Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Effect of Brochure and Virtual Reality Goggles on Purchasing Intention in Destination Marketing

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 313 - 340, 01.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.784131

Abstract

The aim of this research is to reveal the effects of brochures and virtual reality, which are among the promotional tools in destination marketing, on the purchasing intention and compare the results of these two promotional tools. The theoretical background of the research was established within the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). 120 potential tourists living in Eskişehir who intend to go on holiday, have been reached during the implementation phase of the research. Two questionnaires, i.e. the brochure involvement and virtual reality involvement questionnaires, were obtained from the participants. The data were analyzed through Smart PLS v.3.2.7. Research findings demonstrate that virtual reality is more successful in the perceived service quality and product attitude development. However, the effect of the brochure on the development of advertising attitudes is higher. Some suggestions are presented in line with the results of the research.

Supporting Institution

Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Scientific Research Projects Unit

Project Number

201725049

References

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
  • Ali, F., Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Ryu, K. (2018). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in hospitality research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(1), 514-538.
  • Altunışık, R., Özdemir, Ş., & Torlak, Ö. (2001). Modern pazarlama. İstanbul: Değişim Yayınları.
  • Andereck, K., & Caldwell, L. L. (1994). The influence of tourists’ characteristics on ratings of information sources for an attraction. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2(2-3), 171-190.
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
  • Anderson, P. L., Rothbaum, B. O., & Hodges, L. (2001). Virtual reality: Using the virtual world to improve quality of life in the real world. Bulletin of The Menninger Clinic, 65(1), 78- 91.
  • Anderson, W. E., Fornell, C., & Lehmann, D. R. (1994). Customer satisfaction, market share and profitability: findings from Sweden. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 53-66.
  • Ang, S. H., & Lim, E. A. C. (2006). The influence of metaphors and product type on brand personality perceptions and attitudes. Journal of Advertising, 35(2), 39-53.
  • Arat, T., & Baltacıoğlu, S. (2016). Sanal gerçeklik ve turizm. Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 19(1), 103-118.
  • Aronson-Rath, R., Milward, J., Owen, T., & Pitt, F. (2015). Virtual reality journalism. A Reseach Project By the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University. A Report, P.12.
  • Ausburn, L. J., & Ausburn, F. B. (2004). Desktop virtual reality: A powerful new technology for teaching and research in industrial teacher education. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 41(4), 1-16.
  • Băltescu, C. A. (2019). Do we still use tourism brochures in taking the decision to purchase tourism products? Annals of 'Constantin Brancusi' University of Targu-Jiu. Economy Series, 6, 110-115.
  • Barnes, S. J. (2016). Understanding virtual reality in marketing: Nature, implications and potential (November 3, 2016). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2909100
  • Bethapudi, A. (2013). The role of ICT in tourism industry. Journal of Applied Economics and Business, 1(4), 67-79.
  • Bigné, J. E., Andreu, L., & Gnoth, J. (2005). The theme park experience: An analysis of pleasure, arousal and satisfaction. Tourism Management, 26(6), 833–844.
  • Bilim, Y. (2010). Turizm pazarlamasında görsel ve yazılı tanıtım materyali içeriğinin satın alma niyetine etkileri: Eksik bilgiye dayalı çıkarım yaklaşımı. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey.
  • Brislin, R. W. (1976). Comparative research methodology: Cross-cultural studies. International Journal of Psychology, 11(3), 215-229.
  • Brito, P. Q., & Pratas, J. (2015). Tourism brochures: Linking message strategies, tactics and brand destination attributes. Tourism Management, 48, 123-138.
  • Buhalis, D., & O’Connor, P. (2005). Information communication technology revolutionizing tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(3), 7-16.
  • Burdea, G., & Coiffet, P. (2003). Virtual reality technology (Second Edition). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Carrozzino, M., & Bergamasco, M. (2010). Beyond virtual museums: Experiencing immersive virtual reality in real museums. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11(4), 452-458.
  • Chang, H. S., & Kinnucan, H. W. (1991). Advertising, information, and product quality: the case of butter. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73(4), 1195-1203.
