Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 484 - 502, 08.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.911499

Abstract

References

  • Anthony, L. (2019). AntConc (3.5.8) Computer Software. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Available from http://www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/
  • Arundale, R. B. (2013). Conceptualizing ‘interaction’ in interpersonal pragmatics: Implications for understanding and research. Journal of Pragmatics, 58, 12-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.02.009
  • Baird, R., Baker, W., & Kitazawa, M. (2014). The complexity of ELF. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 3(1), 171-196, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2014-0007
  • Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
  • Baumgarten, N., & House, J. (2010). I think and I don't know in English as lingua franca and native English discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 42, 1184–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.09.018
  • Biber, D. (2004). Historical patterns for the grammatical marking of stance. A cross-register comparison. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 5(1), 107-136. https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.5.1.06bib
  • Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Leech, L. (2002). Longman student grammar of spoken and written English. Essex: Pearson.
  • Biber, D., & Finegan, E. (1988). Adverbial stance types in English. Discourse Processes 11, 1-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01638538809544689
  • Biber, D., & Finegan, E. (1989). Styles of stance in English: Lexical and grammatical marking of evidentiality and affect, Text 9(1), 93-124. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1989.9.1.93
  • Conrad, S., & Biber, D. (2000). Adverbial marking of stance in speech and writing. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (Eds.), Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse (56–73). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • de Abreu, G. (2000). Relationships between macro and micro socio-cultural contexts: implications for the study of interactions in the mathematics classroom. Educational Studies in Mathematics 41, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003875728720
  • Çiftçi, H., & Vásquez, C. (2020). Co-constructed oppositional stance and facework in an office hour interaction. Journal of Politeness Research, 16(2), 193-216. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2017-0013
  • Drew, P., & Heritage, J. (1992). Analyzing talk at work: an introduction. In P. Drew & J. Heritage (Eds.), Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings (3-65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Du Bois, J. (2000). Taking a stance: Constituting the stance differential in dialogic interaction. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, San Francisco, November 18.
  • Du Bois, J. W. (2007). The stance triangle. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction (139-182). Pennsylvania: John Benjamins.
  • ELFA. 2008. The Corpus of English as a Lingua Franca in Academic Settings. Director: Anna Mauranen. http://www.helsinki.fi/elfa (June 30, 2020).
  • Englebretson, R. (2007). Stancetaking in discourse: Subjectivity, evaluation, interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Gee, J. P. (2011). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. New York: Routledge.
  • Girgin, U., Acar, Y., Akbaş, E., Yavuz, E., Altan, A. E., Boran, M., … Moralı, G. (2020). Conversation Analysis Methodology: Validity, Reliability, and Ethical Issues in Data Collection and Analysis Procedures. Hacettepe University Journal of Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2020063458
  • Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
  • Haddington, P. (2005). The intersubjectivity of stance taking in talk-in-interaction. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, English Department, University of Oulu.
  • Haddington, P. (2007). Positioning and alignment as activities of stancetaking in news interviews. In R. Englebretson (Ed.) Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction (283– 317). Pennsylvania: John Benjamins.
  • House, J. (2013). Developing pragmatic competence in English as a lingua franca: Using discourse markers to express (inter)subjectivity and connectivity. Journal of Pragmatics, 59, 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.03.001
  • Hunston, S. (2007). Using a corpus to investigate stance quantitatively and qualitatively. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction (27– 48). Pennsylvania: John Benjamins.
