Abstract
Objective: The aim of this research is to determine the attitudes and behaviors of the society towards women illicit substance use and to examine the relationship between these attitudes and sociodemographic variables.
Method: The population aged 18 and over was included in the study, which was carried out in a cross-sectional type with a quantitative method. In addition to sociodemographic questions, a questionnaire about attitudes towards women using addictive substances and the Attitudes and Behaviors Scale for Individuals Using Addictive Substances (BYMT) were used. The study was conducted online with 410 people reached through Google Forms and of the participants were 50% female and 50% male.
Results: Men have more negative attitudes and thoughts towards women who use illegal substances, negative attitudes decrease as the level of education increases, and people living in villages or towns until they reach the age of 18 have higher negative attitudes than people living in the province. In addition, participants who have negative attitudes towards individuals who use illegal substances are more likely to agree that women using illegal substances deserve violence, they are difficult to be treated, and men's use of illegal substances is more acceptable.
Conclusion: Stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors towards female addicts may reduce the visibility of women in the field of substance use and adversely affect the process of applying for treatment. The implementation of community-based studies and psychosocial treatment processes that consider gender differences will support the struggle against substance addiction.
Keywords
References
- Mushtaq S, Mendes V, Nikolaou V, Luty J. Analysis of the possible components of stigmatised attitudes towards depression and heroin dependence. J Subst Use 2015; 20(6): 399-406.
- Bookel L, Brouwers E, Weeghel J, Garretsen H. Comparing stigmatising attitudes towads people with substance use disorders between the general public, GPs, mental health and addiction specialists and clients. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2015; 61(6): 539-549.
- Ronzani T, Higgins Biddle J, Furtado E. Stigmatization of alcohol and other drug users by primary care providers in Southeast Brazil. Soc Sci Med 2009; 69(7): 1080-1084.
- Yang L, Wong LY, Grivel MM, Hasin DS. Stigma and substance use disorders: an international phenomenon. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2017; 30(5): 378-388.
- Corrigan PW, Kuwabara SA, O'Shaughnessy J. The public stigma of mental illness and drug addiction: Findings from a stratified random sample. J Soc Work 2009; 9(2): 139-147.
- Brener L, von Hippel W, von Hippel C, et al. Perceptions of discriminatory treatment by staff as predictors of drug treatment completion: utility of a mixed methods approach. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010; 29(5): 491–497.
- Becker, JB, McClellan M, Reed G. Sociocultural context for sex differences in addiction. Addict Biol 2016; 21(5): 1052-1059.
- Otiashvili D, Kirtadze I, O'Grady KE. Access to treatment for substance-using women in the Republic of Georgia: Socio-cultural and structural barriers. Int J Drug Policy 2013; 24(6): 566-572.
- Lloyd C. Sinning and Sinned Against: The Stigmatisation of Problem Drug Users. London: UK Drug Policy Commission. Policy Report, 2010.
- Stringer KL, Baker EH. Stigma as a barrier to subtance abuse treatment among those with unmet need: an analysis of parenthood and marital status. J Fam Issues 2018; 39(1): 3-27.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Substance Abuse Treatment and Care For Women: Case Studies And Lessons Learned. New York: United Nations, 2004. .
- Peralta RL, Jauk D. A brief feminist review and critique of the sociology of alcohol-use and substance-abuse treatment approaches. Sociol Compass 2011; 5(10): 882-897.
- Genç S, Mihmanlı V. Madde bağımlılığı ve gebelik. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi 2014; 30(Suppl 2): 120-123.
- İzci F, Bilici R. Gebelerde madde kullanımı: görülme sıklığı ve etkileri. Bağımlılık Dergisi 2015; 16(1): 26-34.
- Koçak D, Hotun Şahin N, Büyükkayacı Duman N. Alkol ve sigara bağımlılığı, kadın sağlığına etkileri ve hemşirelik girişimleri. Literatür Sempozyum Dergisi 2015; 1(5): 43-47.
- Altıntoprak E, Annette Akgür S, Yüncü Z, et al. Kadınlarda alkol kullanımı ve buna bağlı sorunlar. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2008; 19(2): 197-208.
- Şaşman Kaylı D, Yılmaz G, İyilikçi O. Toplumun bağımlılık yapıcı madde kullanan bireylere yönelik tutum ve davranışları üzerine ölçek çalışması. Bağımlılık Dergisi 2020; 21(2): 115-128.