  • Cheong, R. (1995). The virtual threat to travel and tourism. Tourism Management, 16(6), 417-422.
  • Dabholkar, P. A., Thorpe, D. I., & Rentz, J. O. (1996). A measure of service quality for retail stores: scale development and validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24(1), 3-16.
  • De Pelsmacker, P., Geuens, M., & Van Den Bergh, J. (2001). Marketing communications: A European perspective. New York: Prentice Hall.
  • Dueholm, J., & Smed, K. M. (2014). Heritage authenticities – a case study of authenticity perceptions at a Danish heritage site. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 9(4), 285–298.
  • Durmaz, C., Bulut, Y., & Tankuş E. (2018). Sanal gerçekliğin turizme entegrasyonu: Samsun’daki 5 yıldızlı otellerde uygulama. Turkish Journal of Marketing, 3(1), 32-49.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. NY: Psychology press.
  • Fritz, F., Susperregui, A., & Linaza, M. T. (2005). Enhancing cultural tourism experiences with augmented reality technologies. 6th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (VAST).
  • Getz, D., & Sailor, L. (1993). Design of destination and attraction-specific brochures. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2(2/3), 111–131.
  • Gibson, A., & O’Rawe, M. (2018). Virtual reality as a travel promotional tool: Insights from a consumer travel fair. In Augmented reality and virtual reality (pp. 93-107). Springer, Cham.
  • Griffin, T., Giberson, J., Lee, S. H., Guttentag, D., Kandaurova, M., Sergueeva, K., & Dimanche, F. (2017). Virtual reality and implications for destination marketing. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA), International Conference, Quebec City, Canada.
  • Gutiérrez, M. A., Vexo, F., & Thalmann, D. (2008). Stepping into virtual reality. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Guttentag, D. A. (2010). Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism. Tourism Management, 31(5), 637-651.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage Publications.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), 2nd edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Halley, R. I., & Baldinger, A. L. (1991). The ARF copy research validity project. Journal of Advertising Research, 31(2), 11–22.
  • Han, H., & Kim, Y. (2010). An investigation of green hotel customers’ decision formation: developing an extended model of the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 659-668.
  • Han, H., Hwang, J., & Woods, D. P. (2014). Choosing virtual – rather than real – leisure activities: An examination of the decision–making process in Screen-Golf participants. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(4), 428–450
  • Harvey, J. (1998). Service Quality: A tutorial. Journal of Operations Management, 16(5), 583-597.
  • Haven, C., & Botterill, D. (2003). Virtual learning environments in hospitality, leisure, tourism and sport: A review. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 2(1), 76–93.
  • Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2–20.
  • Hjalager, A. M. (2015). 100 Innovations that transformed tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1), 3-21.
  • Holmes, J. H., & Crocker, K. E. (1987). Predispositions and the comparative effectiveness of rational, emotional and discrepant appeals for both high involvement and low involvement products. Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science, 15(1), 27-35.
  • Hsu, J. L., & Mo, R. H. C. (2009). Consumer responses to incomplete information in print apparel advertising. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 13(1), 66-78.
  • Hu, H., & Jasper, C. R. (2006). Social cues in the store environment and their impact on store image. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 34(1), 25-48.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Huang, Y. C., Backman, K. F., Backman, S. J., & Chang, L. L. (2016). Exploring the implications of virtual reality technology in tourism marketing: An integrated research framework. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), 116-128.
  • Huang, Y.-C., Backman, S. J., & Backman, K. F. (2010). Student attitude toward virtual learning in second life: A flow theory approach. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 10(4), 312–334.
  • Huang, Y. C., Backman, S. J., & Backman, K. F. (2012). Exploring the impacts of involvement and flow experiences in second life on people's travel intentions. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 3(1), 4-23.
  • Huang, Y.-C., Backman, S. J., Backman, K. F., & Moore, D. (2013a). Exploring user acceptance of 3D virtual worlds in travel and tourism marketing. Tourism Management, 36, 490–501.
  • Huang, Y.-C., Backman, S. J., Chang, L.-L., Backman, K. F., & McGuire, F. A. (2013b). Experiencing student learning and tourism training in a 3D virtual world: An exploratory study. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 13, 190–201.