  • Hunston, S., & Thompson, G. (2000). Evaluation in text: Authorial stance and the construction of discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hülmbauer, C. (2009). We don’t take the right way. We just take the way that we think you will understand: The shifting relationship of correctness and effectiveness in ELF communication. In A. Mauranen & E. Ranta (Eds.), English as a Lingua Franca: Studies and findings (323–347). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
  • Jaffe, A. (2009). Introduction: The sociolinguistics of stance. In A. Jaffe (Ed.), Stance: Sociolinguistic perspectives ed. (3-28). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Jenkins, J., Cogo, A., & Dewey, M. (2011). Review of developments in research into English as a lingua franca. Language Teaching, 44(3), 281-315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000115
  • Kaur, J. (2009). Pre-empting problems of understanding in English as lingua franca. In A. Mauranen, and E. Ranta (Eds.), English as a Lingua Franca: Studies and findings (107-123). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
  • Kärkkäinen, E. (2006). Stance taking in conversation: From subjectivity to intersubjectivity. Text & Talk, 26(6), 699-731. https://doi.org/10.1515/TEXT.2006.029
  • Kärkkäinen, E. (2007). The role of I guess in conversational stancetaking. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction (183– 220). Pennsylvania: John Benjamins.
  • Li, J., Lei, L., & Cheng, L. (2020). Mapping evaluation, appraisal and stance in discourse (2000–2015): A bibliometric analysis. Glottotheory, 10(1–2), 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1515/glot-2019-0002
  • Locher, M. A., & Graham, S. L. (2010). Introduction to interpersonal pragmatics. In M. A. Locher & S. L. Graham (Eds.), Interpersonal Pragmatics (1-13). Berlin: Mouton.
  • Locher, M. A., & Watts, R. J. (2005). Politeness theory and relational work. Journal of Politeness Research, 1(1), 9–33. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9
  • Martin, J. (2000). Beyond exchange: appraisal systems in English. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (Eds.), Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse (142-175). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Mauranen, A. (2006). A rich domain of ELF – the ELFA corpus of academic discourse. Nordic Journal of English Studies, 5(2), 145–59. https://doi.org/10.35360/njes.15
  • Mauranen, A. (2018). Conceptualising ELF. In J. Jenkins, W. Baker & M. Dewey (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of English as a lingua franca (7 – 24). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Metsä-Ketelä, M. (2006). Words are more or less superfluous: The case of more or less in academic lingua franca English. Nordic Journal of English Studies, 5(2), 117-143. https://doi.org/10.35360/njes.14
  • O’Driscoll, J. (2013). The role of language in interpersonal pragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics, 58, 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.09.008
  • Precht, K. (2003). Stance moods in spoken English: Evidentiality and affect in British and American conversation. Text, 23, 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.2003.010
  • Scheibman, J. (2007). Subjective and intersubjective uses of generalizations in English conversations. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction (111–138). Pennsylvania: John Benjamins.
  • Seidlhofer, B. (2009). Common ground and different realities: world Englishes and English as a lingua franca. World Englishes, 28(2), 236-245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2009.01592.x
  • Silver, M. (2003). The stance of stance: A critical look at ways stance is expressed and modeled in academic discourse. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 2(4), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1475-1585(03)00051-1
  • Swales, J. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Thompson, G., & Hunston, S. (2000). Evaluation: An introduction. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (Eds.), Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse (1–27). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Vickers, C. H., Deckert, S. K., & Goble, R. (2014). Constructing language normativity through the animation of stance. Health Communication, 29(7), 707–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.778224
  • Waters, C. (2009). Actually, it’s More Than Pragmatics, it’s Really Grammaticalization”. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, June. https://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/view/6537.

