INCIDENTAL VOCABULARY ACQUISITION IN SLA: DOES AURAL INPUT FACILITATE VOCABULARY ACQUISITION WHILE READING?
Abstract
Vocabulary acquisition is essential to achieve fluency in the target language; however, it is a daunting and unending task for second language learners due to a large number of words required to be learne. This two-group, pre/post/delayed post-test quasi-experimental study aims to investigate whether English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners could learn new English words incidentally from reading texts in their coursebooks and whether there was an effect of simultaneous input modality in successful acquisition. It further aimed to examine the rate of vocabulary recall by the control group (reading-only condition) and experimental group (listening-while-reading condition). The study revealed four major findings. Without being exposed to any intentional instruction on target vocabulary, 5.53 words were learned in reading-only mode, which was a gain of more than 49%. When written input was enhanced with oral input, it resulted in relatively higher success in lexical development. The experimental group, which listened to the audio recordings of the texts while simultaneously reading it, learned 6.37 new words on average, a gain of higher than 60%. A comparison of two groups revealed that the effect of aural enhancement on incidental vocabulary learning was relatively small, a difference of 0.84 words between the two groups. Words learned in reading-only condition were more resistant to decay than words learned in listening-while-reading condition. Important implications for EFL teachers are suggested based on the findings.
Keywords
Aural enhancement incidental vocabulary acquisition input modality SLA vocabulary acquisition
References
- Batterink, L., & Neville, H. (2011). Implicit and explicit mechanisms of word learning in a narrative context: An event-related potential study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(11), 3181–3196. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00013
- Bisson, M.-J., Heuven, W. J. B. van, Conklin, K., & Tunney, R. J. (2013). Incidental acquisition of foreign language vocabulary through brief multi-modal exposure. PLOS ONE, 8(4), e60912. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060912
- Bisson, M., van Heuven, W., Conklin, K., & Tunney, R. (2014). The role of repeated exposure to multimodal input in incidental acquisition of foreign language vocabulary. Language Learning, 64(4), 855-877. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12085
- Brown, R., Waring, R., & Donkaewbua, S. (2008). Incidental vocabulary acquisition from reading, reading-while-listening, and listening to stories. Reading in a Foreign Language, 20(2), 136–163.
- Bruton, A., López, M. G., & Mesa, R. E. (2011). Incidental L2 vocabulary learning: An impracticable term? TESOL Quarterly, 45(4), 759–768.
- Chen, C., & Truscott, J. (2010). The effects of repetition and l1 lexicalization on incidental vocabulary acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 31(5), 693–713. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amq031
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Horst, M. (2005). Learning L2 vocabulary through extensive reading: A measurement study. Canadian Modern Language Review-Revue Canadienne Des Langues Vivantes - CAN MOD LANG REV, 61, 355–382. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.61.3.355
- Horst, M., Cobb, T., & Meara, P. (1998). Beyond a Clockwork Orange: Acquiring second language vocabulary through reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 11(2), 207–223.
- Hulme, R., Barsky, D., & Rodd, J. (2018). Incidental learning and long‐term retention of new word meanings from stories: The effect of number of exposures. Language Learning, 69(1), 18-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12313
- Kelly, P. (1992). Does the ear assist the eye in the long-term retention of lexis? IRAL, 30(2), 137–145.
- Krashen, S. (2008). The comprehension hypothesis extended. In T. Piske and M. Young-Scholten (Eds.) Input Matters in SLA. (pp. 81-94). Bristol: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691118-007
- Laufer, B. (2017). From word parts to full texts: Searching for effective methods of vocabulary learning. Language Teaching Research, 21(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168816683118
- Laufer, B., & Nation, P. (1995). vocabulary size and use: Lexical richness in l2 written production. Applied Linguistics - APPL LINGUIST, 16, 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/16.3.307
- Malone, J. (2018). Incidental vocabulary learning in SLA: Effects of frequency, aural enhancement, and working memory. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 40(3), 651–675. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263117000341
- Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524759
- Nation, I. S. P. (2004). Vocabulary learning and intensive reading. EA Journal, 21(2), 20–29.
- Nation, P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern Language Review-Revue Canadienne Des Langues Vivantes - CAN MOD LANG REV, 63, 59–81. https://doi.org/10.1353/cml.2006.0049
- Nation,.P. (2014). How much input do you need to learn the most frequent 9,000 words? Reading in a Foreign Language, 26, 1–16.
- Nation, P., & Chung, M. (2009). Teaching and testing vocabulary. In M. Long and C. Doughty (Eds), Handbook of language teaching (pp. 543–559). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444315783.ch28
- Pellicer-Sánchez, A. (2016). Incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition from and while reading: An Eye-Tracking Study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 38(1), 97–130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263115000224
- Pellicer-Sánchez, A., & Schmitt, N. (2010). Incidental vocabulary acquisition from an authentic novel: Do Things Fall Apart? Reading in a Foreign Language, 22(1), 31–55.
