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Psikoterapi Tarihi ve Bütüncül Psikoterapi

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 1 - 24, 01.01.2018

Abstract

Bu
çalışmanın amacı insanlık tarihi boyunca insanların psişik sorunları veya
psişik sorunları saklayan organik görünümlü hadiselere yaklaşım tarzının
sürecini incelemek, bununla ilgili değerlendirmeleri ortaya koymaktır. Bu
çalışmamızda insanlık tarihi kadar eski olan insanın ruhsal problemlerine çözüm
bulma çabalarının geldiği noktada bilimsel verilerle incelenen bir psikoterapi
tarihi ve son noktada bütüncül psikoterapilerin oluşmasına yol açan süreç
incelenmiştir.

Modern
anlamda, yazılı ve kayıtlı olarak incelenebilen, değerlendirilebilen,
eleştirilebilen bir veri olarak psikoterapi tarihini başlatmak gerekirse; bunu Sigmund Freud'la başlatmak doğru
olacaktır. Freud'un insanın ruhsal yapısını nörobiyolojik bir kaynakla başlayan
araştırma gayreti daha sonra ruhsal
aygıtı sanal zihinsel bir tasarı olarak tanımlaması sonucuna ulaşmıştır.
Süreç içerisinde kanıta dayalı tıbbın ve bilimsel paradigmanın zamanın ruhuna
uygun bir şekilde üniversitelerde yer almasıyla beraber psikoterapiler farklı
iki kulvarda yol almıştır. Bunlardan birincisi Freud'un geliştirmiş olduğu Klasik Psikanalizdir. Psikanalitik
gelişim hattına baktığımızda; bağımsız, kendi enstitülerinde kendi
literatürünü oluşturarak, vaka sunumlarıyla gelişen ve tartışmalarla
zenginleşen bir psikanalitik kültür inşa edilmiştir. Diğer tarafta ise; kanıta dayalı tıbbın getirmiş olduğu
gözlenebilen, denenebilen, sınanabilen, ölçülebilen ve değerlendirilebilen bir
alan olarak davranışçılıkla
başlayan psikoterapi yaklaşımı
söz konusudur.

Davranışçılıkla başlayan bu psikoterapi yaklaşımı,
süreç içerisinde istatistiki yöntemlerin gelişmesi, insan zihninin temel
kaynağı olan beyinde olan bitenlerin daha objektif değerlendirilebilecek araç
ve gereçlerin gelişmesiyle beraber, bilişsel
bir paradigmaya evrilmiştir. Sonuçta üniversiteler davranışçılıktan
bilişselciliğe atlayarak süreç içerisinde davranışçı-bilişsel yöntemlerin birleşik hale geldiği bir sisteme
doğru dönüşmüştür. Bilişsel-davranışçı
süreç bu şekilde devam ederken psikanalitik
literatür kendi içerisinde değişim ve dönüşüme uğramış; tek kişilik psikoterapilerden iki kişilik psikoterapilere
ulaşmıştır. Oradan da nörobiyolojinin
sağ beyin kaynaklarına doğru bir
açılım sergilemiştir. İnsan beyninde olan biteni (her iki ekol için de) kanıta dayalı bir literatür haline
getirilebilmesi amaç haline gelmiştir. Bugün gelinen

noktada ister birinci kaynaktan ister ikinci kaynaktan olsun tüm kuramların
entegre edildiği tek kişilik terapilerin
iki kişilik terapilere, iki kişilik
terapilerden sistem terapilerine,
sistem terapilerinin aşkınlık
ihtiyacı içinde ele alınmış olduğu kaos
teorilerine kadar uzanan öznelliğin
ve bağlamın temel aracı olduğu bir süreçteki evrimleşmiş bütüncül psikoterapilere doğru bir
yaklaşım ortaya konmuştur.







Çalışmamızda
bu sürecin tarihsel kaynaklarından, bilimsel paradigmanın başladığı döneme,
oradan da güncel nörobiyolojik gelişmeler ve öznelliğin ve kaos teorisinin
ulaştığı noktaya kadar geçen süreç anlatılmaktadır. 