  • Jalilvand, M. R., & Samiei, N. (2012). The impact of electronic word of mouth on a tourism destination choice: testing the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, 22(5), 591-612.
  • Jokela, S. (2011). Building a facade for Finland: Helsinki in tourism imagery. Geographical Review, 101, 53-70.
  • Jung, T., Chung, N., & Leue, M. C. (2015). The determinants of recommendations to use augmented reality technologies: The case of a Korean theme park. Tourism Management, 49, 75–86.
  • Jung, T., tom Dieck, M. C., Lee, H., & Chung, N. (2016). Effects of virtual reality and augmented reality on visitor experiences in museum. In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2016 (pp. 621-635). Springer, Cham.
  • Jung, T., tom Dieck, M. C., Moorhouse, N., & tom Dieck, D. (2017). Tourists' experience of virtual reality applications. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE) (pp. 208-210). IEEE.
  • Kim, H. S., Damhorst, M. L., & Lee, K. H. (2002). Apparel involvement and advertisement processing: A model. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 6(3), 277-302.
  • Kotler, P. (2008). Principles of marketing (12th Ed.). London: Pearson Education.
  • Lam, T., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2004). Theory of planned behavior: Potential travelers from China. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 28(4), 463–482.
  • Lanier, J. (1992). Virtual reality: The promise of the future. Interactive Learning International, 8(4), 275-79.
  • Lau, K. W., & Lee, P. Y. (2015). The use of virtual reality for creating unusual environmental stimulation to motivate students to explore creative ideas. Interactive Learning Environments, 23(1), 3-18.
  • Ledermann, T., & Macho, S. (2009). Mediation in dyadic data at the level of the dyads: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(5), 661-670.
  • Lee, S., & Jeong, M. (2012). Effects of e-servicescape on consumers’ flow experiences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 3(1), 47–59.
  • Loureiro, S. M. C., Guerreiro, J., & Ali, F. (2020). 20 years of research on virtual reality and augmented reality in tourism context: A text-mining approach. Tourism Management, 77, 104028.
  • Mackenzie, S. B., Lutz, R. J., & Belch, G. E. (1986). The role of attitude toward the ad as a mediator of advertising effectiveness: A test of competing explanations. Journal of Marketing Research, 23, 130-143.
  • Mccarthy, E. J., & Perrault, W. D. (1990). Basic marketing: A managerial approach. U.S.A.: Irwin.
  • McFee, A., Mayrhofer, T., Baràtovà, A., Neuhofer, B., Rainoldi, M., & Egger, R. (2019). The effects of virtual reality on destination image formation. In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2019 (pp. 107-119). Springer, Cham.
  • Merli, R., Preziosi, M., Acampora, A., & Ali, F. (2018). Why should hotels go green? Insights from guests experience in green hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 81, 169–179.
  • Molina, A., & Esteban, A. (2006). Tourism brochures. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 1036–1056.
  • Nitzl, C., Roldán, J. L., & Cepeda, C. G. (2016). Mediation analysis in partial least squares path modeling: Helping researchers discuss more sophisticated models. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(9), 1849-1864.
  • Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2010). Gendered theory of planned behaviour and residents' support for tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(6), 525-540.
  • Oliver, R. L. (1997). Satisfaction: A behavioural perspective on the consumer. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Oppenheim, C. (1993). Virtual reality and the virtual library. Information services and use, 13(3), 215-27.
  • Özgüneş, R., & Bozok, D. (2017). Turizm sektörünün sanal rakibi (mi?): Arttırılmış gerçeklik. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 146-160.
  • Pantano, E., & Corvello, V. (2014). Tourists’ acceptance of advanced technology-based innovations for promoting arts and culture. International Journal of Technology Management, 64(1), 3-16.
  • Pantelidis, C., Tom Diek, M. C., Jung, T., & Miller, A. (2018). Exploring tourist experiences of virtual reality in a rural destination: a place attachment theory perspective. e-Review of Tourism Research.
  • Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. The Journal of Marketing, 49(4), 41-50.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
  • Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example. Tourism Management, 31(6), 797-805.
  • Rainisto, S. K. (2003). Success factors of place marketing: a study of place marketing practices in Northern Europe and The United States. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland.
  • Rajaratnam, S. D., Munikrishnan, U. T., Sharif, S. P., & Nair, V. (2014). Service quality and previous experience as a moderator in determining tourists’ satisfaction with rural tourism destinations in Malaysia: A partial least squares approach. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144, 203-211.
