Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 371 - 379, 31.03.2023

Sakineh M. Kohnehsharhı Yavuz Demir

https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1092217

Abstract

Supporting Institution

Atatürk Üniversitesi

Project Number

2013-325

References

  • Agarwal S & Pandey V (2004). Antioxidant enzyme responses to NaCl stress in Cassia angustifolia. Biologia Plantarum 48(4): 555-560. doi.org/10.1023/B: BIOP.0000047152.07878.e7
  • Aghaleh M, Niknam V, Ebrahimzadeh H & Razavi K (2011). Effect of salt stress on physiological and antioxidative responses in two species of Salicornia (S. persica and S. europaea). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33: 1261-1270. doi.org/10.1007/s11738-010-0656-x
  • Anjum N A, Sofo A, Scopa A, Roychoudhury A, Gill S S, Iqbal M, Lukatkin A S, Pereira E, Duarte A C & Ahmad I (2015). Lipids and proteins-major targets of oxidative modifications in abiotic stressed plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22(6): 4099-4121. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3917-1
  • Balal R M, Shahid M A, Javaid M M, Iqbal Z, Liu G D, Zotarelli L & Khan N (2017). Chitosan alleviates phytotoxicity caused by boron through augmented polyamine metabolism and antioxidant activities and reduced boron concentration in Cucumis sativus L. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 39(31): 1-15. doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2335-z
  • Bates L S, Waldren R P & Teare I D (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil 39: 205-207. doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
  • Cervilla L M, Blasco B, Rios J J, Rosales M A, Sanchez-Rodriguez E, Rubio-Wilhelmi M M, Romero L & Ruiz J M (2012). Parameters symptomatic for boron toxicity in leaves of tomato plants. Journal of Botany 2012. doi.org/10.1155/2012/726206
  • Cervilla L M, Blasco B, Ríos J J, Romero L & Ruiz J M (2007). Oxidative stress and antioxidants in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants subjected to boron toxicity. Ann Bot 100(4): 747-756. doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm156
  • Catav S S, Koskeroglu S & Tuna A L (2022). Selenium supplementation mitigates boron toxicity induced growth inhibition and oxidative damage in pepper plants. South African Journal of Botany 146: 375-382. doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.11.013
  • Çapar G, Dilcan C C, Akşit C, Arslan S, Çelik M & Kodal S (2016). Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality in Gölbaşı District. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 22(3): 408-421. doi.org/10.1501/Tarimbil_0000001399
  • Dewanto V, Wu X, Adom K K & Liu R H (2002). Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 50(10): 3010-3014. doi.org/10.1021/jf0115589
  • El-Shazoly R M, Metwally A A & Hamada A M (2019). Salicylic acid or thiamin increases tolerance to boron toxicity stress in wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition 42(7): 702-722. doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1549670
  • Elstner E F & Heupel A (1976). Inhibition of nitrate formation from hydroxylammonium chloride: A simple assay for superoxide dismutase. Analytical Biochemistry 70(2): 616-620. doi.org/:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90488-7
  • Eraslan F, Inal A, Gunes A & Alpaslan M (2007). Boron Toxicity Alters Nitrate Reductase Activity, Proline Accumulation, Membrane Permeability, and Mineral Constituents of Tomato and Pepper Plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 30(6): 981-994. doi.org/10.1080/15226510701373221
  • Foyer C H & Noctor G (2011). Ascorbate and glutathione: the heart of the redox hub. Plant Physiol 155(1): 2-18. doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.167569
  • Gong Y, Toivonen P M A, Lau O L & Wiersma P A (2001). Antioxidant system level in ‘Braeburn’ apple in related to its browning disorder. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 42: 259-264.
  • Griffith O W (1980). Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide using glutathione reductase and 2-vinylpyridine. Anal Biochem 106(1): 207-212. doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(80)90139-6
  • Hasanuzzaman M, Borhannuddin Bhuyan M H M, Anee T I, Parvin K, Nahar K, Al Mahmud J & Fujita M (2019). Regulation of Ascorbate-Glutathione Pathway in Mitigating Oxidative Damage in Plants under Abiotic Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 8(9): 384. doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090384
  • Hayat S, Hayat Q, Alyemeni M N, Wani A S, Pichtel J & Ahmad A (2012). Role of proline under changing environments. Plant Signaling & Behavior 7(11): 1456-1466. doi.org/10.4161/psb.21949
  • Hong Z, Lakkineni K, Zhang Z & Verma D P (2000). Removal of feedback inhibition of delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase results in increased proline accumulation and protection of plants from osmotic stress. Plant Physiol 122(4): 1129-1136. doi.org/10.1104/pp.122.4.1129
  • Jozefczak M, Remans T, Vangronsveld J & Cuypers A (2012). Glutathione is a Key Player in Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress Defenses. Int J Mol Sci 13(3): 3145-3175. doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033145