References

  • Aron, L. ve Harris, A. (2011). Relational psychoanalysis: Expansion of theory. Routledge.
  • Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., ve Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Emery, G., ve Greenberg, R. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.
  • Beck, A. T. ve Freeman, A. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Beutler, L. E. ve Hodgson, A. B. (1993). Prescriptive psychotherapy. In Stricker G and Gold JR.(Eds.), Compherensive handbook of psychotherapy integration (p 151-163). New York and London Plenum Press.
  • Castonguay, L. G. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral asimilative integration. In Norcross JC. and Goldfried MR., (Eds.) Handbook of psychotherapy integration (2nd ed., p. 241-259). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Clarkson, P. (1992). Transactional analysis psychotherapy (1st ed). London: Routledge.
  • Cozolino, L. (2004). The making of a therapist: A practical guide for the inner journey. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
  • Dryden, W. ve Norcross, J. C. (1990). Eclecticism in counselling and psychotherapy (1st Ed., p. 184-185). Ipswich: Gale Centre Publications.
  • Eells T. D. (2007). Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation. Second Edition, New York, London: The Guilford Press.
  • Ellis, A. (1973). Rational-emotive therapy. Big Sur Recordings.
  • Evans, K. R. ve Gilbert, M. C. (2005). An introduction to integrative psychotherapy (1st ed., p. 1-30). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • French, T. M. (1993). Interrelations between psychoanalysis and the experimental work of pavlov. American Journal of Psychiatry, 89, 1165-203.
  • Freud, S. (1894). The Neuro-psychoses of defence, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 3. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1905). Fragment of an analysis of a case of hysteria, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 7. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1910). The future prospects of psycho-analytic therapy, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 11. Translated by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1912). Recommendations to physicians practicing psychoanalysis, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 12. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth.
  • Freud, S. (1913). On beginning the treatment (Further recommendations on the technique of psycho-analysis), in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 12. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1916-1917). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vols 15-16. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1923). The ego and the id, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 18. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1926). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 20. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1937). Analysis terminable and interminable, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 23. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Gabbard, G. O. (2012). Deconstructing vínculo. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 81(3), 579-587.
  • Gabbard, G. O. ve Hobday, G. S. (2012). A psychoanalytic perspective on ethics, self-deception and the corrupt physician. Brit. J. Psychother., 28(2), 235-248.
  • Goldfried, M. R. (1995). Toward a common language for case formulation. Journal for Psychotherapy Integration, 5(3), 221-4.
  • Gold, J. ve Wachtel, P. L. (2006). Cyclical Psychodynamics. In Stricker G. and Gold J., (Eds.), A casebook of psychotherapy integration (1st ed., ss 79-88). Washington DC: American Psychological Assosiation.
  • Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Emotion-focused therapy. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self; A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Kohut, H., (1977). The Restoration of the self. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Lazarus, A. A. (1989). The practice of multimodal therapy: Systematic, comprehensive, and effective psychotherapy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Leahy, R. (1997). Practicing cognitive therapy: A guide to interventions. Northvale, New Jersey, London: Jason Aronson Inc.
  • Lewin, K. (1976). Field theory in social science selected theoretical papers, (5th ed.). Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
  • Lichtenberg, J. D. (1989). Psychoanalysis and motivation. The Analytic Press.
  • Lichtenberg J. D., Lachmann F. M., ve Fosshage J. L. (2009). Self and motivational systems: Towards a theory of psychoanalytic technique. New York and London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Luborsky, L. ve Barrett, M. S. (2006). The core conflictual relationship theme (CCRT) a basic case formulation method, In handbook status of psychotherapy case formulation, 2nd edn (ed. Eells, TD., pp. 105-35.) New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Luborsky, L. ve Barrett, M. S. (2009). Çekirdek çatışmasal ilişki teması temel bir vaka formülasyon metodu, (Editör: Tahir Özakkaş). İstanbul: Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları.
  • Mace, C. (1999). Introduction: Philosophy and psychotherapy, In: Mace C. (ed.) Heart and soul: The therapetic face of philosophy (1st ed, pp. 1-13). London: Routledge.
  • Magnavita, J. J. (2002). Theories of personality (1st ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Press.
  • Mahrer, A. R. (1989). The integration of psychotherapies (1st ed). New York: Plenum Publishing.
  • Mitchell, S. A. (1988). Relational concepts in psychoanalysis. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press.
  • Norcross, J. C. (2005). A primer on psychotherapy integration. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Oxford series in clinical psychology. Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 3-23).
  • Norcross, J. C. ve Goldfried, M. R. (2005). Handbook of psychotherapy integration. (2nd ed.) New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Özakkaş, T. (2008). Bütüncül psikoterapi. İstanbul: Litera Yayınevi.
  • Özakkaş, T. (2006). Anksiyete bozuklukları ve tedavisi (1. Baskı). İstanbul: Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları.
  • Prochaska, J. O. ve Diclemente, C. C. (2005). The transtheoretical approach. In Norcross JC and Goldfried MR., eds. Handbook of psychotherapy integration (2nd ed, pp. 147-171). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Rosen, A. (1996). Meaning-making narratives: Foundations for constructivist and social constructivist psychotherapies, constructing realities: Meaning making perspectives for psychotherapiests: Inquiries in social construction (1st Ed., pp. 20-21), London: Sage.
  • Ryle, A. ve Bennink-Bolt, F. (2002). Cognitive-analitic therapy: A vygotskian devolepment of object realitions theory. Nolan IS and Cqsw PN., eds. Object Relations and Integrative Psychotherapy tradition and Innovation in Theory and Practice (1st ed., pp. 126-141), London and Philadelphia:Whurr Publishers.
  • Schultz, P. D. (2002). Davranışçılık: İlk etkiler. (Y.Aslay, çev.). Modern psikoloji tarihi içinde, İstanbul: Kaktüs Yayınları.
  • Shore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self-the neurobiology of emotional development. Lawrence Erlbaum Associated, Inc.
  • Shore, A. N. (2003). Affect dysregulation and disorders of the self. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
  • Songar, A. (1988). Dünyada ve Türkiye'de 1850 yılından sonra tıp dallarındaki ilerlemelerin tarihi (editör: E. K. Unat). İstanbul: Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Stern, D. N. (2004). The present moment in pscyhotherapy and everyday life. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Stolorow, R. D. ve Atwood, G. E. (1992). Contexts of being (1st ed.). Hillsdale: The Analytic Press.
  • Stricker, G. (2006). Asimilative psychodynamic psychotherapy integration. In Stricker, G and Gold J., ed. A casebook of psychotherapy integration (1st ed.) Washington DC: American Psychological Assosiation.
  • Stricker, G. ve Gold, J. (2006). A casebook of psychotherapy integration. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Stricker, G. ve Gold, J. R. (1993). Compherensive handbook of psychotherapy integration (1st ed). New York and London Plenum Press.
  • Wachtel, P. L. (2008). Relational theory and the practice of psychotherapy. New York: Guilford.
  • Weinberger, J. (1993). Common factors in psychotherapy. In Comprehensive handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 43-56). Springer US.
  • Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York: Basic boks.
  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., ve Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press.