  • Rheingold, H. (1992). Virtual reality: The revolutionary technology of computer-generated artificial worlds and how it promises to transform society. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Rizzo, A. S., & Kim, G. J. (2005). A SWOT analysis of the field of virtual reality rehabilitation and therapy. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 14(2), 119-146.
  • Rodríguez-Victoria, O. E., Puig, F., & González-Loureiro, M. (2017) Clustering, innovation and hotel competitiveness: Evidence from the Colombia destination. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(11), 2785-2806.
  • Sarı, Y., & Kozak, M. (2005). Turizm pazarlamasına internetin etkisi: Destinasyon web siteleri için bir model önerisi. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 9, 248-271.
  • Şentürk, G. (2014). Broşür tasarımı ve basımı özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Unpublished master’s thesis, İstanbul Arel University, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Singh, N., & Lee, M. J., (2009). Convergence and congruency of pictorial destination images in dmos' websites and brochures. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 18(8), 845-858.
  • Spears, N., & Singh, S. N. (2004). Measuring attitude toward the brand and purchase intentions. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 26(2), 53-66.
  • Stone, R. J. (1991). Virtual reality and cyberspace: from science fiction to science fact. Information Services & Use, 11(5-6), 283-300.
  • Suh, K. S., & Lee, Y. E. (2005). The effects of virtual reality on consumer learning: an empirical investigation. Mis Quarterly, 29(4), 673-697.
  • Sweeney, J. C., & Wyber, F. (2002). The role of cognitions and emotions in the music-approach-avoidance behavior relationship. Journal of Services Marketing, 16(1), 51-69.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tek, Ö. B. (1999), Pazarlama ilkeleri. İstanbul: Beta Basim A.S.
  • TUIK (2020a). Income and Living Conditions Survey, 2019. Retrieved March, 10, 2021, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gelir-ve-Yasam-Kosullari-Arastirmasi-Bolgesel-Sonuclari-2019-33821
  • TUIK (2020b). Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=egitim-kultur-spor-ve-turizm-105&dil=1
  • Tussyadiah, I. P., Wang, D., Jung, T. H., & tom Dieck, M. C. (2018). Virtual reality, presence, and attitude change: Empirical evidence from tourism. Tourism Management, 66, 140-154.
  • Ülker-Demirel, E., & Çiftçi, G. (2020). A systematic literature review of the theory of planned behavior in tourism, leisure and hospitality management research. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 43, 209-219.
  • UNWTO (n.d.). Country Profile – Inbound Tourism. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://www.unwto.org/country-profile-inbound-tourism
  • Vogt, C., & D. Fesenmaier (1998). Expanding the functional information search model. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 551–578.
  • Walker, D., & Dubitsky T. M. (1994). Why liking matters. Journal of Advertising Research, 34(3), 9–18.
  • Wan, C. S., Tsaur, S. H., Chiu, Y. L., & Chiou, W. B. (2007). Is the advertising effect of virtual experience always better or contingent on different travel destinations?. Information Technology & Tourism, 9(1), 45-54.
  • Wei, W., Qi, R., & Zhang, L. (2019). Effects of virtual reality on theme park visitors' experience and behaviors: A presence perspective. Tourism Management, 71, 282-293.
  • Wirth, W., Hartmann, T., Beocking, S., Vorderer, P., Klimmt, C. Schramm, H. & Jeancke, P. (2007). A process model of the formation of spatialpresence experiences. Media Psychology, 9, 493-525.
  • Yağcı, M. I., Biswas, A., & Dutta, S. (2009). Effects of comparative advertising format on consumer responses: The moderating effects of brand image and attribute relevance. Journal of Business Research, 62(8), 768-774.
  • Yao, C., & Huang, P. (2017). Effects of placement marketing on product attitude and purchase intention in traditional industry. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(12), 8305-8311.
  • Yung, R., & Khoo-Lattimore, C. (2019). New realities: a systematic literature review on virtual reality and augmented reality in tourism research. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(17), 2056-2081.
  • Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). The behavioral consequences of service quality. Journal of Marketing, 60(2), 31-46.
  • Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206.
  • Zhou, Z., (1997). Destination marketing: Measuring the effectiveness of brochures. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 6(3-4), 143-158.
  • https://amsterdam.org/en/facts-and-figures.php
Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 313 - 340, 01.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.784131