Stancetaking in spoken ELF discourse in academic settings: interpersonal functions of I don’t know as a face-maintaining strategy

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 484 - 502, 08.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.911499

Abstract

Our study examines interpersonal functions enacted through a stance marker in spoken ELF academic discourse. We specifically focus on investigating the functions of I don’t know in an academic speech event by embracing an interpersonal pragmatics and sociolinguistics perspective to figure out how it contributes to the act of stancetaking as an intersubjective activity. We have examined 14 interactions of doctoral defense discussions from the ELFA corpus. Our detailed discourse analysis of these doctoral defense discussions has revealed five distinctive interpersonal functions of the stance marker I don’t know allowing speakers to construct their stance and adopt a face-maintaining strategy in the ongoing spoken discourse: prefacing a suggestion, seeking acceptance, hedging/mitigating, checking agreement, and expressing uncertainty. Considering the highly-context dependent and context-regenerated functions of I don’t know, our study attempts to delve into the relational and interpersonal aspect of communication, and thus contributes to research in this strand by disclosing the interpersonal functions of stancetaking as an intersubjective activity with a particular focus on ELF academic discourse.

References

  • Anthony, L. (2019). AntConc (3.5.8) Computer Software. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Available from http://www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/
  • Arundale, R. B. (2013). Conceptualizing ‘interaction’ in interpersonal pragmatics: Implications for understanding and research. Journal of Pragmatics, 58, 12-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.02.009
  • Baird, R., Baker, W., & Kitazawa, M. (2014). The complexity of ELF. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 3(1), 171-196, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2014-0007
  • Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
  • Baumgarten, N., & House, J. (2010). I think and I don't know in English as lingua franca and native English discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 42, 1184–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.09.018
  • Biber, D. (2004). Historical patterns for the grammatical marking of stance. A cross-register comparison. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 5(1), 107-136. https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.5.1.06bib
  • Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Leech, L. (2002). Longman student grammar of spoken and written English. Essex: Pearson.
  • Biber, D., & Finegan, E. (1988). Adverbial stance types in English. Discourse Processes 11, 1-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01638538809544689
  • Biber, D., & Finegan, E. (1989). Styles of stance in English: Lexical and grammatical marking of evidentiality and affect, Text 9(1), 93-124. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1989.9.1.93
  • Conrad, S., & Biber, D. (2000). Adverbial marking of stance in speech and writing. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (Eds.), Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse (56–73). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • de Abreu, G. (2000). Relationships between macro and micro socio-cultural contexts: implications for the study of interactions in the mathematics classroom. Educational Studies in Mathematics 41, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003875728720
  • Çiftçi, H., & Vásquez, C. (2020). Co-constructed oppositional stance and facework in an office hour interaction. Journal of Politeness Research, 16(2), 193-216. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2017-0013
  • Drew, P., & Heritage, J. (1992). Analyzing talk at work: an introduction. In P. Drew & J. Heritage (Eds.), Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings (3-65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Du Bois, J. (2000). Taking a stance: Constituting the stance differential in dialogic interaction. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, San Francisco, November 18.
  • Du Bois, J. W. (2007). The stance triangle. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction (139-182). Pennsylvania: John Benjamins.
  • ELFA. 2008. The Corpus of English as a Lingua Franca in Academic Settings. Director: Anna Mauranen. http://www.helsinki.fi/elfa (June 30, 2020).
  • Englebretson, R. (2007). Stancetaking in discourse: Subjectivity, evaluation, interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Gee, J. P. (2011). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. New York: Routledge.
  • Girgin, U., Acar, Y., Akbaş, E., Yavuz, E., Altan, A. E., Boran, M., … Moralı, G. (2020). Conversation Analysis Methodology: Validity, Reliability, and Ethical Issues in Data Collection and Analysis Procedures. Hacettepe University Journal of Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2020063458
  • Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
  • Haddington, P. (2005). The intersubjectivity of stance taking in talk-in-interaction. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, English Department, University of Oulu.
  • Haddington, P. (2007). Positioning and alignment as activities of stancetaking in news interviews. In R. Englebretson (Ed.) Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction (283– 317). Pennsylvania: John Benjamins.