  • Khan M S, Ahmad D & Khan M A (2015). Utilization of genes encoding osmoprotectants in transgenic plants for enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 18(4): 257-266. doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.04.002
  • Landi M, Pardossi A, Remorini D & Guidi L (2013). Antioxidant and photosynthetic response of a purple-leaved and a green-leaved cultivar of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) to boron excess. Environmental and Experimental Botany 85: 64-75. doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.08.008
  • Loreto F & Velikova V (2001). Isoprene produced by leaves protects the photosynthetic apparatus against ozone damage, quenches ozone products, and reduces lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. Plant Physiology 127(4): 1781-1787. doi.org/10.1104/pp.010497
  • Lu Y B, Yang L T, Li Y, Xu J, Liao T T, Chen Y B & Chen L S (2014). Effects of boron deficiency on major metabolites, key enzymes and gas exchange in leaves and roots of Citrus sinensis seedlings. Tree Physiology 34(6): 608-618. doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpu047
  • Marschner H (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 2nd edn. San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Mittler R (2002). Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 7(9): 405-410. doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02312-9
  • Mishra S & Heckathorn S (2016). Boron stress and plant carbon and nitrogen relations. In: Lüttge U, Cánovas FM, Matyssek R (eds) Progress in botany, vol 77. Springer International Publishing, New York. pp. 333-355. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25688-7_11
  • Molassiotis A, Sotiropoulos T, Tanou G, Diamantidis G & Therious I (2006). Boron- induced oxidative damage and antioxidant and nucleolytic responses in shoot tips culture of apple rootstock EM 9 (Malus domestica Borkh). Environmental and Experimental Botany 56(1): 54-62. doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.01.002
  • Mukherjee S P & Choudhuri M A (1983). Implications of water stress-induced changes in the levels of endogenous ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide in Vigna seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum 58(2): 166-170. doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1983.tb04162.x
  • Nable R O, Banuelos G S & Paull J G (1997). Boron toxicity. Plant and Soil 193: 181-198.
  • Nakano Y & Asada K (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology 22(5): 867-880. doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076232
  • Oluk E A, Acar O, Demirbas S, Duran H, Atik E & Gorkem H N (2012). Alterations in antioxidative enzyme activities caused by boron toxicity in two tomato culture varieties. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 21: 290-294.
  • Ruiz J M, Rivero R M & Romero L (2003). Preliminary studies on the involvement of biosynthesis of cysteine and glutathione in the resistance to B toxicity in sunflower plants. Plant Science 165(4): 811-817. doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00276-0
  • Seth K & Aery N C (2017). Boron induced changes in biochemical constituents, enzymatic activities, and growth performance of wheat. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 39(11): 244. doi.org/10.1007/s11738-017-2541-3
  • Silva P F N, Lobato E M S G, Souza P R, Santos H J M, Braga R O, Moura A S & Lobato A K S (2016). Proline but not Glutathione Actively Participates in the Tolerance Mechanism of Young Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum Plants Exposed to Boron Toxicity. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 44(1): 215-221. doi.org/10.15835/nbha44110102
  • Wang J Z, Tao S T, Qi K J, Wu J, Wu H Q & Zhang S L (2011). Changes in photosynthetic properties and antioxidative system of pear leaves to boron toxicity. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(85): 19693-19700.
  • Witham F H, Blaydes D F & Devlin R M (1971). Experiments in plant physiology, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA. pp 167-200.
  • Xia X J, Huang L F, Zhou Y H, Mao W H, Shi K, Wu J X, Asami T, Chen Z & Yu J Q (2009) Brassinosteroids promote photosynthesis and growth by enhancing activation of Rubisco and expression of photosynthetic genes in Cucumis sativus. Planta 230(6): 1185-1196. doi.org/10.1007/s00425-009-1016-1
  • Xiong L & Zhu J K (2002). Molecular and genetic aspects of plant response to osmotic stress. Plant Cell Environ 25(2): 131-139. doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00782.x
  • Yadav S K (2010). Heavy metals toxicity in plants: An overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. South African Journal of Botany 76(2): 167-179. doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.10.007
  • Yau S K & Ryan J (2008). Boron toxicity tolerance in crops: a viable alternative to soil amelioration. Crop Science 48(3): 854-865. doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2007.10.0539
  • Yee Y, Tam N F Y, Wong Y S & Lu C Y (2002). Growth and physiological responses of two mangrove species (Bruguira gymnorrhiza and Kandelia candel) to waterlogging. Environmental and Experimental Botany 49(3):209-221 doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00071-0
  • Zechmann B (2014). Compartment-specific importance of glutathione during abiotic and biotic stress. Front Plant Sci 5: 566. doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00566