Abstract

Project Number

201725049

References

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
  • Ali, F., Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Ryu, K. (2018). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in hospitality research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(1), 514-538.
  • Altunışık, R., Özdemir, Ş., & Torlak, Ö. (2001). Modern pazarlama. İstanbul: Değişim Yayınları.
  • Andereck, K., & Caldwell, L. L. (1994). The influence of tourists’ characteristics on ratings of information sources for an attraction. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2(2-3), 171-190.
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
  • Anderson, P. L., Rothbaum, B. O., & Hodges, L. (2001). Virtual reality: Using the virtual world to improve quality of life in the real world. Bulletin of The Menninger Clinic, 65(1), 78- 91.
  • Anderson, W. E., Fornell, C., & Lehmann, D. R. (1994). Customer satisfaction, market share and profitability: findings from Sweden. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 53-66.
  • Ang, S. H., & Lim, E. A. C. (2006). The influence of metaphors and product type on brand personality perceptions and attitudes. Journal of Advertising, 35(2), 39-53.
  • Arat, T., & Baltacıoğlu, S. (2016). Sanal gerçeklik ve turizm. Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 19(1), 103-118.
  • Aronson-Rath, R., Milward, J., Owen, T., & Pitt, F. (2015). Virtual reality journalism. A Reseach Project By the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University. A Report, P.12.
  • Ausburn, L. J., & Ausburn, F. B. (2004). Desktop virtual reality: A powerful new technology for teaching and research in industrial teacher education. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 41(4), 1-16.
  • Băltescu, C. A. (2019). Do we still use tourism brochures in taking the decision to purchase tourism products? Annals of 'Constantin Brancusi' University of Targu-Jiu. Economy Series, 6, 110-115.
  • Barnes, S. J. (2016). Understanding virtual reality in marketing: Nature, implications and potential (November 3, 2016). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2909100
  • Bethapudi, A. (2013). The role of ICT in tourism industry. Journal of Applied Economics and Business, 1(4), 67-79.
  • Bigné, J. E., Andreu, L., & Gnoth, J. (2005). The theme park experience: An analysis of pleasure, arousal and satisfaction. Tourism Management, 26(6), 833–844.
  • Bilim, Y. (2010). Turizm pazarlamasında görsel ve yazılı tanıtım materyali içeriğinin satın alma niyetine etkileri: Eksik bilgiye dayalı çıkarım yaklaşımı. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey.
  • Brislin, R. W. (1976). Comparative research methodology: Cross-cultural studies. International Journal of Psychology, 11(3), 215-229.
  • Brito, P. Q., & Pratas, J. (2015). Tourism brochures: Linking message strategies, tactics and brand destination attributes. Tourism Management, 48, 123-138.
  • Buhalis, D., & O’Connor, P. (2005). Information communication technology revolutionizing tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(3), 7-16.
  • Burdea, G., & Coiffet, P. (2003). Virtual reality technology (Second Edition). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Carrozzino, M., & Bergamasco, M. (2010). Beyond virtual museums: Experiencing immersive virtual reality in real museums. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11(4), 452-458.
  • Chang, H. S., & Kinnucan, H. W. (1991). Advertising, information, and product quality: the case of butter. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73(4), 1195-1203.
  • Cheong, R. (1995). The virtual threat to travel and tourism. Tourism Management, 16(6), 417-422.
  • Dabholkar, P. A., Thorpe, D. I., & Rentz, J. O. (1996). A measure of service quality for retail stores: scale development and validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24(1), 3-16.
  • De Pelsmacker, P., Geuens, M., & Van Den Bergh, J. (2001). Marketing communications: A European perspective. New York: Prentice Hall.
  • Dueholm, J., & Smed, K. M. (2014). Heritage authenticities – a case study of authenticity perceptions at a Danish heritage site. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 9(4), 285–298.
  • Durmaz, C., Bulut, Y., & Tankuş E. (2018). Sanal gerçekliğin turizme entegrasyonu: Samsun’daki 5 yıldızlı otellerde uygulama. Turkish Journal of Marketing, 3(1), 32-49.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. NY: Psychology press.
  • Fritz, F., Susperregui, A., & Linaza, M. T. (2005). Enhancing cultural tourism experiences with augmented reality technologies. 6th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (VAST).