- Radcliffe P, Stevens A. Are drug treatment services only for ‘thieving junkie scumbags’? Drug users and the management of stigmatized identities. Soc Sci Med 2008; 67(7):1065–1073.
- Boeri MW. Women on Ice: Methamphetamine Use among Suburban Women. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2013.
- Luck PA, Elifson KW, Sterk CE. Female drug users and the welfare system: a qualitative exploration. Drugs (Abingdon Engl) 2004; 11(2): 113–128.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA). Substance Abuse Treatment: Addressing the Specific Needs of Women, A Treatment Improvement Protocol. Rockville: SAMSHA, 2009.
- Wincup E. Women as vulnerable subjects: A gendered reading of the English and Irish drug strategies. Addict Behav 2019; 98: 105995.
- McQuaid R, Dell C. Life in recovery from addiction in Canada: Examining gender pathways with a focus on the female experience. Alcohol Treat Q 2018; 36(1): 499-516.
- Smith CL, Waters SF, Spellacy D, et al. Substance use and mental health in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2022; 40(5): 465-478.
- Barnett ER, Knight E, Herman RJ, et al. Difficult binds: A systematic review of facilitators and barriers to treatment among mothers with substance use disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 126: 108341.
- Grant TM, Graham C, Carlini BH, et al. Use of marijuana and other substances among pregnant and parenting women with substance use disorders: changes in Washington State after marijuana legalization. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79(1): 88-95.
- Hakansson U, Söderström K, Watten R, et al. Parental reflective functioning and executive functioning in mothers with substance use disorder. Attach Hum Dev 2018; 20(2): 181-207.
- Berlin LJ, Shanahan M, Appleyard Carmody K. Promoting supportive parenting in new motherss with substance-use problems: a pilot randomized trial of residential treatment plus an attachment-based parenting problem. Infant Ment Health J 2014; 35(1): 81-85.
- Kuo C, Schonbrun YC, Zlotnick C, Bates N, et al. A qualitative study of treatment needs among pregnant and pospartum women with substance use and depression. Subst Use Misuse 2013; 48(14): 1498-1508.
- Terplan M, Kennedy Hendricks A, Chisolm MS. Prenatal substance use: exploring assumptions of maternal unfitness. Subst Abuse 2015; 9(Suppl 2): 1-4.
- Lee N, Boeri M. Managing Stigma: Women Drug Users and Recovery Services. Fusio 2017; 1(2): 65-94.
- Yılbaş B, Gönültaş MB. Bağımlılık merkezinde ve diğer hastane birimlerinde çalışan bir grup sağlık profesyonelinin madde bağımlılarına yönelik algıları. Cukurova Medical Journal 2021; 46(3): 990-997.
- Toronto Drug Strategy Implementation Panel. Stigma, Discrimination and Substance Use: Experiences of People Who Use Alcohol and Other Drug in Toronto. Toronto: Toronto Drug Strategy Implementation Panel, 2010.
- Luty J, Umoh O, Nuamah F. Effect of brief motivational interviewing on stigmatised attitudes towards mental illness. Psychiatr Bull 2009; 33(6): 212–214.
- Luty J, Rao H, Arokiadass SMR. The repentant sinner: methods to reduce stigmatised attitudes towards mental illness. Psychiatr Bull 2008; 32(9): 327–332.
- Crapanzano K, Vath RJ, Fisher D. Reducing stigma towards substance users through an educational intervention: harder than it looks. Acad Psychiatry 2014; 38(4): 420-425.
- Castro de Oliveira M, Martins LF, Richter K, Ronzani TM. Evaluation of an intervention to reduce health professional stigma toward drug users: A pilot study. J Nurs Educ Pract 2013; 3(5): 138-148.
Abstract
Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, toplumun yasa dışı bağımlılık yapıcı madde kullanan kadınlara yönelik tutum ve davranışlarını tespit etmek ve bu tutumların sosyodemografik değişkenlerle ilişkisini incelemektir.