History of Psychotherapy and Integrative Psychotherapy

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 1 - 24, 01.01.2018

Abstract

The objective of this paper
is to explore the process and procedures of addressing human psychological
problems, or organic-looking issues concealing psychological problems,
throughout the history. This paper examines the deep-rooted strivings to
seek solutions to human psychological problems that culminated in scientific
psychotherapy and eventually in psychotherapy integration.

It has been Sigmund Freud
who marked the beginning of the history of a scientific psychotherapy that
involved written and recorded data that can be examined, assessed, and
criticized. Freud’s search for the neurobiological roots of human psyche
resulted in his definition of the psychic apparatus as a mental representation.
The
zeitgeist paved the way for evidence-based medicine and scientific
paradigm to enter the universities, and psychotherapies began to move along two
different paths. Freud’s psychoanalytic method developed independently in
psychoanalytic institutes, creating its own literature enriched by case
presentations and discussions. The other path included the behavioralistic
start point that could be observed, experimented, tested, measured, and
assessed as a result of evidence-based medicine.

Along with the development
of statistical methods and more sophisticated tools to assess the workings of
the brain as the source of human mind, this psychotherapy approach that began
with behavioralism evolved to a cognitive paradigm and began to examine the
impact of psychopathology and workings of the mind on information processing
and assessment. As a result, universities shifted from behavioralism to
cognitive perspective, integrating behavioral and cognitive methods in the
process.

As the cognitive-behavioral
process moved along this path, psychoanalytic literature evolved from one-person
psychotherapies to two-person psychotherapies, and to right-brain emphasis
indicated by neurobiology. Both schools aimed at forming an evidence-based
literature of what is going on in human brain. The current point is integration
of psychotherapies that evolved from one-person therapies to two-person
therapies, system therapies, and chaos theories, on the basis of subjectivity
and contextualism.