  • Getz, D., & Sailor, L. (1993). Design of destination and attraction-specific brochures. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2(2/3), 111–131.
  • Gibson, A., & O’Rawe, M. (2018). Virtual reality as a travel promotional tool: Insights from a consumer travel fair. In Augmented reality and virtual reality (pp. 93-107). Springer, Cham.
  • Griffin, T., Giberson, J., Lee, S. H., Guttentag, D., Kandaurova, M., Sergueeva, K., & Dimanche, F. (2017). Virtual reality and implications for destination marketing. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA), International Conference, Quebec City, Canada.
  • Gutiérrez, M. A., Vexo, F., & Thalmann, D. (2008). Stepping into virtual reality. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Guttentag, D. A. (2010). Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism. Tourism Management, 31(5), 637-651.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage Publications.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), 2nd edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Halley, R. I., & Baldinger, A. L. (1991). The ARF copy research validity project. Journal of Advertising Research, 31(2), 11–22.
  • Han, H., & Kim, Y. (2010). An investigation of green hotel customers’ decision formation: developing an extended model of the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 659-668.
  • Han, H., Hwang, J., & Woods, D. P. (2014). Choosing virtual – rather than real – leisure activities: An examination of the decision–making process in Screen-Golf participants. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(4), 428–450
  • Harvey, J. (1998). Service Quality: A tutorial. Journal of Operations Management, 16(5), 583-597.
  • Haven, C., & Botterill, D. (2003). Virtual learning environments in hospitality, leisure, tourism and sport: A review. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 2(1), 76–93.
  • Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2–20.
  • Hjalager, A. M. (2015). 100 Innovations that transformed tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1), 3-21.
  • Holmes, J. H., & Crocker, K. E. (1987). Predispositions and the comparative effectiveness of rational, emotional and discrepant appeals for both high involvement and low involvement products. Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science, 15(1), 27-35.
  • Hsu, J. L., & Mo, R. H. C. (2009). Consumer responses to incomplete information in print apparel advertising. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 13(1), 66-78.
  • Hu, H., & Jasper, C. R. (2006). Social cues in the store environment and their impact on store image. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 34(1), 25-48.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Huang, Y. C., Backman, K. F., Backman, S. J., & Chang, L. L. (2016). Exploring the implications of virtual reality technology in tourism marketing: An integrated research framework. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), 116-128.
  • Huang, Y.-C., Backman, S. J., & Backman, K. F. (2010). Student attitude toward virtual learning in second life: A flow theory approach. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 10(4), 312–334.
  • Huang, Y. C., Backman, S. J., & Backman, K. F. (2012). Exploring the impacts of involvement and flow experiences in second life on people's travel intentions. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 3(1), 4-23.
  • Huang, Y.-C., Backman, S. J., Backman, K. F., & Moore, D. (2013a). Exploring user acceptance of 3D virtual worlds in travel and tourism marketing. Tourism Management, 36, 490–501.
  • Huang, Y.-C., Backman, S. J., Chang, L.-L., Backman, K. F., & McGuire, F. A. (2013b). Experiencing student learning and tourism training in a 3D virtual world: An exploratory study. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 13, 190–201.
  • Jalilvand, M. R., & Samiei, N. (2012). The impact of electronic word of mouth on a tourism destination choice: testing the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, 22(5), 591-612.
  • Jokela, S. (2011). Building a facade for Finland: Helsinki in tourism imagery. Geographical Review, 101, 53-70.
  • Jung, T., Chung, N., & Leue, M. C. (2015). The determinants of recommendations to use augmented reality technologies: The case of a Korean theme park. Tourism Management, 49, 75–86.
  • Jung, T., tom Dieck, M. C., Lee, H., & Chung, N. (2016). Effects of virtual reality and augmented reality on visitor experiences in museum. In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2016 (pp. 621-635). Springer, Cham.
  • Jung, T., tom Dieck, M. C., Moorhouse, N., & tom Dieck, D. (2017). Tourists' experience of virtual reality applications. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE) (pp. 208-210). IEEE.