Glutathione and Proline Attenuates Injury Induced by Boron Toxicity in Wheat

Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 371 - 379, 31.03.2023

Sakineh M. Kohnehsharhı Yavuz Demir

https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1092217

Abstract

Given the increasing importance of boron (B) toxicity, the present study investigates the roles of glutathione (20 mM, GSH) and proline (20 mM) in the improvement of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Altındane) resistance to B toxicity (10 mM B). The plants were raised in hydroponic culture with control, B toxicity, B+glutathione, B+proline, glutathione and proline. B+glutathione and B+proline resisted the detrimental influences of B toxicity on the root and shoot lengths, the total chlorophyll, and phenolic contents. B toxicity increased superoxide radicals (O2.-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and proline contents while B+glutathione and B+proline applications diminished the mentioned parameters with the exception of the proline content. Individual B toxicity and combined B+glutathione and B+proline applications increased generally total ascorbic acid and glutathione levels in the wheat while the B+proline application decreased GSH content. The B toxicity decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities in compared with control with the exception of the ascorbate peroxidase activity. Exogenous glutathione and proline augmented all enzyme activities in the wheat exposed to B toxicity. As a result, it can be suggested that glutathione and proline mitigates B toxicity; by preventing oxidative damage in the membrane, by increasing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant and by decreasing O2.-, H2O2, and MDA contents. Glutathione is generally more effective than proline in mitigating the above detrimental effects of B toxicity. The datum submitted in the current work are significant and the first to indicate that effects of exogenous glutathione and proline in improving a culture plant strength to B toxicity.

