler için en yüksek İ/D oranı yaz akşamı ölçüm periyodunda Ev 3'ün banyosunda, en yüksek İ/D mantar oranı ise kış akşamı periyodunda Ev 1'in koridorunda elde edilmiştir. Farklı mevsimlerde ölçülen bakteri ve mantar konsantrasyonları arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde, Ev 1'de kış mevsimi ve Ev 2'de ilkbahar mevsimi hariç tüm mevsimlerde zayıf bir ilişki gözlenmiştir. Hem mevsimsel değişimlerin, hem de ev ortamlarının özelliklerinin iç mekan bakteri ve mantar konsantrasyonları üzerinde etkisi olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

References

  • Aghlara, E. (2017). “Levels of bioaerosols in indoor and outdoor environments and resource detection,” Ph.D. thesis. Environmental Engineering. Hacettepe Univ. Ankara.
  • Agle, E., & Galbraith, S. (1991). Building air quality: A guide for building owners and facility managers (Issues 91–114). US Government Printing Office.
  • Alwakeel, S. S. (2008). Indoor fungal and bacterial contaminations on household environment in riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 15(1), 113–119.
  • Demirel, G., Özden, Ö., Döğeroğlu, T., & Gaga, E. O. (2014). Personal exposure of primary school children to BTEX, NO2 and ozone in Eskişehir, Turkey: Relationship with indoor/outdoor concentrations and risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 473, 537–548.
  • Diffey, B. L. (2011). An overview analysis of the time people spend outdoors. British Journal of Dermatology, 164(4), 848–854.
  • Fabian, M. P., Miller, S. L., Reponen, T., & Hernandez, M. T. (2005). Ambient bioaerosol indices for indoor air quality assessments of flood reclamation. Journal of Aerosol Science, 36(5–6), 763–783.
  • Fekadu, S., & Getachewu, B. (2015). Microbiological assessment of indoor air of Teaching hospital wards: a case of Jimma University specialized hospital. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 25(2), 117–122.
  • Gönüllü, M. T., Bayhan, H., Avşar, Y., & Arslankaya, E. (2002). YTÜ Şevket Sabancı Kütüphane Binası iç ortam havasındaki partiküllerin incelenmesi. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Hu, D., Wang-Li, L., Simmons III, O. D., Classen, J. J., Osborne, J. A., & Byfield, G. E. (2014). Bioaerosol Concentrations and Emissions from Tunnel-Ventilated High-Rise Layer Houses in North Carolina. Transactions of the ASABE, 57(3), 915–925.
  • Jones, B. L., & Cookson, J. T. (1983). Natural atmospheric microbial conditions in a typical suburban area. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 45(3), 919–934.
  • Klepeis, N. E., Nelson, W. C., Ott, W. R., Robinson, J. P., Tsang, A. M., Switzer, P., Behar, J. V, Hern, S. C., & Engelmann, W. H. (2001). The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 11(3), 231–252.
  • Lee, J. H., Ahn, K. H., & Yu, I. J. (2012). Outbreak of bioaerosols with continuous use of humidifier in apartment room. Toxicological Research, 28(2), 103–106.
  • Lee, S.-C., Guo, H., Li, W.-M., & Chan, L.-Y. (2002). Inter-comparison of air pollutant concentrations in different indoor environments in Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 36(12), 1929–1940.
  • Menteşe, S., & Güllü, G. (Mayıs 2009). Organik bileşiklerin farklı iç ortamlardaki seviyeleri. IX. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi (TESKON). İzmir, Turkey, pp.673-679.
  • Menteşe, S., Tuğba, B., Mutlu, M. B., Özdemirpençe, S. S., Nişancı, S. Y., Palaz, E., Çetin, B., Taşdibi, D., Selçuk, B., & Karagöz, S. (Nisan 2013). Havadan Kaynaklı Bakteri Seviyesinin Çanakkale’deki Ev, Yurt Ve Okullarda Mekansal Değişimi. 11. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi. İzmir, Turkey, pp.1865-1872.
  • Nazaroff, W. W. (2016). Indoor bioaerosol dynamics. Indoor Air, 26(1), 61–78.
  • WHO (2008). Development of air quality guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould: report on a working group meeting, Bonn, Germany 17-18 October 2007. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
  • WHO (2009). Children’s Health and the Environment. WHO Training Package for the Health Sector-World Health Organization.
  • Ren, P., Jankun, T. M., Belanger, K., Bracken, M. B., & Leaderer, B. P. (2001). The relation between fungal propagules in indoor air and home characteristics. Allergy, 56(5), 419–424.
  • Shiaka, G. P., & Yakubu, S. E. (2013). Comparative analysis of airborne microbial concentrations in the indoor environment of two selected clinical laboratories. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci (IOSR-JPBS), 8(4), 13–19.
  • Siersted, H. C., & Gravesen, S. (1993). Extrinsic allergic alveolitis after exposure to the yeast Rhodotorula rubra. Allergy, 48(4), 298–299.
  • Stetzenbach, L. D. (1998). Microorganisms and indoor air quality. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 20(19), 157–161.
  • Yassin, M. F., & Almouqatea, S. (2010). Assessment of airborne bacteria and fungi in an indoor and outdoor environment. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 7(3), 535–544.