  • Kim, H. S., Damhorst, M. L., & Lee, K. H. (2002). Apparel involvement and advertisement processing: A model. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 6(3), 277-302.
  • Kotler, P. (2008). Principles of marketing (12th Ed.). London: Pearson Education.
  • Lam, T., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2004). Theory of planned behavior: Potential travelers from China. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 28(4), 463–482.
  • Lanier, J. (1992). Virtual reality: The promise of the future. Interactive Learning International, 8(4), 275-79.
  • Lau, K. W., & Lee, P. Y. (2015). The use of virtual reality for creating unusual environmental stimulation to motivate students to explore creative ideas. Interactive Learning Environments, 23(1), 3-18.
  • Ledermann, T., & Macho, S. (2009). Mediation in dyadic data at the level of the dyads: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(5), 661-670.
  • Lee, S., & Jeong, M. (2012). Effects of e-servicescape on consumers’ flow experiences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 3(1), 47–59.
  • Loureiro, S. M. C., Guerreiro, J., & Ali, F. (2020). 20 years of research on virtual reality and augmented reality in tourism context: A text-mining approach. Tourism Management, 77, 104028.
  • Mackenzie, S. B., Lutz, R. J., & Belch, G. E. (1986). The role of attitude toward the ad as a mediator of advertising effectiveness: A test of competing explanations. Journal of Marketing Research, 23, 130-143.
  • Mccarthy, E. J., & Perrault, W. D. (1990). Basic marketing: A managerial approach. U.S.A.: Irwin.
  • McFee, A., Mayrhofer, T., Baràtovà, A., Neuhofer, B., Rainoldi, M., & Egger, R. (2019). The effects of virtual reality on destination image formation. In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2019 (pp. 107-119). Springer, Cham.
  • Merli, R., Preziosi, M., Acampora, A., & Ali, F. (2018). Why should hotels go green? Insights from guests experience in green hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 81, 169–179.
  • Molina, A., & Esteban, A. (2006). Tourism brochures. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 1036–1056.
  • Nitzl, C., Roldán, J. L., & Cepeda, C. G. (2016). Mediation analysis in partial least squares path modeling: Helping researchers discuss more sophisticated models. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(9), 1849-1864.
  • Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2010). Gendered theory of planned behaviour and residents' support for tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(6), 525-540.
  • Oliver, R. L. (1997). Satisfaction: A behavioural perspective on the consumer. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Oppenheim, C. (1993). Virtual reality and the virtual library. Information services and use, 13(3), 215-27.
  • Özgüneş, R., & Bozok, D. (2017). Turizm sektörünün sanal rakibi (mi?): Arttırılmış gerçeklik. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 146-160.
  • Pantano, E., & Corvello, V. (2014). Tourists’ acceptance of advanced technology-based innovations for promoting arts and culture. International Journal of Technology Management, 64(1), 3-16.
  • Pantelidis, C., Tom Diek, M. C., Jung, T., & Miller, A. (2018). Exploring tourist experiences of virtual reality in a rural destination: a place attachment theory perspective. e-Review of Tourism Research.
  • Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. The Journal of Marketing, 49(4), 41-50.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
  • Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example. Tourism Management, 31(6), 797-805.
  • Rainisto, S. K. (2003). Success factors of place marketing: a study of place marketing practices in Northern Europe and The United States. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland.
  • Rajaratnam, S. D., Munikrishnan, U. T., Sharif, S. P., & Nair, V. (2014). Service quality and previous experience as a moderator in determining tourists’ satisfaction with rural tourism destinations in Malaysia: A partial least squares approach. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144, 203-211.
  • Rheingold, H. (1992). Virtual reality: The revolutionary technology of computer-generated artificial worlds and how it promises to transform society. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Rizzo, A. S., & Kim, G. J. (2005). A SWOT analysis of the field of virtual reality rehabilitation and therapy. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 14(2), 119-146.
  • Rodríguez-Victoria, O. E., Puig, F., & González-Loureiro, M. (2017) Clustering, innovation and hotel competitiveness: Evidence from the Colombia destination. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(11), 2785-2806.