- Pigada, M., & Schmitt, N. (2006). Vocabulary acquisition from extensive reading: A case study. Reading in a Foreign Language, 18, 1-28.
- Rott, S. (1999). The effect of exposure frequency on intermediate language learners’ incidental vocabulary acquisition and retention through reading. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21, 589–619.
- Schmitt, N., & Schmitt, D. (2012). A reassessment of frequency and vocabulary size in L2 vocabulary teaching. Language Teaching, 47, 484–503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444812000018
- Sonbul, S., & Schmitt, N. (2010). Direct teaching of vocabulary after reading: Is it worth the effort? ELT Journal, 64(3), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccp059
- Tekmen, E., & Daloglu, A. (2008). An investigation of incidental vocabulary acquisition in relation to learner proficiency level and word frequency. Foreign Language Annals, 39, 220–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2006.tb02263.x
- Vidal, K. (2011). A comparison of the effects of reading and listening on incidental vocabulary acquisition. Language Learning, 61, 219-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00593.x
- Waring, R., & Nation, P. (2004). Second language reading and incidental vocabulary learning. Angles on the English Speaking World, 4, 97–110.
- Waring, R., & Takaki, M. (2003). At what rate do learners learn and retain new vocabulary from reading a graded reader? Reading in a Foreign Language, 15(2), 130-163.
- Webb, S. (2007). The effects of repetition on vocabulary knowledge. Applied Linguistics, 28(1), 46–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml048
- Webb, S., & Chang, A. (2015). Second language vocabulary learning through extensive reading with audio support: How do frequency and distribution of occurrence affect learning? Language Teaching Research, 19, 667–686. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168814559800
- Webb, S., Newton, J., Chang, A. (2013). Incidental learning of collocation. Language Learning, 63, 91-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00729.x
- Williams, R., & Morris, R. (2004). Eye movements, word familiarity, and vocabulary acquisition. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology - EUR J COGN PSYCHOL, 16, 312–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440340000196
İKİNCİ DİL EDİNİMİNDE RASLANTISAL SÖZCÜK EDİNİMİ: İŞİTSEL GİRDİ OKUMA SIRASINDA SÖZCÜK EDİNİMİNİ KOLAYLAŞTIRIR MI?
Abstract
Hedef dilde akıcılık için sözcük edinimi esastır; ancak bu ikinci dil öğrenenler için öğrenilmesi gereken çok sayıda sözcük nedeniyle göz korkutucu ve bitmeyen bir süreçtir. Bu iki gruplu, ön/son/gecikmeli son test yarı deneysel çalışma, Yabancı Dil Olarak İngilizce (EFL) öğrenenlerin ders kitaplarındaki metinleri okurken yeni İngilizce sözcükleri raslantısal olarak öğrenip öğrenemeyeceklerini ve eşzamanlı girdi yönteminin başarılı öğrenmede bir etkisi olup olmadığını araştırmayı amaçladı. Ayrıca kontrol grubu (sadece okuma koşulu) ve deney grubu (okurken dinleme koşulu) tarafından sözcüklerin hatırlanma oranları da incelendi. Çalışma dört ana bulguyu ortaya koydu. Hedef sözcükler ile ilgili herhangi bir kasıtlı öğretime maruz kalmadan, salt okuma modunda katılımcılar tarafından 5,53 kelime öğrenildi ve bu %49'dan fazla bir kazanımın söz konusu olduğunu gösterdi. Yazılı girdi sözlü girdiyle zenginleştirildiğinde, katılımcıların sözcük gelişiminde nispeten daha yüksek başarı görüldü. Metinleri okurken aynı zamanda ses kayıtlarını da dinleyen deney grubu %60'ın üzerinde bir kazanımla ortalama 6,37 yeni sözcük öğrendi. İki grubun karşılaştırılması, işitsel pekiştirmenin rastlantısal sözcük öğrenimi üzerindeki etkisinin nispeten küçük olduğunu, iki grup arasında 0.84 kelimelik bir fark olduğunu ortaya çıkardı. Sadece okuma durumunda öğrenilen sözcükler, okuma sırasında dinleme durumunda öğrenilen sözcüklere göre unutulmaya karşı daha dirençliydi. Bulgulara dayalı olarak İngilizce öğretmenleri için önemli çıkarımlar önerilmektedir.
Keywords
İşitsel pekiştirme rastlantısal sözcük edinimi girdi yöntemi ikinci dil edinimi sözcük edinimi
References
- Batterink, L., & Neville, H. (2011). Implicit and explicit mechanisms of word learning in a narrative context: An event-related potential study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(11), 3181–3196. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00013
- Bisson, M.-J., Heuven, W. J. B. van, Conklin, K., & Tunney, R. J. (2013). Incidental acquisition of foreign language vocabulary through brief multi-modal exposure. PLOS ONE, 8(4), e60912. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060912
- Bisson, M., van Heuven, W., Conklin, K., & Tunney, R. (2014). The role of repeated exposure to multimodal input in incidental acquisition of foreign language vocabulary. Language Learning, 64(4), 855-877. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12085
- Brown, R., Waring, R., & Donkaewbua, S. (2008). Incidental vocabulary acquisition from reading, reading-while-listening, and listening to stories. Reading in a Foreign Language, 20(2), 136–163.