Keywords

Antioxidants B toxicity Glutathione Proline Wheat

Project Number

2013-325

References

  • Agarwal S & Pandey V (2004). Antioxidant enzyme responses to NaCl stress in Cassia angustifolia. Biologia Plantarum 48(4): 555-560. doi.org/10.1023/B: BIOP.0000047152.07878.e7
  • Aghaleh M, Niknam V, Ebrahimzadeh H & Razavi K (2011). Effect of salt stress on physiological and antioxidative responses in two species of Salicornia (S. persica and S. europaea). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33: 1261-1270. doi.org/10.1007/s11738-010-0656-x
  • Anjum N A, Sofo A, Scopa A, Roychoudhury A, Gill S S, Iqbal M, Lukatkin A S, Pereira E, Duarte A C & Ahmad I (2015). Lipids and proteins-major targets of oxidative modifications in abiotic stressed plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22(6): 4099-4121. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3917-1
  • Balal R M, Shahid M A, Javaid M M, Iqbal Z, Liu G D, Zotarelli L & Khan N (2017). Chitosan alleviates phytotoxicity caused by boron through augmented polyamine metabolism and antioxidant activities and reduced boron concentration in Cucumis sativus L. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 39(31): 1-15. doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2335-z
  • Bates L S, Waldren R P & Teare I D (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil 39: 205-207. doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
  • Cervilla L M, Blasco B, Rios J J, Rosales M A, Sanchez-Rodriguez E, Rubio-Wilhelmi M M, Romero L & Ruiz J M (2012). Parameters symptomatic for boron toxicity in leaves of tomato plants. Journal of Botany 2012. doi.org/10.1155/2012/726206
  • Cervilla L M, Blasco B, Ríos J J, Romero L & Ruiz J M (2007). Oxidative stress and antioxidants in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants subjected to boron toxicity. Ann Bot 100(4): 747-756. doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm156
  • Catav S S, Koskeroglu S & Tuna A L (2022). Selenium supplementation mitigates boron toxicity induced growth inhibition and oxidative damage in pepper plants. South African Journal of Botany 146: 375-382. doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.11.013
  • Çapar G, Dilcan C C, Akşit C, Arslan S, Çelik M & Kodal S (2016). Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality in Gölbaşı District. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 22(3): 408-421. doi.org/10.1501/Tarimbil_0000001399
  • Dewanto V, Wu X, Adom K K & Liu R H (2002). Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 50(10): 3010-3014. doi.org/10.1021/jf0115589
  • El-Shazoly R M, Metwally A A & Hamada A M (2019). Salicylic acid or thiamin increases tolerance to boron toxicity stress in wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition 42(7): 702-722. doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1549670
  • Elstner E F & Heupel A (1976). Inhibition of nitrate formation from hydroxylammonium chloride: A simple assay for superoxide dismutase. Analytical Biochemistry 70(2): 616-620. doi.org/:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90488-7
  • Eraslan F, Inal A, Gunes A & Alpaslan M (2007). Boron Toxicity Alters Nitrate Reductase Activity, Proline Accumulation, Membrane Permeability, and Mineral Constituents of Tomato and Pepper Plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 30(6): 981-994. doi.org/10.1080/15226510701373221
  • Foyer C H & Noctor G (2011). Ascorbate and glutathione: the heart of the redox hub. Plant Physiol 155(1): 2-18. doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.167569
  • Gong Y, Toivonen P M A, Lau O L & Wiersma P A (2001). Antioxidant system level in ‘Braeburn’ apple in related to its browning disorder. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 42: 259-264.
  • Griffith O W (1980). Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide using glutathione reductase and 2-vinylpyridine. Anal Biochem 106(1): 207-212. doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(80)90139-6
  • Hasanuzzaman M, Borhannuddin Bhuyan M H M, Anee T I, Parvin K, Nahar K, Al Mahmud J & Fujita M (2019). Regulation of Ascorbate-Glutathione Pathway in Mitigating Oxidative Damage in Plants under Abiotic Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 8(9): 384. doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090384
  • Hayat S, Hayat Q, Alyemeni M N, Wani A S, Pichtel J & Ahmad A (2012). Role of proline under changing environments. Plant Signaling & Behavior 7(11): 1456-1466. doi.org/10.4161/psb.21949
  • Hong Z, Lakkineni K, Zhang Z & Verma D P (2000). Removal of feedback inhibition of delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase results in increased proline accumulation and protection of plants from osmotic stress. Plant Physiol 122(4): 1129-1136. doi.org/10.1104/pp.122.4.1129
  • Jozefczak M, Remans T, Vangronsveld J & Cuypers A (2012). Glutathione is a Key Player in Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress Defenses. Int J Mol Sci 13(3): 3145-3175. doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033145
  • Khan M S, Ahmad D & Khan M A (2015). Utilization of genes encoding osmoprotectants in transgenic plants for enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 18(4): 257-266. doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.04.002
  • Landi M, Pardossi A, Remorini D & Guidi L (2013). Antioxidant and photosynthetic response of a purple-leaved and a green-leaved cultivar of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) to boron excess. Environmental and Experimental Botany 85: 64-75. doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.08.008