Assessment of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi in Different Home Environments

Year 2021, Issue: 28, 1237 - 1245, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1014717

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the concentrations of bacteria and fungi in different indoor environments (living area, bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, hallway) of three selected homes in Eskişehir, Turkey. In each home, one-hour measurements were performed in both midday and evening hours of a day. Measurement studies were carried out by passive method and were repeated in three seasons as winter, spring and summer in the year of 2021. Indoor/Outdoor ratios (I/O) for bacteria and fungi were calculated by using simultaneous indoor and outdoor measurement results to evaluate the effect of outdoor air on indoor air. The concentrations of bacteria and fungi aerosols in the various indoor environments of three homes ranged between 1.00 – 1889.37 CFU/m3. In general, the results were between “low” and “high” pollution degrees when compared with European Commission standards. The highest I/O ratio for bacteria was found in the bathroom of Home 3 in the summer-evening measurement period while the highest I/O fungi ratio was obtained in the hallway of Home 1 in the winter-evening period. When the relationship between bacteria and fungi concentrations measured in different seasons was investigated, weak relationship was observed in all seasons except winter season at Home 1 and spring season at Home 2. Both seasonal variations and characteristics of the home environments were observed to have an effect on the indoor bacterial and fungal concentrations.

References

  • Aghlara, E. (2017). “Levels of bioaerosols in indoor and outdoor environments and resource detection,” Ph.D. thesis. Environmental Engineering. Hacettepe Univ. Ankara.
  • Agle, E., & Galbraith, S. (1991). Building air quality: A guide for building owners and facility managers (Issues 91–114). US Government Printing Office.
  • Alwakeel, S. S. (2008). Indoor fungal and bacterial contaminations on household environment in riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 15(1), 113–119.
  • Demirel, G., Özden, Ö., Döğeroğlu, T., & Gaga, E. O. (2014). Personal exposure of primary school children to BTEX, NO2 and ozone in Eskişehir, Turkey: Relationship with indoor/outdoor concentrations and risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 473, 537–548.
  • Diffey, B. L. (2011). An overview analysis of the time people spend outdoors. British Journal of Dermatology, 164(4), 848–854.
  • Fabian, M. P., Miller, S. L., Reponen, T., & Hernandez, M. T. (2005). Ambient bioaerosol indices for indoor air quality assessments of flood reclamation. Journal of Aerosol Science, 36(5–6), 763–783.
  • Fekadu, S., & Getachewu, B. (2015). Microbiological assessment of indoor air of Teaching hospital wards: a case of Jimma University specialized hospital. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 25(2), 117–122.
  • Gönüllü, M. T., Bayhan, H., Avşar, Y., & Arslankaya, E. (2002). YTÜ Şevket Sabancı Kütüphane Binası iç ortam havasındaki partiküllerin incelenmesi. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Hu, D., Wang-Li, L., Simmons III, O. D., Classen, J. J., Osborne, J. A., & Byfield, G. E. (2014). Bioaerosol Concentrations and Emissions from Tunnel-Ventilated High-Rise Layer Houses in North Carolina. Transactions of the ASABE, 57(3), 915–925.
  • Jones, B. L., & Cookson, J. T. (1983). Natural atmospheric microbial conditions in a typical suburban area. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 45(3), 919–934.
  • Klepeis, N. E., Nelson, W. C., Ott, W. R., Robinson, J. P., Tsang, A. M., Switzer, P., Behar, J. V, Hern, S. C., & Engelmann, W. H. (2001). The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 11(3), 231–252.
  • Lee, J. H., Ahn, K. H., & Yu, I. J. (2012). Outbreak of bioaerosols with continuous use of humidifier in apartment room. Toxicological Research, 28(2), 103–106.
  • Lee, S.-C., Guo, H., Li, W.-M., & Chan, L.-Y. (2002). Inter-comparison of air pollutant concentrations in different indoor environments in Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 36(12), 1929–1940.
  • Menteşe, S., & Güllü, G. (Mayıs 2009). Organik bileşiklerin farklı iç ortamlardaki seviyeleri. IX. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi (TESKON). İzmir, Turkey, pp.673-679.
  • Menteşe, S., Tuğba, B., Mutlu, M. B., Özdemirpençe, S. S., Nişancı, S. Y., Palaz, E., Çetin, B., Taşdibi, D., Selçuk, B., & Karagöz, S. (Nisan 2013). Havadan Kaynaklı Bakteri Seviyesinin Çanakkale’deki Ev, Yurt Ve Okullarda Mekansal Değişimi. 11. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi. İzmir, Turkey, pp.1865-1872.
  • Nazaroff, W. W. (2016). Indoor bioaerosol dynamics. Indoor Air, 26(1), 61–78.
  • WHO (2008). Development of air quality guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould: report on a working group meeting, Bonn, Germany 17-18 October 2007. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
  • WHO (2009). Children’s Health and the Environment. WHO Training Package for the Health Sector-World Health Organization.
  • Ren, P., Jankun, T. M., Belanger, K., Bracken, M. B., & Leaderer, B. P. (2001). The relation between fungal propagules in indoor air and home characteristics. Allergy, 56(5), 419–424.
  • Shiaka, G. P., & Yakubu, S. E. (2013). Comparative analysis of airborne microbial concentrations in the indoor environment of two selected clinical laboratories. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci (IOSR-JPBS), 8(4), 13–19.
  • Siersted, H. C., & Gravesen, S. (1993). Extrinsic allergic alveolitis after exposure to the yeast Rhodotorula rubra. Allergy, 48(4), 298–299.
  • Stetzenbach, L. D. (1998). Microorganisms and indoor air quality. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 20(19), 157–161.
  • Yassin, M. F., & Almouqatea, S. (2010). Assessment of airborne bacteria and fungi in an indoor and outdoor environment. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 7(3), 535–544.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Seda Naz Sarıca 0000-0002-5160-6809

Ayşe Bodur 0000-0002-6781-8363

Özlem Özden Üzmez 0000-0003-4310-788X

Semra Malkoç 0000-0002-8092-411X

Publication Date November 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 28

Cite

APA Sarıca, S. N., Bodur, A., Özden Üzmez, Ö., Malkoç, S. (2021). Assessment of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi in Different Home Environments. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(28), 1237-1245. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1014717