This paper addresses this
process, beginning with the historical sources through the scientific paradigm,
current neurobiological findings, and the final destination of chaos theory.

References

  • Aron, L. ve Harris, A. (2011). Relational psychoanalysis: Expansion of theory. Routledge.
  • Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., ve Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Emery, G., ve Greenberg, R. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.
  • Beck, A. T. ve Freeman, A. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Beutler, L. E. ve Hodgson, A. B. (1993). Prescriptive psychotherapy. In Stricker G and Gold JR.(Eds.), Compherensive handbook of psychotherapy integration (p 151-163). New York and London Plenum Press.
  • Castonguay, L. G. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral asimilative integration. In Norcross JC. and Goldfried MR., (Eds.) Handbook of psychotherapy integration (2nd ed., p. 241-259). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Clarkson, P. (1992). Transactional analysis psychotherapy (1st ed). London: Routledge.
  • Cozolino, L. (2004). The making of a therapist: A practical guide for the inner journey. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
  • Dryden, W. ve Norcross, J. C. (1990). Eclecticism in counselling and psychotherapy (1st Ed., p. 184-185). Ipswich: Gale Centre Publications.
  • Eells T. D. (2007). Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation. Second Edition, New York, London: The Guilford Press.
  • Ellis, A. (1973). Rational-emotive therapy. Big Sur Recordings.
  • Evans, K. R. ve Gilbert, M. C. (2005). An introduction to integrative psychotherapy (1st ed., p. 1-30). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • French, T. M. (1993). Interrelations between psychoanalysis and the experimental work of pavlov. American Journal of Psychiatry, 89, 1165-203.
  • Freud, S. (1894). The Neuro-psychoses of defence, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 3. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1905). Fragment of an analysis of a case of hysteria, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 7. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1910). The future prospects of psycho-analytic therapy, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 11. Translated by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1912). Recommendations to physicians practicing psychoanalysis, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 12. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth.
  • Freud, S. (1913). On beginning the treatment (Further recommendations on the technique of psycho-analysis), in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 12. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1916-1917). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vols 15-16. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1923). The ego and the id, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 18. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1926). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 20. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1937). Analysis terminable and interminable, in The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 23. Translated and edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Gabbard, G. O. (2012). Deconstructing vínculo. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 81(3), 579-587.
  • Gabbard, G. O. ve Hobday, G. S. (2012). A psychoanalytic perspective on ethics, self-deception and the corrupt physician. Brit. J. Psychother., 28(2), 235-248.
  • Goldfried, M. R. (1995). Toward a common language for case formulation. Journal for Psychotherapy Integration, 5(3), 221-4.
  • Gold, J. ve Wachtel, P. L. (2006). Cyclical Psychodynamics. In Stricker G. and Gold J., (Eds.), A casebook of psychotherapy integration (1st ed., ss 79-88). Washington DC: American Psychological Assosiation.
  • Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Emotion-focused therapy. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self; A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Kohut, H., (1977). The Restoration of the self. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Lazarus, A. A. (1989). The practice of multimodal therapy: Systematic, comprehensive, and effective psychotherapy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Leahy, R. (1997). Practicing cognitive therapy: A guide to interventions. Northvale, New Jersey, London: Jason Aronson Inc.
  • Lewin, K. (1976). Field theory in social science selected theoretical papers, (5th ed.). Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
  • Lichtenberg, J. D. (1989). Psychoanalysis and motivation. The Analytic Press.
  • Lichtenberg J. D., Lachmann F. M., ve Fosshage J. L. (2009). Self and motivational systems: Towards a theory of psychoanalytic technique. New York and London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Luborsky, L. ve Barrett, M. S. (2006). The core conflictual relationship theme (CCRT) a basic case formulation method, In handbook status of psychotherapy case formulation, 2nd edn (ed. Eells, TD., pp. 105-35.) New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Luborsky, L. ve Barrett, M. S. (2009). Çekirdek çatışmasal ilişki teması temel bir vaka formülasyon metodu, (Editör: Tahir Özakkaş). İstanbul: Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları.
  • Mace, C. (1999). Introduction: Philosophy and psychotherapy, In: Mace C. (ed.) Heart and soul: The therapetic face of philosophy (1st ed, pp. 1-13). London: Routledge.
  • Magnavita, J. J. (2002). Theories of personality (1st ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Press.
  • Mahrer, A. R. (1989). The integration of psychotherapies (1st ed). New York: Plenum Publishing.
  • Mitchell, S. A. (1988). Relational concepts in psychoanalysis. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press.
  • Norcross, J. C. (2005). A primer on psychotherapy integration. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Oxford series in clinical psychology. Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 3-23).
  • Norcross, J. C. ve Goldfried, M. R. (2005). Handbook of psychotherapy integration. (2nd ed.) New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Özakkaş, T. (2008). Bütüncül psikoterapi. İstanbul: Litera Yayınevi.
  • Özakkaş, T. (2006). Anksiyete bozuklukları ve tedavisi (1. Baskı). İstanbul: Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları.
  • Prochaska, J. O. ve Diclemente, C. C. (2005). The transtheoretical approach. In Norcross JC and Goldfried MR., eds. Handbook of psychotherapy integration (2nd ed, pp. 147-171). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Rosen, A. (1996). Meaning-making narratives: Foundations for constructivist and social constructivist psychotherapies, constructing realities: Meaning making perspectives for psychotherapiests: Inquiries in social construction (1st Ed., pp. 20-21), London: Sage.
  • Ryle, A. ve Bennink-Bolt, F. (2002). Cognitive-analitic therapy: A vygotskian devolepment of object realitions theory. Nolan IS and Cqsw PN., eds. Object Relations and Integrative Psychotherapy tradition and Innovation in Theory and Practice (1st ed., pp. 126-141), London and Philadelphia:Whurr Publishers.
  • Schultz, P. D. (2002). Davranışçılık: İlk etkiler. (Y.Aslay, çev.). Modern psikoloji tarihi içinde, İstanbul: Kaktüs Yayınları.
  • Shore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self-the neurobiology of emotional development. Lawrence Erlbaum Associated, Inc.
  • Shore, A. N. (2003). Affect dysregulation and disorders of the self. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
  • Songar, A. (1988). Dünyada ve Türkiye'de 1850 yılından sonra tıp dallarındaki ilerlemelerin tarihi (editör: E. K. Unat). İstanbul: Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Stern, D. N. (2004). The present moment in pscyhotherapy and everyday life. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Stolorow, R. D. ve Atwood, G. E. (1992). Contexts of being (1st ed.). Hillsdale: The Analytic Press.
  • Stricker, G. (2006). Asimilative psychodynamic psychotherapy integration. In Stricker, G and Gold J., ed. A casebook of psychotherapy integration (1st ed.) Washington DC: American Psychological Assosiation.
  • Stricker, G. ve Gold, J. (2006). A casebook of psychotherapy integration. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Stricker, G. ve Gold, J. R. (1993). Compherensive handbook of psychotherapy integration (1st ed). New York and London Plenum Press.
  • Wachtel, P. L. (2008). Relational theory and the practice of psychotherapy. New York: Guilford.
  • Weinberger, J. (1993). Common factors in psychotherapy. In Comprehensive handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 43-56). Springer US.
  • Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York: Basic boks.
  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., ve Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tahir Özakkaş