  • Loreto F & Velikova V (2001). Isoprene produced by leaves protects the photosynthetic apparatus against ozone damage, quenches ozone products, and reduces lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. Plant Physiology 127(4): 1781-1787. doi.org/10.1104/pp.010497
  • Lu Y B, Yang L T, Li Y, Xu J, Liao T T, Chen Y B & Chen L S (2014). Effects of boron deficiency on major metabolites, key enzymes and gas exchange in leaves and roots of Citrus sinensis seedlings. Tree Physiology 34(6): 608-618. doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpu047
  • Marschner H (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 2nd edn. San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Mittler R (2002). Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 7(9): 405-410. doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02312-9
  • Mishra S & Heckathorn S (2016). Boron stress and plant carbon and nitrogen relations. In: Lüttge U, Cánovas FM, Matyssek R (eds) Progress in botany, vol 77. Springer International Publishing, New York. pp. 333-355. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25688-7_11
  • Molassiotis A, Sotiropoulos T, Tanou G, Diamantidis G & Therious I (2006). Boron- induced oxidative damage and antioxidant and nucleolytic responses in shoot tips culture of apple rootstock EM 9 (Malus domestica Borkh). Environmental and Experimental Botany 56(1): 54-62. doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.01.002
  • Mukherjee S P & Choudhuri M A (1983). Implications of water stress-induced changes in the levels of endogenous ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide in Vigna seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum 58(2): 166-170. doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1983.tb04162.x
  • Nable R O, Banuelos G S & Paull J G (1997). Boron toxicity. Plant and Soil 193: 181-198.
  • Nakano Y & Asada K (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology 22(5): 867-880. doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076232
  • Oluk E A, Acar O, Demirbas S, Duran H, Atik E & Gorkem H N (2012). Alterations in antioxidative enzyme activities caused by boron toxicity in two tomato culture varieties. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 21: 290-294.
  • Ruiz J M, Rivero R M & Romero L (2003). Preliminary studies on the involvement of biosynthesis of cysteine and glutathione in the resistance to B toxicity in sunflower plants. Plant Science 165(4): 811-817. doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00276-0
  • Seth K & Aery N C (2017). Boron induced changes in biochemical constituents, enzymatic activities, and growth performance of wheat. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 39(11): 244. doi.org/10.1007/s11738-017-2541-3
  • Silva P F N, Lobato E M S G, Souza P R, Santos H J M, Braga R O, Moura A S & Lobato A K S (2016). Proline but not Glutathione Actively Participates in the Tolerance Mechanism of Young Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum Plants Exposed to Boron Toxicity. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 44(1): 215-221. doi.org/10.15835/nbha44110102
  • Wang J Z, Tao S T, Qi K J, Wu J, Wu H Q & Zhang S L (2011). Changes in photosynthetic properties and antioxidative system of pear leaves to boron toxicity. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(85): 19693-19700.
  • Witham F H, Blaydes D F & Devlin R M (1971). Experiments in plant physiology, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA. pp 167-200.
  • Xia X J, Huang L F, Zhou Y H, Mao W H, Shi K, Wu J X, Asami T, Chen Z & Yu J Q (2009) Brassinosteroids promote photosynthesis and growth by enhancing activation of Rubisco and expression of photosynthetic genes in Cucumis sativus. Planta 230(6): 1185-1196. doi.org/10.1007/s00425-009-1016-1
  • Xiong L & Zhu J K (2002). Molecular and genetic aspects of plant response to osmotic stress. Plant Cell Environ 25(2): 131-139. doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00782.x
  • Yadav S K (2010). Heavy metals toxicity in plants: An overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. South African Journal of Botany 76(2): 167-179. doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.10.007
  • Yau S K & Ryan J (2008). Boron toxicity tolerance in crops: a viable alternative to soil amelioration. Crop Science 48(3): 854-865. doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2007.10.0539
  • Yee Y, Tam N F Y, Wong Y S & Lu C Y (2002). Growth and physiological responses of two mangrove species (Bruguira gymnorrhiza and Kandelia candel) to waterlogging. Environmental and Experimental Botany 49(3):209-221 doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00071-0
  • Zechmann B (2014). Compartment-specific importance of glutathione during abiotic and biotic stress. Front Plant Sci 5: 566. doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00566
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sakineh M. Kohnehsharhı This is me 0000-0002-4307-3547

Yavuz Demir 0000-0003-4302-0143

Project Number 2013-325
Publication Date March 31, 2023
Submission Date March 23, 2022
Acceptance Date July 20, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 29 Issue: 2

Cite

APA M. Kohnehsharhı, S., & Demir, Y. (2023). Glutathione and Proline Attenuates Injury Induced by Boron Toxicity in Wheat. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(2), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1092217
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