- Bruton, A., López, M. G., & Mesa, R. E. (2011). Incidental L2 vocabulary learning: An impracticable term? TESOL Quarterly, 45(4), 759–768.
- Chen, C., & Truscott, J. (2010). The effects of repetition and l1 lexicalization on incidental vocabulary acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 31(5), 693–713. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amq031
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Horst, M. (2005). Learning L2 vocabulary through extensive reading: A measurement study. Canadian Modern Language Review-Revue Canadienne Des Langues Vivantes - CAN MOD LANG REV, 61, 355–382. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.61.3.355
- Horst, M., Cobb, T., & Meara, P. (1998). Beyond a Clockwork Orange: Acquiring second language vocabulary through reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 11(2), 207–223.
- Hulme, R., Barsky, D., & Rodd, J. (2018). Incidental learning and long‐term retention of new word meanings from stories: The effect of number of exposures. Language Learning, 69(1), 18-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12313
- Kelly, P. (1992). Does the ear assist the eye in the long-term retention of lexis? IRAL, 30(2), 137–145.
- Krashen, S. (2008). The comprehension hypothesis extended. In T. Piske and M. Young-Scholten (Eds.) Input Matters in SLA. (pp. 81-94). Bristol: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691118-007
- Laufer, B. (2017). From word parts to full texts: Searching for effective methods of vocabulary learning. Language Teaching Research, 21(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168816683118
- Laufer, B., & Nation, P. (1995). vocabulary size and use: Lexical richness in l2 written production. Applied Linguistics - APPL LINGUIST, 16, 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/16.3.307
- Malone, J. (2018). Incidental vocabulary learning in SLA: Effects of frequency, aural enhancement, and working memory. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 40(3), 651–675. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263117000341
- Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524759
- Nation, I. S. P. (2004). Vocabulary learning and intensive reading. EA Journal, 21(2), 20–29.
- Nation, P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern Language Review-Revue Canadienne Des Langues Vivantes - CAN MOD LANG REV, 63, 59–81. https://doi.org/10.1353/cml.2006.0049
- Nation,.P. (2014). How much input do you need to learn the most frequent 9,000 words? Reading in a Foreign Language, 26, 1–16.
- Nation, P., & Chung, M. (2009). Teaching and testing vocabulary. In M. Long and C. Doughty (Eds), Handbook of language teaching (pp. 543–559). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444315783.ch28
- Pellicer-Sánchez, A. (2016). Incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition from and while reading: An Eye-Tracking Study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 38(1), 97–130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263115000224
- Pellicer-Sánchez, A., & Schmitt, N. (2010). Incidental vocabulary acquisition from an authentic novel: Do Things Fall Apart? Reading in a Foreign Language, 22(1), 31–55.
- Pigada, M., & Schmitt, N. (2006). Vocabulary acquisition from extensive reading: A case study. Reading in a Foreign Language, 18, 1-28.
- Rott, S. (1999). The effect of exposure frequency on intermediate language learners’ incidental vocabulary acquisition and retention through reading. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21, 589–619.
- Schmitt, N., & Schmitt, D. (2012). A reassessment of frequency and vocabulary size in L2 vocabulary teaching. Language Teaching, 47, 484–503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444812000018
- Sonbul, S., & Schmitt, N. (2010). Direct teaching of vocabulary after reading: Is it worth the effort? ELT Journal, 64(3), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccp059
- Tekmen, E., & Daloglu, A. (2008). An investigation of incidental vocabulary acquisition in relation to learner proficiency level and word frequency. Foreign Language Annals, 39, 220–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2006.tb02263.x
- Vidal, K. (2011). A comparison of the effects of reading and listening on incidental vocabulary acquisition. Language Learning, 61, 219-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00593.x
- Waring, R., & Nation, P. (2004). Second language reading and incidental vocabulary learning. Angles on the English Speaking World, 4, 97–110.
- Waring, R., & Takaki, M. (2003). At what rate do learners learn and retain new vocabulary from reading a graded reader? Reading in a Foreign Language, 15(2), 130-163.
- Webb, S. (2007). The effects of repetition on vocabulary knowledge. Applied Linguistics, 28(1), 46–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml048
- Webb, S., & Chang, A. (2015). Second language vocabulary learning through extensive reading with audio support: How do frequency and distribution of occurrence affect learning? Language Teaching Research, 19, 667–686. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168814559800
- Webb, S., Newton, J., Chang, A. (2013). Incidental learning of collocation. Language Learning, 63, 91-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00729.x
- Williams, R., & Morris, R. (2004). Eye movements, word familiarity, and vocabulary acquisition. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology - EUR J COGN PSYCHOL, 16, 312–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440340000196
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Other Fields of Education |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 21, 2023 |
| Publication Date | June 25, 2023 |
| Submission Date | April 12, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | May 7, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 |