Publication Date January 1, 2018
Submission Date December 30, 2017
Acceptance Date December 30, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özakkaş, T. (2018). Psikoterapi Tarihi ve Bütüncül Psikoterapi. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi, 1(1), 1-24.
AMA Özakkaş T. Psikoterapi Tarihi ve Bütüncül Psikoterapi. TBPD. January 2018;1(1):1-24.
Chicago Özakkaş, Tahir. “Psikoterapi Tarihi Ve Bütüncül Psikoterapi”. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi 1, no. 1 (January 2018): 1-24.
EndNote Özakkaş T (January 1, 2018) Psikoterapi Tarihi ve Bütüncül Psikoterapi. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi 1 1 1–24.
IEEE T. Özakkaş, “Psikoterapi Tarihi ve Bütüncül Psikoterapi”, TBPD, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–24, 2018.
ISNAD Özakkaş, Tahir. “Psikoterapi Tarihi Ve Bütüncül Psikoterapi”. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi 1/1 (January 2018), 1-24.
JAMA Özakkaş T. Psikoterapi Tarihi ve Bütüncül Psikoterapi. TBPD. 2018;1:1–24.
MLA Özakkaş, Tahir. “Psikoterapi Tarihi Ve Bütüncül Psikoterapi”. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1-24.
Vancouver Özakkaş T. Psikoterapi Tarihi ve Bütüncül Psikoterapi. TBPD. 2018;1(1):1-24.