Yöntem: Nicel yöntemle kesitsel türde gerçekleştirilmiş olan çalışmaya 18 yaş ve üzeri nüfus dahil edilmiştir. Araştırmada, sosyodemografik soruların yanı sıra literatür desteğiyle oluşturulmuş bağımlılık yapıcı madde kullanan kadınlara yönelik tutumları ele alan soru formu ve Bağımlılık Yapıcı Madde Kullanan Bireylere Yönelik Tutum ve Davranışlar Ölçeği (BYMT) kullanılmıştır. Çalışma Google Forms aracılığıyla ulaşılan 410 kişiyle online olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir ve katılımcıların %50’si kadın %50’si erkektir.
Bulgular: Yasa dışı madde kullanan kadınlara yönelik erkeklerin daha fazla olumsuz tutum ve düşünceye sahip olduğu, eğitim düzeyi yükseldikçe olumsuz tutumların azaldığı ve 18 yaşına gelene kadar köyde veya ilçede yaşayan kişilerin ilde yaşayan kişilere kıyasla olumsuz tutumlarının daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yasa dışı madde kullanan bireylere yönelik olumsuz tutumlar arttıkça katılımcıların, yasa dışı madde kullanan kadınlar şiddeti hak eder, tedavi olmaları zordur, erkeklerin yasa dışı madde kullanımı daha kabul edilebilirdir düşüncelerine katılma düzeyleri de artmaktadır.
Sonuç: Kadın bağımlılara yönelik damgalayıcı tutum ve davranışların, madde kullanım alanında kadınların görünürlüğünü azaltıp kadınların tedaviye başvurma süreçlerini olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Toplum temelli çalışmaların ve cinsiyet farklılıklarını göz önünde bulunduran psikososyal tedavi süreçlerin uygulanmasının madde bağımlılığı ile mücadeleye destek sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Keywords
References
- Mushtaq S, Mendes V, Nikolaou V, Luty J. Analysis of the possible components of stigmatised attitudes towards depression and heroin dependence. J Subst Use 2015; 20(6): 399-406.
- Bookel L, Brouwers E, Weeghel J, Garretsen H. Comparing stigmatising attitudes towads people with substance use disorders between the general public, GPs, mental health and addiction specialists and clients. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2015; 61(6): 539-549.
- Ronzani T, Higgins Biddle J, Furtado E. Stigmatization of alcohol and other drug users by primary care providers in Southeast Brazil. Soc Sci Med 2009; 69(7): 1080-1084.
- Yang L, Wong LY, Grivel MM, Hasin DS. Stigma and substance use disorders: an international phenomenon. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2017; 30(5): 378-388.
- Corrigan PW, Kuwabara SA, O'Shaughnessy J. The public stigma of mental illness and drug addiction: Findings from a stratified random sample. J Soc Work 2009; 9(2): 139-147.
- Brener L, von Hippel W, von Hippel C, et al. Perceptions of discriminatory treatment by staff as predictors of drug treatment completion: utility of a mixed methods approach. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010; 29(5): 491–497.
- Becker, JB, McClellan M, Reed G. Sociocultural context for sex differences in addiction. Addict Biol 2016; 21(5): 1052-1059.
- Otiashvili D, Kirtadze I, O'Grady KE. Access to treatment for substance-using women in the Republic of Georgia: Socio-cultural and structural barriers. Int J Drug Policy 2013; 24(6): 566-572.
- Lloyd C. Sinning and Sinned Against: The Stigmatisation of Problem Drug Users. London: UK Drug Policy Commission. Policy Report, 2010.
- Stringer KL, Baker EH. Stigma as a barrier to subtance abuse treatment among those with unmet need: an analysis of parenthood and marital status. J Fam Issues 2018; 39(1): 3-27.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Substance Abuse Treatment and Care For Women: Case Studies And Lessons Learned. New York: United Nations, 2004. .
- Peralta RL, Jauk D. A brief feminist review and critique of the sociology of alcohol-use and substance-abuse treatment approaches. Sociol Compass 2011; 5(10): 882-897.
- Genç S, Mihmanlı V. Madde bağımlılığı ve gebelik. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi 2014; 30(Suppl 2): 120-123.
- İzci F, Bilici R. Gebelerde madde kullanımı: görülme sıklığı ve etkileri. Bağımlılık Dergisi 2015; 16(1): 26-34.
- Koçak D, Hotun Şahin N, Büyükkayacı Duman N. Alkol ve sigara bağımlılığı, kadın sağlığına etkileri ve hemşirelik girişimleri. Literatür Sempozyum Dergisi 2015; 1(5): 43-47.