  • House, J. (2013). Developing pragmatic competence in English as a lingua franca: Using discourse markers to express (inter)subjectivity and connectivity. Journal of Pragmatics, 59, 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.03.001
  • Hunston, S. (2007). Using a corpus to investigate stance quantitatively and qualitatively. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction (27– 48). Pennsylvania: John Benjamins.
  • Hunston, S., & Thompson, G. (2000). Evaluation in text: Authorial stance and the construction of discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hülmbauer, C. (2009). We don’t take the right way. We just take the way that we think you will understand: The shifting relationship of correctness and effectiveness in ELF communication. In A. Mauranen & E. Ranta (Eds.), English as a Lingua Franca: Studies and findings (323–347). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
  • Jaffe, A. (2009). Introduction: The sociolinguistics of stance. In A. Jaffe (Ed.), Stance: Sociolinguistic perspectives ed. (3-28). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Jenkins, J., Cogo, A., & Dewey, M. (2011). Review of developments in research into English as a lingua franca. Language Teaching, 44(3), 281-315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000115
  • Kaur, J. (2009). Pre-empting problems of understanding in English as lingua franca. In A. Mauranen, and E. Ranta (Eds.), English as a Lingua Franca: Studies and findings (107-123). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
  • Kärkkäinen, E. (2006). Stance taking in conversation: From subjectivity to intersubjectivity. Text & Talk, 26(6), 699-731. https://doi.org/10.1515/TEXT.2006.029
  • Kärkkäinen, E. (2007). The role of I guess in conversational stancetaking. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction (183– 220). Pennsylvania: John Benjamins.
  • Li, J., Lei, L., & Cheng, L. (2020). Mapping evaluation, appraisal and stance in discourse (2000–2015): A bibliometric analysis. Glottotheory, 10(1–2), 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1515/glot-2019-0002
  • Locher, M. A., & Graham, S. L. (2010). Introduction to interpersonal pragmatics. In M. A. Locher & S. L. Graham (Eds.), Interpersonal Pragmatics (1-13). Berlin: Mouton.
  • Locher, M. A., & Watts, R. J. (2005). Politeness theory and relational work. Journal of Politeness Research, 1(1), 9–33. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9
  • Martin, J. (2000). Beyond exchange: appraisal systems in English. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (Eds.), Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse (142-175). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Mauranen, A. (2006). A rich domain of ELF – the ELFA corpus of academic discourse. Nordic Journal of English Studies, 5(2), 145–59. https://doi.org/10.35360/njes.15
  • Mauranen, A. (2018). Conceptualising ELF. In J. Jenkins, W. Baker & M. Dewey (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of English as a lingua franca (7 – 24). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Metsä-Ketelä, M. (2006). Words are more or less superfluous: The case of more or less in academic lingua franca English. Nordic Journal of English Studies, 5(2), 117-143. https://doi.org/10.35360/njes.14
  • O’Driscoll, J. (2013). The role of language in interpersonal pragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics, 58, 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.09.008
  • Precht, K. (2003). Stance moods in spoken English: Evidentiality and affect in British and American conversation. Text, 23, 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.2003.010
  • Scheibman, J. (2007). Subjective and intersubjective uses of generalizations in English conversations. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction (111–138). Pennsylvania: John Benjamins.
  • Seidlhofer, B. (2009). Common ground and different realities: world Englishes and English as a lingua franca. World Englishes, 28(2), 236-245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2009.01592.x
  • Silver, M. (2003). The stance of stance: A critical look at ways stance is expressed and modeled in academic discourse. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 2(4), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1475-1585(03)00051-1
  • Swales, J. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Thompson, G., & Hunston, S. (2000). Evaluation: An introduction. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (Eds.), Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse (1–27). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Vickers, C. H., Deckert, S. K., & Goble, R. (2014). Constructing language normativity through the animation of stance. Health Communication, 29(7), 707–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.778224
  • Waters, C. (2009). Actually, it’s More Than Pragmatics, it’s Really Grammaticalization”. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, June. https://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/view/6537.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hatime Çiftçi This is me 0000-0001-7907-6793

Erdem Akbaş 0000-0003-2204-3119

Publication Date April 8, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çiftçi, H., & Akbaş, E. (2021). Stancetaking in spoken ELF discourse in academic settings: interpersonal functions of I don’t know as a face-maintaining strategy. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(1), 484-502. https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.911499