  • Sarı, Y., & Kozak, M. (2005). Turizm pazarlamasına internetin etkisi: Destinasyon web siteleri için bir model önerisi. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 9, 248-271.
  • Şentürk, G. (2014). Broşür tasarımı ve basımı özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Unpublished master’s thesis, İstanbul Arel University, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Singh, N., & Lee, M. J., (2009). Convergence and congruency of pictorial destination images in dmos' websites and brochures. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 18(8), 845-858.
  • Spears, N., & Singh, S. N. (2004). Measuring attitude toward the brand and purchase intentions. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 26(2), 53-66.
  • Stone, R. J. (1991). Virtual reality and cyberspace: from science fiction to science fact. Information Services & Use, 11(5-6), 283-300.
  • Suh, K. S., & Lee, Y. E. (2005). The effects of virtual reality on consumer learning: an empirical investigation. Mis Quarterly, 29(4), 673-697.
  • Sweeney, J. C., & Wyber, F. (2002). The role of cognitions and emotions in the music-approach-avoidance behavior relationship. Journal of Services Marketing, 16(1), 51-69.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tek, Ö. B. (1999), Pazarlama ilkeleri. İstanbul: Beta Basim A.S.
  • TUIK (2020a). Income and Living Conditions Survey, 2019. Retrieved March, 10, 2021, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gelir-ve-Yasam-Kosullari-Arastirmasi-Bolgesel-Sonuclari-2019-33821
  • TUIK (2020b). Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=egitim-kultur-spor-ve-turizm-105&dil=1
  • Tussyadiah, I. P., Wang, D., Jung, T. H., & tom Dieck, M. C. (2018). Virtual reality, presence, and attitude change: Empirical evidence from tourism. Tourism Management, 66, 140-154.
  • Ülker-Demirel, E., & Çiftçi, G. (2020). A systematic literature review of the theory of planned behavior in tourism, leisure and hospitality management research. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 43, 209-219.
  • UNWTO (n.d.). Country Profile – Inbound Tourism. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://www.unwto.org/country-profile-inbound-tourism
  • Vogt, C., & D. Fesenmaier (1998). Expanding the functional information search model. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 551–578.
  • Walker, D., & Dubitsky T. M. (1994). Why liking matters. Journal of Advertising Research, 34(3), 9–18.
  • Wan, C. S., Tsaur, S. H., Chiu, Y. L., & Chiou, W. B. (2007). Is the advertising effect of virtual experience always better or contingent on different travel destinations?. Information Technology & Tourism, 9(1), 45-54.
  • Wei, W., Qi, R., & Zhang, L. (2019). Effects of virtual reality on theme park visitors' experience and behaviors: A presence perspective. Tourism Management, 71, 282-293.
  • Wirth, W., Hartmann, T., Beocking, S., Vorderer, P., Klimmt, C. Schramm, H. & Jeancke, P. (2007). A process model of the formation of spatialpresence experiences. Media Psychology, 9, 493-525.
  • Yağcı, M. I., Biswas, A., & Dutta, S. (2009). Effects of comparative advertising format on consumer responses: The moderating effects of brand image and attribute relevance. Journal of Business Research, 62(8), 768-774.
  • Yao, C., & Huang, P. (2017). Effects of placement marketing on product attitude and purchase intention in traditional industry. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(12), 8305-8311.
  • Yung, R., & Khoo-Lattimore, C. (2019). New realities: a systematic literature review on virtual reality and augmented reality in tourism research. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(17), 2056-2081.
  • Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). The behavioral consequences of service quality. Journal of Marketing, 60(2), 31-46.
  • Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206.
  • Zhou, Z., (1997). Destination marketing: Measuring the effectiveness of brochures. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 6(3-4), 143-158.
  • https://amsterdam.org/en/facts-and-figures.php
There are 112 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İlker Kılıç 0000-0003-0617-2260

Ali Doğantekin 0000-0003-3081-4884

Yasar Sarı 0000-0001-8841-4424

Project Number 201725049
Publication Date December 1, 2021
Submission Date August 22, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kılıç, İ., Doğantekin, A., & Sarı, Y. (2021). The Effect of Brochure and Virtual Reality Goggles on Purchasing Intention in Destination Marketing. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 9(2), 313-340. https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.784131


Follow us on our journal's social media account

 social-network-fb-logo-facebook-icon.png