- Altıntoprak E, Annette Akgür S, Yüncü Z, et al. Kadınlarda alkol kullanımı ve buna bağlı sorunlar. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2008; 19(2): 197-208.
- Şaşman Kaylı D, Yılmaz G, İyilikçi O. Toplumun bağımlılık yapıcı madde kullanan bireylere yönelik tutum ve davranışları üzerine ölçek çalışması. Bağımlılık Dergisi 2020; 21(2): 115-128.
- Radcliffe P, Stevens A. Are drug treatment services only for ‘thieving junkie scumbags’? Drug users and the management of stigmatized identities. Soc Sci Med 2008; 67(7):1065–1073.
- Boeri MW. Women on Ice: Methamphetamine Use among Suburban Women. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2013.
- Luck PA, Elifson KW, Sterk CE. Female drug users and the welfare system: a qualitative exploration. Drugs (Abingdon Engl) 2004; 11(2): 113–128.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA). Substance Abuse Treatment: Addressing the Specific Needs of Women, A Treatment Improvement Protocol. Rockville: SAMSHA, 2009.
- Wincup E. Women as vulnerable subjects: A gendered reading of the English and Irish drug strategies. Addict Behav 2019; 98: 105995.
- McQuaid R, Dell C. Life in recovery from addiction in Canada: Examining gender pathways with a focus on the female experience. Alcohol Treat Q 2018; 36(1): 499-516.
- Smith CL, Waters SF, Spellacy D, et al. Substance use and mental health in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2022; 40(5): 465-478.
- Barnett ER, Knight E, Herman RJ, et al. Difficult binds: A systematic review of facilitators and barriers to treatment among mothers with substance use disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 126: 108341.
- Grant TM, Graham C, Carlini BH, et al. Use of marijuana and other substances among pregnant and parenting women with substance use disorders: changes in Washington State after marijuana legalization. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79(1): 88-95.
- Hakansson U, Söderström K, Watten R, et al. Parental reflective functioning and executive functioning in mothers with substance use disorder. Attach Hum Dev 2018; 20(2): 181-207.
- Berlin LJ, Shanahan M, Appleyard Carmody K. Promoting supportive parenting in new motherss with substance-use problems: a pilot randomized trial of residential treatment plus an attachment-based parenting problem. Infant Ment Health J 2014; 35(1): 81-85.
- Kuo C, Schonbrun YC, Zlotnick C, Bates N, et al. A qualitative study of treatment needs among pregnant and pospartum women with substance use and depression. Subst Use Misuse 2013; 48(14): 1498-1508.
- Terplan M, Kennedy Hendricks A, Chisolm MS. Prenatal substance use: exploring assumptions of maternal unfitness. Subst Abuse 2015; 9(Suppl 2): 1-4.
- Lee N, Boeri M. Managing Stigma: Women Drug Users and Recovery Services. Fusio 2017; 1(2): 65-94.
- Yılbaş B, Gönültaş MB. Bağımlılık merkezinde ve diğer hastane birimlerinde çalışan bir grup sağlık profesyonelinin madde bağımlılarına yönelik algıları. Cukurova Medical Journal 2021; 46(3): 990-997.
- Toronto Drug Strategy Implementation Panel. Stigma, Discrimination and Substance Use: Experiences of People Who Use Alcohol and Other Drug in Toronto. Toronto: Toronto Drug Strategy Implementation Panel, 2010.
- Luty J, Umoh O, Nuamah F. Effect of brief motivational interviewing on stigmatised attitudes towards mental illness. Psychiatr Bull 2009; 33(6): 212–214.
- Luty J, Rao H, Arokiadass SMR. The repentant sinner: methods to reduce stigmatised attitudes towards mental illness. Psychiatr Bull 2008; 32(9): 327–332.
- Crapanzano K, Vath RJ, Fisher D. Reducing stigma towards substance users through an educational intervention: harder than it looks. Acad Psychiatry 2014; 38(4): 420-425.
- Castro de Oliveira M, Martins LF, Richter K, Ronzani TM. Evaluation of an intervention to reduce health professional stigma toward drug users: A pilot study. J Nurs Educ Pract 2013; 3(5): 138-148.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Subtance Abuse |
| Journal Section | Research |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 29, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | March 11, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 24 Issue: 4 |
Cited By
Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence